SQL Lab Manual

IMPLEMENTATION OF DDL COMMANDS
1. CREATE TABLE
SQL> create table student
2 (sno number(3),
3 sname varchar(20), class varchar2(10));
Table created.
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------------------
SNO NUMBER(3)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
CLASS VARCHAR2(10)
2. ALTER TABLE - Add Column
SQL> alter table student ADD address varchar2(25);
Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SNO NUMBER(3)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
CLASS VARCHAR2(10)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(25)
3. ALTER TABLE - Modify Column
SQL> alter table student MODIFY class char(5);
Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SNO NUMBER(3)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
CLASS CHAR(5)
ADDRESS VARCHAR2(25)
4. ALTER TABLE - Drop Column
SQL> alter table student
2 DROP COLUMN address;
Table altered.
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SNO NUMBER(3)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
CLASS CHAR(5)
5. RENAME TABLE
SQL> rename student to stud;
Table renamed.
SQL> desc student;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object student does not exist
SQL> desc stud;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SNO NUMBER(3)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
CLASS CHAR(5)
DROP TABLE
SQL> drop table stud;
Table dropped.
SQL> desc stud;
ERROR:
ORA-04043: object stud does not exist
IMPLEMENTATION OF DML COMMANDS
SQL> create table student
2 (sno number(3),
3 sname varchar(20),
4 class varchar2(10));
Table created.
1. INSERT QUERY
Insert more than a record using a single insert command:
SQL> insert into student values
2 (&sno,'&sname','&class');
Enter value for sno: 101
Enter value for sname: Kavya
Enter value for class: II CS
old 2: (&sno,'&sname','&class')
new 2: (101,'Kavya','II CS')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for sname: Amutha
new 2: (102,'Amutha','II CS')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for sname: Kalai
Enter value for class: III CS
new 2: (103,'Kalai','III CS')
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for sname: Latha
Enter value for class: III CS
new 2: (104,'Latha','III CS')
1 row created.
SQL> 105
SP2-0226: Invalid line number
SQL> /
Enter value for sname: Geetha
new 2: (105,'Geetha','II CS')
1 row created
Inserting a Single record using Insert Query
SQL> insert into student values(106,'Jaya','I CS');
1 row created.
2. SELECT QUERY
SQL> select * from student;
SNO SNAME CLASS
---------- -------------------- ---------
101 Kavya II CS
102 Amutha II CS
103 Kalai III CS
104 Latha III CS
105 Geetha II CS
106 Jaya I CS
Create a Pseudo table using Select Clause
SQL> create table students as
2 select * from student;
Table created.
SQL> select * from students;
SNO SNAME CLASS
---------- -------------------- ---------
101 Kavya II CS
102 Amutha II CS
103 Kalai III CS
104 Latha III CS
105 Geetha II CS
106 Jaya I CS
6 rows selected.
3. UPDATE QUERY
SQL> update student set class='III CS' where sno=106;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from students;
SNO SNAME CLASS
---------- -------------------- ---------
101 Kavya II CS
102 Amutha II CS
103 Kalai III CS
104 Latha III CS
105 Geetha II CS
106 Jaya III CS
6 rows selected.
4. DELETE QUERY
SQL> delete from student where class='III CS';
3 rows deleted.
SNO SNAME CLASS
---------- -------------------- ----------
101 Kavya II CS
102 Amutha II CS
105 Geetha II CS
5. TRUNCATE QUERY
SQL> truncate table student;
Table truncated.
no rows selected
SQL> desc student;
Name Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
SNO NUMBER(3)
SNAME VARCHAR2(20)
CLASS VARCHAR2(10)
SETTING PRIMARY KEY AND FOREIGN KEYS ON TABLES
Query : Column Level Constraint

SQL> create table Dept1(Deptno Number(2) Primary Key,
2 Dname varchar2(20),
3 Head varchar2(15));
Table created.
SQL> desc Dept1;

