NAMA : NIK ADIBAH BINTI NIK AZHAR

NO. MATRIK : A155516

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS)

Introduction :-

 Atomic Absorption is a very common technique to detect metals and metalloids in

samples.
 Reliable, easy to use
 Can analyze over 62 elements
 Measures the concentration of metals in the sample

Principle :-

 Uses the principle that free atoms (gas) generated in an atomizer can absorb radiation at
specific frequency as the technique.
 AAS quantifies the absorption of ground state atoms in the gaseous state.
 Atoms absorb visible light and ultraviolet and make transitions to higher electronic
energy levels. The analyte is determined from the amount of absorption.

Theory of AAS :-

 Hollow Cathode Lamp

 Nebulizer
 Atomizer
 Monochromator
 Detector
 FLAME EMISSION SECTROSCOPY (FES)

Introduction :-

 FES is also named as Flame Photometry.

 FES is based on the measurement of intensity of the light emitted when a metal is
introduced into a flame.
 Wavelength of the colour – what element present
 Colour intensity – how much of the element is present

Principle :-

 When a solution of metallic in sprayed into a flame, the fine droplets of metallic species
will be obtained.
 Due to thermal energy of the flame, the solvent in the droplets evaporate, leaving a fine
residue, which are converted to neutral atoms.
 These neutral atoms are converted into excited state atoms by thermal energy of the
flame.
 As the excited state is not stable, these excited atoms returns into ground state, with the
emission radiation of specific wavelength
 MASS SPECTROMETRY

How does a mass spectrometry works?

The sequence is :

 Stage 1: Ionization: The atom is ionised by knocking one or more electrons off to give a
positive ion. This is true even for things which you would normally expect to form
negative ions (chlorine, for example) or never form ions at all (argon, for example). Mass
spectrometers always work with positive ions.
 Stage 2: Acceleration: The ions are accelerated so that they all have the same kinetic
energy.
 Stage 3: Deflection: The ions are then deflected by a magnetic field according to their
masses. The lighter they are, the more they are deflected. The amount of deflection also
depends on the number of positive charges on the ion - in other words, on how many
electrons were knocked off in the first stage. The more the ion is charged, the more it gets
deflected.
 Stage 4: Detection: The beam of ions passing through the machine is detected
electrically.
 OPTICAL EMISSION SPECTROMETRY (OES)

CP-OES is a trace-level, elemental analysis technique that uses the emission spectra of a sample
to identify, and quantify the elements present.

Samples are introduced into the plasma in a process that desolvates, ionises, and excites them.
The constituent elements can be identified by their characteristic emission lines, and quantified
by the intensity of the same lines.

 High sample throughput enabling the efficient analysis of large batches

 Simultaneous determination of multiple elements in each sample
 Complementary analysis to techniques like XRF
 Large dynamic linear range
 Low chemical and matrix interference effects.

Typical Applications

 Trace analysis of environmental soil and water samples

 Assessment of metal ores for mass balances and process control
 Trace metal analysis of any material that can be digested into an aqueous matrix.
 Boron and Lithia in glasses
 Forensic analysis
 Trace analysis of food and drink samples such as; metals in wine; and elements bound to
proteins.
 Metal release testing of tableware.

Typical Industries using ICP-OES

 Environmental testing
 Food and drinks
 Materials
 Minerals