Assignment of Power Plant-I Designed by Sir Engr.

Masood Khan

SOLVED PROBLEMS OF CHAPTER # 9

TITLE: GAS TURBINE CYCLE

Gas Turbine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

PROBLEM # 9.1: T2 = 293 + (464.05 – 293)*1/0.8 = 506.81 K

A gas turbine has an overall pressure ratio of 5 & a Expansion process:
maximum cycle temperature of 550 C. The turbine drives T4S/T3 = (P4 / P3)γ-1/γ
the compressor and an electric generator, the mechanical T4S = T3*(P4 / P3)γ-1/γ = 823*(1/5) 1.333-1/1.333 = 550 K
efficiency of the drive being 97%. The ambient temperature From ŋIS,T:
is 20 C & the air enters the compressor at the rate of 15 ŋIS,C = (T3 – T4)/(T3 – T4S)
kg/s; the isentropic efficiencies of the compressor & the T4 = T3–(T3–T4S)*ŋis,c=823–(823–550)0.83=596.41 K
turbine are 80 & 83%. Neglecting changes in Kinetic Now work of expansion.
energy, the mass flow rate of fuel, & all pressure losses, Cpg(T3 – T4) = 1.15*(823 – 596.41) = 267.58 kJ/kg
calculates: Work of compression required = Cpa(T2 – T1)/ŋMS
(i) The power output; = 1.005*(506.81 – 293)/0.97 = 221.52 kJ/kg
(ii) The cycle efficiency; Generator work = (Expansion work – Compression
(iii) The work ratio. work)/drive efficiency
= (267.58 – 221.52)/0.97 = 47.48 kJ/kg
GIVEN DATA: Power output = (generator work)(mass flow rate)
Pressure ratio, P2 / P1 = 5 = 47.48*15 = 712.2 kW
Max temp, T3 = 550 C = 823 K Process in combustion chamber:
Mechanical efficiency of drive = 97 % Qs, heat supplied = Cpg(T3 – T2)
Atmospheric temp, T1 = 20 C = 293 K = 1.15(823 – 506.81) = 363.6185 kJ/kg
mo = 15 kg/s, ŋIS,C = 0.8 ŋIS,T = 0.83 Cycle efficiency = net work output / heat supplied
= 47.48 / 363.9185 = 0.1305
REQUIRED: Work ratio = net work output / gross work output
Power output. Cycle efficiency. Work ratio. = 47.48 / 267.58 = 0.177

DIAGRAM: PROBLEM # 9.2:

In a marine gas turbine unit a HP stage turbine drives the
SOLUTION: compressor, and an LP stage turbine drives the propeller
Compression process: through suitable gearing. The overall pressure ratio is 4/1,
T2S / T1 = (P2 / P1)γ-1/γ the mass flow rate is 60kg/s, the maximum temperature is
T2S = T1*(P2 / P1)γ-1/γ = 293*(5) 1.4-1/1.4 = 464.05 K 650 C, & the air intake conditions are 1.01 bar & 25 C. The
From Isentropic efficiency of compressor isentropic efficiencies of the compressor, HP turbine, & LP
Ŋis,c = (T2S – T1)/(T2 – T1) turbine, are 0.8, 0.83, & 0.85 respectively, & the
=> T2 = T1 + (T2S - T1)/ŋis,c mechanical efficiency of both shafts is 98%. Neglecting
Gas Turbine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