Name Null? Type
------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2(20)
HEAD VARCHAR2(15)
SQL> create table Emp1(Empid Number(5) Primary Key,

2 ename varchar2(20),
3 salary number(7),
4 deptno number(2) references dept1(deptno));
Table created.
SQL> desc employee;

Name Null? Type
------------------- -------- -------------------------
EMPID NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
SALARY NUMBER(7)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
Query : Table Level Constraint
SQL> create table dept2

2 (deptno number(2),
3 dname varchar2(20),
4 head varchar2(15),
5 primary key(deptno));
Table created.
SQL> desc dept2;

Name Null? Type
--------------------------- -------- ---------------------------
DEPTNO NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
DNAME VARCHAR2(20)
HEAD VARCHAR2(15)
SQL> create table emp2

2 (empid number(5),
3 ename varchar2(20),
4 salary number(7),
5 deptno number(2),
6 foreign key(deptno) references dept2(deptno),
7 primary key(empid));
Table created.
SQL> desc emp2;

Name Null? Type
------------------------- -------- ---------------------
EMPID NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
ENAME VARCHAR2(20)
SALARY NUMBER(7)
DEPTNO NUMBER(2)
RETRIEVING DATA
SQL> select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30
7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30
7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20
7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10
7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20
7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10
7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename,empno from emp;
ENAME EMPNO
---------- ----------
SMITH 7369
ALLEN 7499
WARD 7521
JONES 7566
MARTIN 7654
BLAKE 7698
CLARK 7782
SCOTT 7788
KING 7839
TURNER 7844
ADAMS 7876
JAMES 7900
FORD 7902
MILLER 7934
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where sal
2 between 1500 and 2000;
ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO
---------- --------- ---------- ----------
ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 30
TURNER SALESMAN 1500 30
SQL> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where sal not between 1500 and 2000;
ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO
---------- --------- ---------- ----------
SMITH CLERK 800 20
WARD SALESMAN 1250 30
JONES MANAGER 2975 20
MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 30
BLAKE MANAGER 2850 30
CLARK MANAGER 2450 10
SCOTT ANALYST 3000 20
KING PRESIDENT 5000 10
ADAMS CLERK 1100 20
JAMES CLERK 950 30
FORD ANALYST 3000 20

MILLER CLERK 1300 10
12 rows selected.
SQL> select * from emp where sal in(800,1200);
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
1 row selected.
SQL> select * from emp where sal not in(800,1200);

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
13 rows selected.
SQL> select * from emp where sal>2000 and sal<3000;

3 rows selected.
SQL> select * from emp where comm is null;
7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20
7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30
7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20
7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10
10 rows selected.
SQL> select * from emp where comm is NOT null;

4 rows selected.
SQL> select * from emp where EMPNO=7566;

1 row selected.
SQL> select * from emp where EMPNO=7566 or empno=7369;

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20
2 rows selected.
RESTRICTING AND SORTING DATA
SQL> select empno,ename,job from emp where ename like '%S';
EMPNO ENAME JOB
---------- ---------- ---------
7566 JONES MANAGER
7876 ADAMS CLERK
7900 JAMES CLERK
SQL> select empno,ename,job from emp where ename like 'S%';
EMPNO ENAME JOB
---------- ---------- ---------
7369 SMITH CLERK
7788 SCOTT ANALYST
SQL> select ename,sal from emp order by sal;
ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
SMITH 800
JAMES 950
ADAMS 1100
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
MILLER 1300
TURNER 1500
ALLEN 1600
CLARK 2450
BLAKE 2850
JONES 2975
SCOTT 3000
FORD 3000
KING 5000
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename,sal from emp order by ename;
ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
ADAMS 1100
ALLEN 1600
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
FORD 3000
JAMES 950
JONES 2975
KING 5000
MARTIN 1250
MILLER 1300
SCOTT 3000
SMITH 800
TURNER 1500
WARD 1250
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename,sal from emp order by sal desc;
ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
KING 5000
FORD 3000
SCOTT 3000
JONES 2975
BLAKE 2850
CLARK 2450
ALLEN 1600
TURNER 1500
MILLER 1300
WARD 1250
MARTIN 1250
ADAMS 1100
JAMES 950
SMITH 800
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ename,sal from emp order by ename desc;
ENAME SAL
---------- ----------
WARD 1250
TURNER 1500
SMITH 800
SCOTT 3000
MILLER 1300
MARTIN 1250
KING 5000
JONES 2975
JAMES 950
FORD 3000
CLARK 2450
BLAKE 2850
ALLEN 1600
ADAMS 1100
14 rows selected.
SQL> select distinct job from emp ;
JOB
---------
CLERK
SALESMAN
PRESIDENT
MANAGER
ANALYST
SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS
Queries Using Case Conversion Functions

