ECE 333

Renewable Energy Systems

Lecture 7: Power System Operations,
Wind as a Resource

Prof. Tom Overbye

Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
overbye@illinois.edu
Announcements

• Start reading Chapter 7; also read Prof. Sauer's article on

course website explaining reactive power
• HW 3 is posted; it will be covered by an in-class quiz on
Thursday Feb 13
– Material from Power Systems history and operations will be
covered on exams (such as true/false)

1
Power Flow

• A common power system analysis tool is the power flow

– It shows how real and reactive power flows through a network,
from generators to loads
• Solves sets of non-linear equations enforcing
"conservation of power" at each bus in the system (a
consequence of KCL)
– Loads are usually assumed to be constant power
– Used to determine if any transmission lines or transformers are
overloaded and system voltages
• Educational version PowerWorld tool available at
– http://www.powerworld.com/gloversarmaoverbye
2
 PowerWorld Simulator Three Bus
System
Load with
green Bus 2
-20 MW
4 MVR
20 MW
-4 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
arrows 204 MW
102 MVR
indicating 1.00 PU
106 MW
amount 0 MVR

150 MW AGC ON -34 MW -14 MW Note the

of MW 116 MVR AVR ON
10 MVR 4 MVR 100 MW

34 MW 14 MW power
flow -10 MVR -4 MVR

Home Area Bus 3 1.00 PU balance at

102 MW
Used 51 MVR each bus
150 MW AGC ON
37 MVR AVR ON
to control
output of
generator Direction of arrow is used to indicate
direction of real power (MW) flow
3
Area Control Error (ACE)

• The area control error is the difference between the

actual flow out of an area, and the scheduled flow.
• Ideally the ACE should always be zero.
• Because the load is constantly changing, each utility
must constantly change its generation to “chase” the ACE.
MISO ACE|
(in MW) from
9/19/12. At
the time the
MISO load
was about
65GW
https://www.misoenergy.org/MarketsOperations/RealTimeMarketData/Pages/ACEChart.aspx 4
Automatic Generation Control

• BAs use automatic generation control (AGC) to

automatically change their generation to keep their
ACE close to zero.
• Usually the BA control center calculates ACE based
upon tie-line flows; then the AGC module sends
control signals out to the generators every couple
seconds.

5
Three Bus Case on AGC

-40 MW 40 MW
Bus 2 8 MVR -8 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
266 MW
133 MVR
1.00 PU
101 MW
5 MVR

-77 MW -39 MW
150 MW AGC ON
25 MVR 12 MVR 100 MW
166 MVR AVR ON
78 MW 39 MW
-21 MVR -11 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
133 MW
67 MVR
250 MW AGC ON
34 MVR AVR ON

6
Generator Costs

• There are many fixed and variable costs associated

with power system operation.
• The major variable cost is associated with generation.
• Cost to generate a MWh can vary widely.
• For some types of units (such as hydro and nuclear) it
is difficult to quantify.
• Many markets have moved from cost-based to price-
based generator costs

7
Economic Dispatch

• Economic dispatch (ED) determines the least cost

dispatch of generation for an area.
• For a lossless system, the ED occurs when all the
generators have equal marginal costs.

IC1(PG,1) = IC2(PG,2) = … = ICm(PG,m)

8
Power Transactions

• Power transactions are contracts between areas to

do power transactions.
• Contracts can be for any amount of time at any
price for any amount of power.
• Scheduled power transactions are implemented by
modifying the area ACE:

ACE = Pactual,tie-flow - Psched

9
100 MW Transaction
8 MW -8 MW
Bus 2 -2 MVR 2 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
225 MW
113 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
32 MVR

-84 MW -92 MW
150 MW AGC ON
27 MVR 30 MVR 100 MW
138 MVR AVR ON
85 MW 93 MW
-23 MVR -25 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
113 MW
Scheduled Transactions 56 MVR
100.0 MW 291 MW AGC ON
8 MVR AVR ON
Net tie-line
Scheduled 100 MW flow is now
Transaction from Left to Right 100 MW 10
 Security Constrained Economic
Dispatch
• Transmission constraints often limit system
economics.
• Such limits required a constrained dispatch in order
to maintain system security.
• In three bus case the generation at bus 3 must be
constrained to avoid overloading the line from bus 2
to bus 3.