Kinetic energy changes, & the pressure loss in combustion, Cpg(T3 – T4) = 181.93/0.98 = 923 – T4 = 185.64/1.15
calculate: T4 = 923 – 185.64/1.15 = 761.57K
(i) The pressure b/w turbine stages; Now from ŋis,hpt
(ii) The cycle efficiency; Ŋis,hpt = (T3 – T4) / (T3 – T4S)
(iii) The shaft power. T4s= T3 –(T3 – T4)/ŋis,hpt= 923–(923–761.57)/0.83
T4s = 728.50 K
GIVEN DATA: Now, P3/P4 = (T3/T4S)γ-1/γ = (923/728.5) 1.333/0.333
Over all pressure ratio = 4/1 P3/P4 = 2.5786
Mass flow rate, mo= 60 kg/s Now since, P3 = P2 = 4.04 bar
Tmax = 650 C = 923 K P4 = P3 /2.5786 = 4.04 / 2.5786 = 1.5667 bar
Pa = P1 = 1.01 bar => P2 = 4.04 bar Pressure between turbine stages = P4 = 1.5667 bar
Ta = T1 = 25 C = 298 K Now, P5 = P1 = 1.01 bar
ŋis,c = 0.8 ŋis,hpt = 0.83 ŋiso,lpt = 0.85 P4/P5 = 1.5667/1.05 = 1.55
Shaft mechanical efficiency = 0.98 Now, T4/T5s = (P4/P5)γ-1/γ
T5s = 761.57 / (1.55) 1.333-1/1.333 = 682.59 K
REQUIRED: From Isentropic efficiency of LPT:
Pressure between turbine stages Ŋis,lpt = (T4 – T5) / (T4 – T5S)
Cycle efficiency. Shaft power. T5 = T4 – (T4 – T5S)*ŋis,lpt = 694.437 K
Work of expansion in LPT
DIAGRAM: Cpg(T4 – T5) = 1.15(761.57 – 694.437) = 77.20 kJ/kg
cycle = WNet/Qs= 77.20/Cpg(T3 – T2) = 0.15 = 15 %
SOLUTION: Shaft Power = mo* WLPT / Shaft Efficiency
Compression process: Shaft Power = 60*77.20/ 0.98 = 4726.53 kW
T2S/T1 = (P2 / P1)γ-1/γ
=> T2S = T1*(P2 / P1)γ-1/γ = 298*(4) 1.4-1/1.4 = 442.82 K PROBLEM # 9.3:
From Isentropic efficiency of compressor: For the unit of problem 9.2, calculate the cycle efficiency
Ŋis,c = (T2S – T1) / (T2 – T1) obtainable when a heat exchanger is fitted. Assume a
T2 = T1+(T2S – T1)/ŋis,c = 298+(442.82–298)/0.80 thermal ratio of 0.75.
T2 = 479.025K
Work of Compression DATA:
Cpa(T2 – T1) = 1.005*(479.025 – 298) = 181.93 kJ/kg From previous problem
This Work + Some Frictional Work = HPT Work Heat exchanger is fitted
Expansion Work of HPT = Compression Work/ŋm,shaft Thermal ratio = 0.75
Gas Turbine Cycle
REQUIRED:
Cycle efficiency
SOLUTION:
Compression process:
T2S / T1 = (P2/P1)γ-1/γ = (4) 1.4-1/1.4
T2S = T1*1.49 = 298*1.49 = 442.82
From Isentropic efficiency of compressor:
Ŋis,c = (T2S – T1) / (T2 – T1)
T2 = T1+(T2S – T1)/ŋis,c = 298+(442.82–298)/0.98
T2 = 479K
Work of Compression = Cpa(T2 – T1) = 181.905 KJ/kg
Compression Work is supplied by the HPT
Expansion Work from HPT=181.905/Shaft efficiency
Cpg(T4 – T5) = 181.905 / 0.98
T5 = T4 – 181.905 / (0.98*Cpg) = 761.59K
Now, ŋis,hpt = (T4 – T5) / (T4 – T5S)
T5s = T4 – (T4 – T5)/ŋis,hpt = 923–(923–761.59)/0.83
T5s = 728.5K
Now P4/P5=(T4/T5S)γ-1/γ=(923/728.5) 1.333/0.333 = 2.5786
P5 = P4/2.5786 = 4.04/2.5786 = 1.5666 bar
Now P5/P6 = 1.5666/1.01 = 1.55
T5/T6S = (P5/P6)γ-1/γ = (1.55) 0.333/1.333
T6S = T5 / 1.550.333/1.333 = 682.61 K
From ŋis,lpt = (T5 – T6)/(T5 – T6S)
T6 = T5 – (T5 – T6S)*ŋis,lpt = 686.559 K
Work of Expansion in LPT = Cpg(T5 – T6)
= 1.15(461.59 – 686.559) = 86.28 kJ/kg
Now Heat Exchanger Thermal Ratio is given by
Thermal Ratio =Temp Rise/max. Temp. diff. available
0.75 = (T3 – T2) / (T6 – T2)
T3 = (T6–T2)*0.75+T2 = (686.559–479)*0.75 + 479) = 634 K
Heat supplied in Combustion Chamber = Cpg(T4 – T3)
Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan
Qs = 1.15(923 – 634) = 332.35 kJ/kg
ηThermal = Wnet / Heat Supplied = 86.28/332.35= 0.259
PROBLEM # 9.4
In a gas turbine generating set two stages of compression
are used with an intercooler between stages. The HP
turbine drives the HP compressor, & the LP turbine drives
the LP compressor & the generator. The exhaust from the
LP turbine passes through the heat exchanger, which
transfer heat to the air leaving the HP compressor. There is
a reheat combustion chamber b/w turbine stages, which
raises the gas temperature to 600 C, which is also the gas
temperature at entry to the HP turbine. The overall pressure
ratio is 10/1, each compressor having the same pressure
ratio, & the air temperature at entry to the unit is 20 C. The
heat exchanger thermal ratio may be taken as 0.7, &
intercooling is complete between compressor stages.
Assume isentropic efficiencies of 0.8 for both compressor
stages, & 0.85 for both turbine stages & that 2% of the
work of each turbine are used in overcoming friction.
Neglecting all losses in pressure, & assuming that velocity
changes are negligibly small, calculates:
(i) The power output in kilowatts for a mass of 115
kg/s;
(ii) The overall cycle efficiency of the plant
DATA:
Tmax. = 600 C = 873 K T1 = 20 C = 293 K
Over all Pressure Ratio = 10/1
Same pressure ratio through each compressor
Ŋis,C = 0.8, for each Compressor & Intercooling is
complete
Ŋis,T = 0.85, for each Turbine
Gas Turbine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