SQL> select upper(ename) from emp;
UPPER(ENAM
----------
SMITH
ALLEN
WARD
JONES
MARTIN
BLAKE
CLARK
SCOTT
KING
TURNER
ADAMS
JAMES
FORD
MILLER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select lower(ename) from emp;
smith
allen
ward
jones
martin
blake
clark
scott
king
turner
adams
james
ford
miller
14 rows selected.
SQL> select initcap(ename) from emp;
INITCAP(EN
----------
Smith
Allen
Ward
Jones
Martin
Blake
Clark
Scott
King
Turner
Adams
James
Ford
Miller
14 rows selected.
Queries Using Character Functions
SQL> select concat(ename,job) from emp;
CONCAT(ENAME,JOB)
-------------------
SMITHCLERK
ALLENSALESMAN
WARDSALESMAN
JONESMANAGER
MARTINSALESMAN
BLAKEMANAGER
CLARKMANAGER
SCOTTANALYST
KINGPRESIDENT
TURNERSALESMAN
ADAMSCLERK
JAMESCLERK
FORDANALYST
MILLERCLERK
14 rows selected.
SQL> select substr(ename,1,3) from emp;
SUB
---
SMI
ALL
WAR
JON
MAR
BLA
CLA
SCO
KIN
TUR
ADA
JAM
FOR
MIL
14 rows selected.
SQL> select instr(ename,'E') from emp;
INSTR(ENAME,'E')
----------------
0
4
0
4
0
5
0
0
0
5
0
4
0
5
14 rows selected.
SQL> select lpad(ename,10,'-') from emp;
LPAD(ENAME
-----SMITH
-----ALLEN
------WARD
-----JONES
----MARTIN
-----BLAKE
-----CLARK
-----SCOTT
------KING
----TURNER
-----ADAMS
-----JAMES
------FORD
----MILLER
14 rows selected.
SQL> select rpad(ename,10,'-') from emp;
RPAD(ENAME
----------
SMITH-----
ALLEN-----
WARD------
JONES-----
MARTIN----
BLAKE-----
CLARK-----
SCOTT-----
KING------
TURNER----
ADAMS-----
JAMES-----
FORD------
MILLER----
14 rows selected.
Queries Using Number Functions
SQL> select round(1372.472,1) from dual;
ROUND(1372.472,1)
-----------------
1372.5
SQL> select trunc(72183.-2) from dual;

TRUNC(72183.-2)
---------------
72181
SQL> select trunc(72183,-2) from dual;

TRUNC(72183,-2)
---------------
72100
SQL> select power(2,3) from dual;

POWER(2,3)
----------
8
SQL> select sqrt(100) from dual;

SQRT(100)
----------
10
SQL> select abs(50-100) from dual;