11
Security Constrained Dispatch

-22 MW 22 MW
Bus 2 4 MVR -4 MVR Bus 1
1.00 PU
357 MW
179 MVR
1.00 PU
0 MW
100% 37 MVR
-122 MW
194 MW OFF AGC -142 MW
49 MVR 41 MVR 100 MW
232 MVR AVR ON
145 MW 100% 124 MW
-37 MVR -33 MVR
Bus 3 1.00 PU
Home Area
179 MW
Scheduled Transactions 89 MVR
100.0 MW 448 MW AGC ON
19 MVR AVR ON

Dispatch is no longer optimal due to need to keep

Line from bus 2 to bus 3 from overloading 12
Multiple Area Operation

• If Areas have direct interconnections, then they may

directly transact up to the capacity of their tie-lines.
• Actual power flows through the entire network
according to the impedance of the transmission
lines.
• Flow through other areas is known as “parallel
path” or “loop flows.”

13
 Seven Bus Case One-line Diagram
44 MW -42 MW -31 MW 31 MW 80 MW
30 MVR
1.05 PU 0.99 PU
1
3 4
1.00 PU Area top
System has 62 MW 106 MW -37 MW
AGC ON
110 MW
40 MVR
-32 MW

94 MW
has five
three areas Case Hourly Cost AGC ON

-61 MW
38 MW

32 MW
16933 $/MWH
-14 MW buses
1.04 PU 79 MW -77 MW 1.01 PU
2 Top Area Cost 5
8029 $/MWH
40 MW -39 MW 130 MW
40 MW
20 MVR 40 MVR
168 MW AGC ON
-40 MW 40 MW
20 MW -20 MW
1.04 PU 1.04 PU
6 20 MW 7
-20 MW
200 MW 200 MW
0 MVR Left Area Cost Right Area Cost
0 MVR
4189 $/MWH 4715 $/MWH
Area left 200 MW AGC ON 201 MW AGC ON

has one
bus Area right has one
bus 14
 Seven Bus Case: Area View
Area Losses
Top 7.09 MW

Actual
40.1 MW
-40.1 MW
flow
0.0 MW
0.0 MW
between
System areas
has
40 MW of Left Right Scheduled
“Loop Area Losses 40.1 MW Area Losses flow

Flow” 0.33 MW 0.0 MW 0.65 MW

Loop flow can result in higher losses 15

 Seven Bus System – Loop Flow?
Area Losses
Transaction Top 9.44 MW

has actually
decreased 4.8 MW
0.0 MW
-4.8 MW
0.0 MW

the loop Note that

flow Top’s
Left Right
Losses have
Area Losses 104.8 MW Area Losses increased
-0.00 MW 100.0 MW 4.34 MW

from
7.09MW to
100 MW Transaction
9.44 MW
between Left and Right 16
Pricing Electricity

• Cost to supply electricity to bus is called the locational

marginal price (LMP)
• Presently PJM and MISO post LMPs on the web
• In an ideal electricity market with no transmission
limitations the LMPs are equal
• Transmission constraints can segment a market,
resulting in differing LMP
• Determination of LMPs requires the solution on an
Optimal Power Flow (OPF)

17
Three Bus Case LMPs: Line Limit NOT
Enforced
60 MW 60 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
Gen 2’s Gen 1’s
10.00 $/MWh
cost cost
is $12 is $10
0 MW 10.00 $/MWh
per 120 MW 180 MW per
120%
MWh MWh
0 MW
60 MW
120% 120 MW
Total Cost 60 MW
1800 $/hr
Bus 3 10.00 $/MWh
180 MW

0 MW

Line from Bus 1 to Bus 3 is over-loaded; all

buses have same marginal cost 18
Three Bus Case LMPS: Line Limits
Enforced

20 MW 20 MW
Bus 2 Bus 1
10.00 $/MWh

60 MW 12.00 $/MWh
100 MW 120 MW
80% 100%
0 MW
80 MW
80% 100% 100 MW
Total Cost 80 MW
1921 $/hr
Bus 3 14.01 $/MWh
180 MW

0 MW
Line from 1 to 3 is no longer overloaded, but now
the marginal cost of electricity at 3 is $14 / MWh 19
Generation Supply Curve
As the load goes up so does the price
80

60
Natural
Price ($ / MWh)

Gas Generation
40
Base Load
Coal and Nuclear
20
Generation
0
0 10000 20000 30000 40000
Generation (MW)

Renewable Sources Such as Wind Have Low

Marginal Cost, but they are Intermittent 20
MISO LMPs on Sept 19, 2012
(11:50am EST which is CDT)

