Electrical Power Systems

Dr. Mohamed Taha Mouwafi

Lecture: 7
 AC distributor
➢ The AC distributors are similar to those of DC distributors , but
have the following differences:
1- In addition to the load current at the load point, its power factor is
also to be considered, which may be referred to the reference
voltage point or to the voltage of the load point.
2- The current in the different sections will be obtained by the vector
sum of currents and not by algebraic sum.
3- The voltage drop in different sections of the distributor will consist
of two parts (a) resistive drop, (b) inductive drop.
➢Methods of solving AC distributors:
1- When power factor is referred to receiving end voltage.
2- When the power factors are referred to the voltages at the load
points.
 Power factor referred to receiving end voltage
Vf
R1+ jX1 B R2 + jX2 C
A

I1 , cosФ1 I2 , cosФ2
Resistance R , reactance X
Impedance of section AB is given by, Z AB = R1 + jX 1
Impedance of section BC is given by, Z BC = R 2 + jX 2
The load current at point B is I 1 , I 1 = I 1 (cos f 1 - j sin f 1 )
The load current at point C is I , I = I (cos f - j sin f )
2 2 2 2 2

Current in section BC is I BC = I 2 = I 2 (cos f 2 - j sin f 2 )

Current in section AB is I AB = I 1 + I 2 = I 1 (cos f 1 - j sin f 1 )
+ I 2 (cos f 2 - j sin f 2 )
 Power factor referred to receiving end voltage
VA

VB

0 Ф1 Ф VC
2 Ф
S
I2

I1
IAB Vector diagram of an AC distributor

Voltage drop in section BC,V BC = I BC Z BC = éI 2 (cos f 2 - j sin f 2 )ù×[R 2 + jX 2 ]

ë û
Voltage drop in section AB,
V AB = I AB Z AB = éëI 1 (cos f 1 - j sin f 1 )+ I 2 (cos f 2 - j sin f 2 )ùû×[R1 + jX 1 ]

Sending end voltage, V A = V C + V BC + V AB

Sending end current, I A = I 1 + I 2

Power factor referred to respective load voltages
Vf
R1+ jX1 B R2 + jX2 C
A

I1 , cosФ1 I2 , cosФ2

VA

VB

α
0 Ф1 Ф VC
2
I2

I1
IAB

Vector diagram of an AC distributor

 Power factor referred to respective load voltages
Voltage drop in section BC, V BC = I BC Z BC = éI 2 (cos f 2 - j sin f 2 )ù×[R 2 + jX 2 ]
ë û
Voltage at point B, V B = V C + V BC = V B Ða (say )
Now, I 1 = I 1 Ð- f 1 w .r.t voltage V B

\ I 1 = I 1 Ð- (f 1 - a ) w .r.t v oltage V C

\ I 1 = I 1 éëcos (f 1 - a )- j sin (f 1 - a )ùû

Now, I AB = I 1 + I 2
= I 1 éëcos (f 1 - a )- j sin (f 1 - a )ùû+ I 2 (cos f 2 - j sin f 2 )
Voltage drop in section AB, V AB = I AB Z AB = éI 2 (cos f 2 - j sin f 2 )ù×[R 2 + jX 2 ]
ë û
Voltage at point A, V A = V C + V BC + V AB = V B Ða (say )
 Example 1
A 2-wire AC distributor 1200 m long is loaded as shown in figure below. B is
the mid-point. The power factors at the two load points refer to the voltage
at C. The impedance of each line is (0.15+j0.2) Ω. Calculate the sending end
voltage , current and power factor. The voltage at point C is 220 V.
VA
600 m 600 m
0.15+ j0.2 B 0.15+ j0.2 C
A

60 A , 0.9 p.f. lag 100 A , 0.8 p.f. lag

Solution
Let the voltage at C be taken as reference vector.
V C = 220 + j 0

I BC = I C = 100´ (0.8 - j 0.6)= 80 - j 60 A

 Solution

Z (for 2 wire )= 2´ (0.15 + j 0.2)= 0.3 + j 0.4 W

Q B is the mid po int Z AB = Z BC = 0.5´ (0.3 + j 0.4)= 0.15 + j 0.2 W

D V BC = I BC Z BC = (80 - j 60)´ (0.15 + j 0.2)= 24 + j 7 V

\ V B = V C + D V BC = (220 + j 0)+ (24 + j 7)= 244 + j 7 V

Q I B = 60´ (0.9 - j 0.4357)= 54 - j 26.142 A

\ I AB = I BC + I B = (80 - j 60)+ (54 - j 26.142)= 134 - j 86.142 A

= 159.4 A Ð - 32.72 o lag

D V AB = I AB Z AB = (134 - j 86.142)´ (0.15 + j 0.2)= 37.33 + j 13.88 V

 Solution
\ V A = V B + D V AB = (244 + j 7)+ (37.33 + j 13.88)= 281.33 + j 20.88 V

= 282.1 V Ð4.25 o lead VA

q = angle (I AB ) = - 32.72 o δ Φ
o
θ VC
d = angle (V A )= 4.25
o
IAB
\ f = q + d = 32.72 + 4.25 = 36.97

\ Sending end p.f . = cos (f )

= cos (36.97 o ) = 0.746

 Example 2
A single phase distributor has loop resistance of 0.3 Ω and a reactance of 0.4
Ω. The far end of the distributor has a load current of 80 A and power factor
0.8 lagging at 220 V. The mid point M of the distributor has a load current of
50 A at power factor 0.707 lagging with reference to voltage M. Calculate the
sending end voltage and power factor.

Solution
VA
0.15+ j0.2 M 0.15+ j0.2 B
A

50 A , 0.707 p.f. lag 80 A , 0.8 p.f. lag

Let the voltage at B be taken as reference vector.
V B = 220 + j 0
I MB = I B = 80´ (0.8 - j 0.6)= 64 - j 48 A
 Solution
Z AM = Z MB = 0.5´ (0.3 + j 0.4)= 0.15 + j 0.2 W

D V MB = I MB Z MB = (64 - j 48)´ (0.15 + j 0.2)= 19.2 + j 5.6 V

\ V M = V B + D V MB = (220 + j 0)+ (19.2 + j 5.6)= 239.2 + j 5.6 V

VM
= 239.3 V Ð1.341 o
w .r.t V B
\ a = 1.341o α Φ
VB
Q f = cos - 1 (0.707)= 45o
IM
\ I M = 50´ éëcos (45 - 1.341)- j sin (45 - 1.341)ùû= 47.4 - j 15.88 A

\ I AM = I MB + I M = (64 - j 48 )+ (47.4 - j 15.88)= 111.4 - j 63.88 A

= 128.42 A Ð - 29.83 o lag
 Solution
D V AM = I AM Z AM = (111.4 - j 63.88)´ (0.15 + j 0.2)= 29.49 + j 12.7 V

\ V A = V M + D V AM = (239.2 + j 5.6)+ (29.49 + j 12.7)= 268.7 + j 18.3 V

= 269.3 V Ð3.9 o lead VA

q = angle (I AM ) = - 29.83 o δ Φ
o
θ VB
d = angle (V A )= 3.9
o
IAM
\ f = q + d = 29.83 + 3.9 = 33.73

\ Sending end p.f . = cos (f )

= cos (33.73 o ) = 0.6767