2 % loss for each turbine power WLPT = Cpg(T8 – T9) =1.15(873–634.7) =274.045kJ/kg
Thermal Ratio of Heat Exchanger = 0.7 Generator Work
mo = 115 kg/s Reheat to Tmax. = Expansion Work–Compression Work–losses
= 274.045–143.21–2/100*(274.045) =125.3541 kJ/kg
REQUIRED: Shaft Power=125.3541*mo=125.3541*115=14146kW
Power Output, Overall Efficiency, Thermal Ratio = (T5 – T4)/(T9 – T4)
T5 = (T9–T4)*0.7+T4=(634.7–435.5)*0.7+435.5
DIAGRAM: T5 = 574.94 K
Qs = Cpg(T6 – T5)=1.15(873–574.94)=342.769kJ/kg
SOLUTION: Qs reheat =Cpg(T8–T7)=1.15(873–745.93) =146.13 kJ/kg
Compressor side: Total Heat Supplied=342.769 + 146.13 = 488.89kJ/kg
T2S/T1 = (P2/P1)γ-1/γ where P2/P1 = √10 = 3.16 Cycle Efficiency = Net work / Total Heat Supplied
T2S = T1*(P2/P1)γ-1/γ = 293*(3.16) 0.4/1.4 = 407 K ηCycle = 125.3541 / 488.89 = 0.256 = 25.6 %
Ŋis,C = (T2S – T1)/(T2 – T1)
T2 = T1+(T2s–T1)/ŋis,C = 293+(407–293)/0.8 = 435.5K PROBLEM # 9.5
Wc=Cpa(T2 – T1) = 1.005(435.5–293) = 143.21 kJ/kg A motor gas turbine unit has two centrifugal compressors
Same amount of work is required by HPC, which is provided by in series giving an overall pressure ratio of 6/1. The air
HPT leaving the HP compressors passes through a heat
Cpg(T6 – T7) – 2/100*Cpg(T6 – T7) = 143.21 exchanger before entering the combustion chamber. The
T6 – T7 – 2/100(T6 – T7) = 143.21/Cpg expansion is in two turbine stages, the first stage driving
T7 = T6 - 143.21/(Cpg*0.98) = 745.93 K the compressors & the second stage driving the car through
Ŋis,T = (T6 – T7)/(T6 – T7S) gearing. The gases leaving the LP turbine pass through the
T7S = T6 – (T6 – T7S)/ŋis,T heat exchanger before exhausting to atmosphere. The HP
T7S = 873 – (873 – 745.93)/0.85 = 723.5 K turbine inlet temperature is 800 C & the air inlet
Now P6/P7 =(T6/T7S)γ-1/γ = (873/723.5) 1.333/0.333 = 2.12 temperature to the unit is 15 C. The isentropic efficiency of
Now since P6 = P4 = 10.10 bar the compression is 0.8, & that of each turbine is 0.85. The
P7 = P6/2.12 = 10.10/2.12 = 4.76 bar mechanical efficiency of each shaft is 98%. The heat
P7 = P8 and P9 = P1= 1.01 bar exchanger thermal ratio may be assumed to be 0.65.
T8/T9S = (P8/P9)γ-1/γ Neglecting pressure losses & changes in Kinetic energy,
T9S = T8 / (P8/P9)γ-1/γ = 873 / (4.76/1.01) 0.333/1.333 = 592.68 K calculate:
Ŋis,T = (T8 – T9)/(T8 – T9S) (i) The overall cycle efficiency;
T9 = T8 – (T8 – T9S)*ŋis,T = 873 – (873–592.68)*0.85 (ii) Power developed.
T9 = 634.7K (iii) Specific Fuel Consumption.
Gas Turbine Cycle Designed by Sir Engr. Masood Khan