Available on-line at https://www.misoenergy.org/LMPContourMap/MISO_All.html

21
MISO LMPs on Feb 6, 2015, 1pm Central

Available on-line at https://www.misoenergy.org/LMPContourMap/MISO_All.html

22
MISO Annual Load Duration Curves

https://www.misoenergy.org/Library/Repository/Report/Annual%20Market%20Report/20
13%20Annual%20Market%20Assessment%20Report.pdf 23
MISO Average Prices and Wind Output

https://www.misoenergy.org/Library/Repository/Report/Annual%20Market%20Report/20
13%20Annual%20Market%20Assessment%20Report.pdf 24
Wind Power Systems

Photos taken Kate Davis near Moraine View State Park, IL 25

 Historical Development of Wind
Power
• The first known wind turbine for producing
electricity was by Charles F. Brush turbine, in
Cleveland, Ohio in 1888
• 12 kW
• Used electricity
to charge
batteries in the
cellar of the Note the
owner’s mansion person

http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/brush.htm
26
 Historical Development of Wind
Power
• First wind turbine outside of the US to generate
electricity was built by Poul la Cour in 1891 in Denmark

• Used electricity
from his wind
turbines to
electrolyze water
to make hydrogen
for the gas lights
at the
schoolhouse

http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.htm 27
 Historical Development of Wind
Power
• In the US - first wind-electric systems built in
the late 1890’s
• By 1930s and 1940s, large numbers in rural
areas not served by the grid for pumping
water and sometimes electricity generation
• Interest in wind power declined as the utility
grid expanded and as reliable, inexpensive
electricity could be purchased
• Oil crisis in 1970s created a renewed interest in
wind until US government stopped giving tax
• Renewed interest again since the 1990s
Photo: www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/W/AE_wind_energy.html 28
 Global Installed Wind Capacity

Total worldwide electric capacity is 4500GW, so

wind, at almost 250GW, is 5.6% of total
Source: Annual Market Update 2013, Global Wind Energy Council,
29
 Wind Capacity Additions by Region

Source: Annual Market Update 2013, Global Wind Energy Council,

30
 Top 10 Countries - Installed Wind
Capacity (as of the end of 2013)

Source: Annual Market Update 2013, Global Wind Energy Council,

31
 US Wind Resources

http://www.windpoweringamerica.gov/pdfs/wind_maps/us_windmap.pdf
http://www.windpower.org/en/pictures/lacour.htm 32
US Wind Capacity by State, 12/31/14

33
Wind Map for Illinois at 80m

34
Worldwide Wind Resource Map

Source: www.ceoe.udel.edu/WindPower/ResourceMap/index-world.html
35
Types of Wind Turbines

• “Windmill”- used to grind grain into flour or pump

water
• Many different names - “wind-driven generator”,
“wind generator”, “wind turbine”, “wind-turbine
generator (WTG)”, “wind energy conversion system
(WECS)”
• Can have be horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWT)
or vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT)
• Groups of wind turbines are located in what is
called either a “wind farm” or a “wind park”

36
Vertical Axis Wind Turbines

• Darrieus rotor - the only vertical axis machine with

any commercial success
• Wind hitting the vertical blades, called aerofoils,
generates lift to create rotation
• No yaw (rotation about vertical axis)
control needed to keep them facing
into the wind
• Heavy machinery in the nacelle is
located on the ground
• Blades are closer to ground where
windspeeds are lower
http://www.absoluteastronomy.com/topics/Darrieus_wind_turbine 37
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

• “Downwind” HAWT – a turbine with the blades

behind (downwind from) the tower
• No yaw control needed- they naturally orient
themselves in line with the wind
• Shadowing effect – when a blade swings behind the
tower, the wind it encounters is briefly reduced and
the blade flexes

38
Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines

• “Upwind” HAWT – blades are in front of (upwind

of) the tower
• Most modern wind turbines are this type
• Blades are “upwind” of the tower
• Require somewhat complex yaw control to keep
them facing into the wind
– Need to search for the wind to start turning
• Operate more smoothly and deliver more power
• Largest turbines are on the order of 6 MW with 1.5
MW a quite common design
39
Number of Rotating Blades

• Windmills have multiple blades

– need to provide high starting torque to overcome weight of the
pumping rod
– must be able to operate at low wind speeds to provide nearly
continuous water pumping
– a larger area of the rotor faces the wind
– Note, most seem to write “wind speed” as two words
• Turbines with many blades operate at much lower
rotational speeds - as the speed increases, the turbulence
caused by one blade impacts the other blades
• Most modern wind turbines have two or three blades
40
 Worldwide Wind Energy Company
Market Share, 2013 Installations

Source:http://www.statista.com/statistics/272813/market-share-of-the-leading-wind-turbine-manufacturers-worldwide/
41
Vestas Stock Price

https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/echarts?s=VWS.CO#symbol=VWS.CO;range=my
42