Ach'uaine hybrid appinite pipes: Evidence for mantle-derived

shoshonitic parent magmas in Caledonian granite genesis

M . B. F o w l e r *
D e p a r t m e n t of Geology, Imperial College, L o n d o n SW7 2BP, England

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
T h e Ach'uaine hybrids of northern Scotland form a suite of Caledonian minor intrusions T h e continuing debate a b o u t the genesis of
with a w i d e range of cogenetic compositions, ranging from mantle-derived mafic shosonite British Caledonian granites has been dominated
chemically similar t o the lamprophyres of the region, through syenites comparable t o the rare by reconnaissance studies of their isotope sys-
Caledonian syenites, t o granites typical of the local N e w e r Granites. They therefore provide a tematics (Hamilton et al., 1980; Halliday, 1984;
hitherto u n s u s p e c t e d direct link b e t w e e n these major Caledonian m a g m a types and suggest H a r m o n et al., 1984); there h a v e been fewer
that the N e w e r Granites in the Northern Highlands m a y h a v e mantle-derived parental c o m p o - detailed investigations of individual intrusions
nents of subduction-related, shoshonitic affinity. S h o s h o n i t e t o granite fractionation is t h o u g h t (Halliday et al., 1980; C l a y b u r n et al., 1983;
t o h a v e p r o c e e d e d within a compositionally stratified Caledonian m a g m a chamber. Chemical Frost a n d O ' N i o n s , 1985). Early isotope results
data, including rare earth element analyses, demonstrate the control of crystal fractionation, were often interpreted to favor genesis b y crustal
but the w i d e range of silica saturation may imply a significant crustal input. reworking (Hamilton et al., 1980), whereas con-
t e m p o r a r y element investigations tended to e m -
phasize a juvenile c o m p o n e n t (Plant et al.,
1980). Lately, the consensus seems to be that the
generally small, early ( - 4 8 0 to 4 3 5 M a ) silicic
plutons emplaced at or close to the peak of
G r a m p i a n metamorphism are S-type granites de-
rived b y local crustal anatexis, a n d the later
( - 4 3 5 to 4 0 0 M a ) N e w e r Granites of the
gabbrodiorite-granodiorite-granite suite each rep-
resents a complex interaction between a mafic,
mantle-derived liquid and the various crustal res-
ervoirs traversed en route to the surface (Plant et
al., 1983; H a r m o n et al., 1984). R e m n a n t s of
basalt-andesite lava fields broadly c o n t e m p o -
raneous with the N e w e r Granites are probably
subduction related a n d mantle derived (Thirl-
wall, 1981, 1982), but the relation b e t w e e n the
granites a n d subduction is m o r e controversial
( H a r m o n et al., 1984). Halliday et al. ( 1 9 8 5 )
attributed s o m e of the variability in granite
chemistry to the lithospheric mantle. T h o m p s o n
a n d Fowler ( 1 9 8 6 ) have suggested that the
mantle-derived c o m p o n e n t s of the N e w e r G r a n -
ites emplaced in west a n d northwest Scotland
j | | | Foreland (Lewisian, Torridonian w e r e shoshonitic or ultrapotassic liquids, similar
• and Cambrian) to those that fractionated with m i n i m a l crustal
Moine interaction to p r o d u c e syenites at Glen Dessarry,
Glenelg-Ratagain, Loch Borralan, Loch Ailsh,
Syenites
a n d L o c h Loyal (Sutherland, 1982; Fig. 1).
>;*;; Newer Granites Such alkaline, incompatible-element-rich mag-
m a s w e r e related to n o r t h w e s t w a r d subduction,
Old Red Sandstone possibly hundreds of kilometres f r o m the trench
Tertiary ( T h o m p s o n a n d Fowler, 1986). Thus, if the pro-
posal that the Newer Granites h a d shoshonitic
mafic c o m p o n e n t s could b e verified, a direct
link b e t w e e n subduction a n d N e w e r Granite

Figure 1. Locality map of Ach'uaine hybrids showing Northern Highland syenites and local •Present address: NERC Isotope Geology Centre,
Newer Granites. 64 Gray's Inn Road, London WC1X 8NG, England.

