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1 Ω or less 1 Ω to 100 kΩ 100 kΩ or above

Measurement of Low Resistances


Using Ammeter Voltmeter Method

Apparent resistance
For a more accurate measurement,
the resistance of the voltmeter must
be taken into account (Loading effect).
Actual resistance
Loading effect of a voltmeter
• If voltmeter resistance is not high enough,
• the measured resistance will be less than
actual resistance
• Since the insertion of test instrument into
the circuit causes measurement error
• The difference between circuit performance
with and without voltmeter in the circuit is
called
• Loading effect of voltmeter
What is loading effect of a voltmeter?

Neglecting Considering
Loading effect Loading effect
of voltmeter of voltmeter

Actual
resistance
Minimizing Loading effect of a voltmeter

• Loading effect of voltmeter can be


minimized by using voltmeter with
very high resistance compared to circuit
resistance.
Measurement of Medium Resistances
Using Wheatstone Bridge Method
Using Wheatstone Bridge Method
at balance
ig=0

and
Measurement of High Resistances
Using ohmmeter
Principle of operation

unknown current flow current flow Needle Scale


resistance in the current in the Axis along reading
X coil potential coil

Infinity Large potential


AB O.C.
zero
current coil ∞
Zero Maximum Small current zero
AB S.C. current current coil
How do you get 500 V?
How do you get 500 V?
Scale Shape
Example
• A voltmeter, having a resistance of 150 K Ω,
reads 100V when connected across an
unknown resistor in series with a millimetre.
When the millimetre reads 5 mA, Calculate:
• Apparent resistance of the unknown resistor,
• Actual resistance of the unknown resistor,
• %Error due to the loading effect of voltmeter.
• percentage accuracy
Solution
a)Apparent resistance

b) Actual resistance

c) % error =(actual-apparent)/actual x 100%

d)Percentage accuracy =(1-error)x100=87.7%


Notes

Voltmeter Sensitivity Sv where

ohm/volt

Ammeter Sensitivity Sa where

ohm/A

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