ABS(50-100)
-----------
50
Queries Using Date Functions
SQL> select empno,MONTHS_BETWEEN(sysdate,hiredate) from emp;
EMPNO MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)
---------- -------------------------------
7369 441.113507
7499 439
7521 438.952217
7566 437.597378
7654 431.758668
7698 436.629636
7782 435.371571
7788 365.048991
7839 430.113507
7844 432.40383
7876 363.919959
7900 429.56512
7902 429.56512
7934 427.919959
14 rows selected.
SQL> select ADD_MONTHS(sysdate,5) from DUAL;
ADD_MONTH
---------
20-FEB-18
SQL> select NEXT_DAY(sysdate,'MONDAY') from dual;
NEXT_DAY(
---------
25-SEP-17
SQL> select LAST_DAY(sysdate) from dual;
LAST_DAY(
---------
30-SEP-17
REPORTING AGGREGATED DATA USING THE GROUP FUNCTIONS
SQL> select count(ename) from emp;

COUNT(ENAME)
------------
14
SQL> select max(sal) from emp;
MAX(SAL)
----------
5000
SQL> select min(sal) from emp;
MIN(SAL)
----------
800
SQL> select sum(sal) from emp;
SUM(SAL)
----------
29025
SQL> select avg(sal) from emp;
AVG(SAL)
----------
2073.21429
SQL> select deptno, sum(sal) from emp group by deptno;
DEPTNO SUM(SAL)
---------- ----------
30 9400
20 10875
10 8750
DISPLAYING DATA FROM MULTIPLE TABLES
Retrieving Records with Equijoins
SQL> SELECT e.ename,e.deptno,d.dname

2 FROM emp e,dept d
3 WHERE e.deptno=d.deptno;
ENAME DEPTNO DNAME
---------- ---------- --------------
SMITH 20 RESEARCH
ALLEN 30 SALES
WARD 30 SALES
JONES 20 RESEARCH
MARTIN 30 SALES
BLAKE 30 SALES
CLARK 10 ACCOUNTING
SCOTT 20 RESEARCH
KING 10 ACCOUNTING
TURNER 30 SALES
ADAMS 20 RESEARCH
JAMES 30 SALES
FORD 20 RESEARCH
MILLER 10 ACCOUNTING
14 rows selected.
Table:1 - ORDERDET
SQL> CREATE table orderdet (Id number(5),
Proname varchar2(15),
Amount number(5));
Table created.
SQL> DESC orderdet;
Name Null? Type
--------------------- -------- -----------
ID NUMBER(5)
PRONAME VARCHAR2(15)
AMOUNT NUMBER(5)
Table:1 - CUSTOMERS
SQL> CREATE table customerst ( Id number(3),
Name varchar2(20),
Age number(3),
Address char(25));
Table created.
SQL> desc customers;
Name Null? Type
--------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
ID NOT NULL NUMBER(3)
NAME NOT NULL VARCHAR2(20)
AGE NOT NULL NUMBER(3)
ADDRESS CHAR(25)
SQL> INSERT INTO CUSTOMERS (ID,NAME,AGE,ADDRESS,SALARY)

2 VALUES (1, 'Ramesh', 32, 'Ahmedabad', 2000.00 );
1 row created.
2 VALUES (3, 'kaushik', 23, 'Kota', 2000.00 );
1 row created.
2 VALUES (4, 'Chaitali', 25, 'Mumbai', 6500.00 );
1 row created.
2 VALUES (5, 'Hardik', 27, 'Bhopal', 8500.00 );
1 row created.

2 VALUES (6, 'Komal', 22, 'MP', 4500.00 );
1 row created.
SQL> select * from customers;
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------------------
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad
3 kaushik 23 Kota
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal
6 Komal 22 MP
INNER JOIN
SQL> select customers.id,name,proname from customers
2 INNER JOIN orderdet
3 on customers.id=orderdet.id;
ID NAME PRONAME
---------- -------------------- ---------------
1 Ramesh p1
3 kaushik p3
4 Chaitali p1
5 Hardik p2
LEFT JOIN
2 LEFT JOIN orderdet
ID NAME PRONAME
---------- -------------------- ---------------
1 Ramesh p1
3 kaushik p3
4 Chaitali p1
5 Hardik p2
6 Komal NULL
RIGHT JOIN
2 right join orderdet
ID NAME PRONAME
----- ---------------- ---------------
1 Ramesh p1
3 kaushik p3
4 Chaitali p1
5 Hardik p2
NULL NULL p2
FULL JOIN
2 full join orderdet
ID NAME PRONAME
---------- -------------------- ---------------
1 Ramesh p1
NULL NULL p2
3 kaushik p3
4 Chaitali p1
5 Hardik p2
6 Komal NULL
CARTESIAN JOIN
SQL> select customers.id,name,proname

