WIND LOADS:

Wind is the term used for air in motion, it effects

on buildings as a lateral pressure and they are
considered to be dynamic as it varies greatly in
intensity from time to time, on the other hand by
using equivalent static procedures in BS 6399 the
gust peak wind loads on buildings can be
determined.

The value of wind loads on structures depends on

the meteorological data, altitude and topography of the site and also the shape
and height of buildings.

Likely the severity of it in Sudan is considered low; however it should be

considered when designing high rise buildings such as Petro-Dar tower in Sudan.
Buildings designed to withstand wind loads should be checked against
overturning, shear and excessive displacement.

Seismic loads:
Ground motions during an earthquake can severely damage the structure. The
ground acceleration when transmitted through the structure is amplified, and it is
called the response acceleration. The amplified motion can produce forces and
displacements that can be larger than the motions the structure can sustain.

Many factors influence the intensity of shaking of the structure such as

earthquake magnitude, distance from fault or epicenter, duration of strong
shaking, soil conditions of the site, and frequency content of the motion.

A structure should be designed, depending on the type of structure and its

function, to have acceptable levels of response generated in an earthquake.
Economy of design is achieved by allowing the structure to deform above elastic
limit.
The seismic loads are considered dynamic loads and it can act in all directions
horizontally and vertically, it can be analyzed statically using procedures
mentioned in the uniform building code 1997 “UBC 97” or any other seismic
loading code.

The severity of seismic action in Sudan is generally considered low starting from
zero peak ground acceleration “PGA” in northen sudan to an average PGA of
0.15g in central sudan.
Abstract:

The main aim of this project is to analyze and design the PETRO-DAR tower in
order to reach a safe and economic design with respect to architectural aspects, we
chosen PETRO-DAR tower mainly because it is one of the tallest towers in Sudan
with more than 60m gross height including special cases like beams curved in plan,
irregularity in slab and also inclined columns.

The tower’s slabs and beams have generally been analyzed manually taking the
first floor slabs and beams as an example except the irregular zones of the floor,
and the columns and shear walls has been analyzed using” Extended Three-
dimensional Analysis of Buildings System_ ETABS “. The design of previous
elements including retaining wall was based on the specifications of the British
code BS8110.

The thesis is consisted of four chapters. The first chapter is an introduction that
talks brief ly about ultimate limit design theory, loads, different structural elements
and its types. In chapter two the analyzing of the structure is mentioned in details.
Then chapter three, which contains the designing steps and procedure. Finally we
mentioned the discussions and recommendations in chapter four.