Calorific value of fuel = 42600 kJ/kg T6S = T5 – (T5 – T6)/ŋis,T = 1073–(1073–885.73)/0.85

And Combustion Efficiency = 0.97 T6S = 852.68 K
P6/P7 = (T6S/T5)γ-1/γ = (852.68/1073) 1.333/0.333 = 0.3985
DATA: P6 = 0.3985*P5 where P5 = 6.06 bar => P6 = 2.415 bar
Over all Pressure Ratio = 6/1 T6/T7S = (P6/P7)γ-1/γ
Tmax. = 800 C = 1073 K T1 = 15 C = 288 K T7S = T6 / (P6 / P7)γ-1/γ
Ŋis,C = 0.8 for Compressors Ŋis,T = 0.85 for Turbines T7s = 885.73 / (2.415/1.01) 0.333/1.333 = 712.4K
Ŋm,Shft = 0.98 Thermal Ratio = 0.65 Ŋis,T = (T6 – T7)/(T6 – T7S)
T7 =T6–(T6–T7S)*ŋis,T=885.73–(885.73–712.4)*0.85 =
REQUIRED: 738.39
Overall Cycle Efficiency. Power developed Thermal Ratio = (T4 – T3)/(T7 – T3)
Specific Fuel Consumption. T4 = T3 + (T7 – T3)* Thermal Ratio
Calorific value of fuel = 42600 kJ/kg T4 = 502.66 + (738.39 – 502.66)*0.65 = 655.88 K
And Combustion Efficiency = 0.97 Qs = Cpg(T5 – T4) = 1.15(1073–655.88) = 479.68 kJ/kg
WLPT =Cpg(T6–T7)=1.15(885.88–738.39)=169.44kJ/kg
DIAGRAM: Cycle Efficiency = 169.44/479.68 = 0.353 = 35.3 %
Shaft Power = 169.44*0.98*0.7 = 116.2
SOLUTION:
Compression process:
T3S/T1 = (P3/P1)γ-1/γ
T3S = T1*(P3/P1)γ-1/γ = 288*(6) 0.4/1.4 = 480.53 K
Assuming same pressure ratio for each compressor
P2/P1 = √6 = 2.45
T2S/T1 = (P2/P1) γ-1/γ
T2S = T1*(P2/P1) γ-1/γ = 288*(2.45) 0.4/1.4 = 372 K
From, ŋis,C = (T2S – T1)/(T2 – T1)
T3 = T2 + (T3S – T2)/ŋis,C = 502.66 K
Wc=Cpg (T2–T1)*2 = 1.005(393–288)*2 = 211.05kJ/kg
Expansion work of HPT = 211.05/ŋm, shaft
Cpg(T5 – T6) = 211.05/0.98
T6 = T5 – 211.05/(0.98*1.15)
= 1073 – 211.05/(0.98*1.15) = 885.73 K
ŋis,T = (T5 – T6)/(T5 – T6S)
Gas Turbine Cycle Designed by S