2 from customers,orderdet
3 where customers.id<=3;
ID NAME PRONAME
---------- ---------- ---------------
1 Ramesh p1
1 Ramesh p2
1 Ramesh p3
1 Ramesh p1
1 Ramesh p2
3 kaushik p1
3 kaushik p2
3 kaushik p3
3 kaushik p1
3 kaushik p2
10 rows selected.
SUB QUERIES
SQL> select * from customers;
ID NAME AGE ADDRESS SALARY
------- --------------- ---------- ------------------------- ----------
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 2000
3 kaushik 23 Kota 2000
4 Chaitali 25 Mumbai 6500
5 Hardik 27 Bhopal 8500
6 Komal 22 MP 4500
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM CUSTOMERS
3 WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID
4 FROM CUSTOMERS
5 WHERE SALARY > 4500) ;

---------- -------------------- ---------- ------------------------- ----------
SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM CUSTOMERS
3 WHERE ID IN (SELECT ID
4 FROM CUSTOMERS
5 WHERE AGE<=25) ;

---------- -------------------- ---------- ------------------------- ----------
6 Komal 22 MP 4500
Subqueries with the UPDATE Statement
SQL> UPDATE CUSTOMERS
2 SET SALARY = SALARY * 0.25
3 WHERE AGE IN (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS
4 WHERE AGE >= 27 );
2 rows updated.
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;
---------- -------------------- ---------- ------------------------- ----------
1 Ramesh 32 Ahmedabad 500
6 Komal 22 MP 4500
Subqueries with the DELETE Statement
SQL> DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS
2 WHERE AGE IN (SELECT AGE FROM CUSTOMERS
3 WHERE AGE >= 27);
2 rows deleted.
SQL> SELECT * FROM CUSTOMERS;

---------- -------------------- ---------- ------------------- ----------
6 Komal 22 MP 4500

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IMPLEMENTATION OF DDL COMMANDS

Query : Column Level Constraint

SQL> desc Dept1;

SQL> create table Emp1(Empid Number(5) Primary Key,

SQL> desc employee;

SQL> create table dept2

SQL> desc dept2;

SQL> create table emp2

SQL> desc emp2;

SQL> select * from emp;

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

SQL> select ename,empno from emp;

SQL> select ename,job,sal,deptno from emp where sal

2 between 1500 and 2000;

ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO

---------- --------- ---------- ----------

ALLEN SALESMAN 1600 30

TURNER SALESMAN 1500 30

ENAME JOB SAL DEPTNO

---------- --------- ---------- ----------

SMITH CLERK 800 20

WARD SALESMAN 1250 30

JONES MANAGER 2975 20

MARTIN SALESMAN 1250 30

BLAKE MANAGER 2850 30

CLARK MANAGER 2450 10

SCOTT ANALYST 3000 20

KING PRESIDENT 5000 10

ADAMS CLERK 1100 20

JAMES CLERK 950 30

FORD ANALYST 3000 20

SQL> select * from emp where sal in(800,1200);

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM DEPTNO

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800 20

SQL> select * from emp where sal not in(800,1200);

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300 30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500 30

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400 30

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850 30

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450 10

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000 20

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000 10

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0 30

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100 20

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950 30

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000 20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300 10

SQL> select * from emp where sal>2000 and sal<3000;

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975 20