1026 GEOLOGY, v. 16, p. 1026-1030, November 1988

 TARIF 1. MAJOR flMQ TRUCE ELEMFNT DATA, flCH'USINE HYBRID AND I AIRG B R A N n M O R I T F fiáHPI FR
genesis could be traced. This article presents
element data f r o m t h e A c h ' u a i n e hybrid appin- LYD1 CCB2 CCB3 CCB 14 CCB16 CCBSi 58 256 CCB13 37 CCB6 CCB8 LG-3*
ite pipes, in which a range of cogenetic c o m p o -
Major elements <»ti)
sitions is preserved, f r o m mafic shoshonite to
SÍÜ2 46,62 48,56 50,33 51,34 52,61 57,07 58,39 60.18 63,82 65,62 69.63 70,66 70,57
typical N e w e r Granite. TiOz 1,53 1.72 1,04 0,97 1.52 0.85 0,70 0,57 0,64 0,52 0,31 0,36 0,32
A12Ü3 10,98 12,24 13.19 13.67 12,73 14,33 18,16 17,06 15,82 16,94 16,08 15,44 15,55
FezOa 7,38 8,56 6,91 6,71 6,82 5,34 4,48 3.50 4,05 3,32 2,25 1,80 1,96
ACH'UAINE HYBRID MnO 0,14 0,15 0,15 0,16 0,12 0,12 0,09 0,06 0,07 0.05 0,05 0,02 0,03
APPINITE PIPES NgO 8,60 8.00 7,30 5.56 6.59 3,98 1,63 1,77 1,51 0,95 0,79 0,66 0,87
CaO 10,90 10,75 8.52 8,23 8,07 6,05 2,98 2,91 3,53 1,58 1,04 1,35 1,89
T h e appinite suite of minor intrusions (Suther- Na 2 Q 3,54 4,70 6,09 5,07 5,10
2,98 3,59 3,85 3,15 3,36 5,07 5,48 4,65
land, 1982) comprises a variety of ultramafic to K2O 4,16 2,84 3,88 4,00 4,83 6,09 5,54 4,46 5,78 4,58 5,27 4,11 3,49
silicic compositions emplaced in subvolcanic PiOs 2,93 1,82 1,01 0,95 1.32 0,75 0.45 0,39 0,31 0.17 0,11 0,09 0,12
LOI* 2,97 0,99 3,67 3,39 1,90 1,57 1,31 2,67 0,29 0,42 0,26 0,57 0,73
feeder pipes toward the close of the Caledonian Total 99,80 99,64 100,16 99,41 100,24 100,07 99,71 99,55 100,89 100,70 100.71 100,33 100,88
orogeny in western and northern Scotland.
Trace elements (ppm)
Generally, the pipes f o r m clusters with a multi-
Ba 3217 1477 2761 2689 2903 2769 1975 1946 2775 2289 1285 1019 1251
ple intrusive history. T h e following order of em- Sr 2088 2595 2101 2330 2113 2207 2098 2358 2280 1709 1131 775 918
placement is typical (after Wright a n d Bowes, Zr 377 496 256 237 359 302 496 347 292 348 201 197 114
Cr 254 254 360 318 297 189 <20 34 27 <20 <20 <20 22
1979): explosion breccia, intrusive breccia, Ni 138 38 86 63 72 35 <20 27 <20 <20 <20 <20 <20
biotite-hornblendite or pyroxenite, kentallenite, Co 37 35 34 31 41 29 27 <20 31 22 55 68 80
Zn 103 136 100 101 97 74 78 60 43 70 54 57 88
appinite, p y r o x e n e - m i c a diorite or leucocratic
V 138 195 151 141 163 85 59 <50 77 <50 <50 <50 <50
diorite, granodiorite, or syenite. Although ap- La 187 202 188 183 170 153 166 135 147 123 63.7 49,4 34,8
pinites are widely distributed in the Northern Ce 425 472 392 378 373 301 297 261 268 223 116 85,3 62,9
Pr 41.1 44,8 36,9 35,6 36,2 28,8 25,2 24,2 25,8 20,9 10,7 8,39 6,53
Highlands, they seem to b e concentrated in Nd 174 145 137 144 105 82,8 81,7 88,3 67,7 21,4
• 187 33,1 25,8
northwest-southeast-trending belts a n d are c o m - Sri 24,7 22.5 19,9 18.5 21,2 14,4 10,4 9.03 11,4 8,71 4,16 3,29 3,33
monly associated with N e w e r Granites (Watson, Eu 6,33 5.76 5.11 4,82 5,52 3,68 2.83 2.47 3,02 2,40 1,18 0,82 0,95
6d 17.0 15,7 12,5 11.8 14,0 9,45 6.98 6,02 7.79 5,68 2,71 2,07 2,39
1984). A genetic association between the t w o Tb 7.60 7,86 5,68 5,33 6.47 4,87 3,92 3,31 4.83 3,30 1,67 1,15 1,43
has been suggested (Sabine, 1963), a n d between Ho 1,18 1,23 0,90 0,84 1,03 0,81 0,70 0,57 0,87 0,59 0,31 0,20 0.25
Er 2,61 2,75 2,12 2,06 2,39 2.09 1,84 1,43 2,38 1,60 0,87 0,50 0,69
these a n d the associated lamprophyres (Rock,
Yb 2,00 2,18 1,78 1,72 1,92 1,97 1.85 1.41 2,46 1,67 0,92 0,47 0,68
1984), but both are largely ignored in recent Lu 0,26 0,28 0,24 0,23 0,25 0,27 0.28 0,20 0,36 0,24 0,14 0,07 0,10
discussions of N e w e r Granite genesis.
Note; All samples analyzed by inductively coupled plasma source spectrometry at Imperial College and Kings
T h e samples used for this study were collected College, London,
* Sample LG-3 15 fror« Lairg granodiorite, all others from Ach'uaine hybrids,
f r o m the A c h ' u a i n e hybrid type area near Bonar * Loss on ignition,
Bridge in Sutherland (Read et al., 1926; Fig. 1),
where they form small, composite intrusions
with blebs, flecks, and pillows of basic a n d in-
termediate syenite enclosed in and invaded by a
relatively silicic syenitic host. T h e contacts are ~ 10% to < 1 % ; P 2 0 5 f r o m - 2 % to <0.1%; T i 0 2 These data are consistent with a genetic link
sharp in m a n y places, but s o m e are gradational. > 1 . 5 % to <0.5%; Sr - 3 0 0 0 to < 8 0 0 p p m ; Ba between the various c o m p o n e n t s of the hybrid
Late, crosscutting sheets are generally c o m p o s e d - 3 0 0 0 to < 1 0 0 0 p p m ; Cr - 3 0 0 to < 2 0 p p m ; suite and, b y implication, between the lampro-
of quartz syenite or granite. This range of con- C e > 4 0 0 to < 7 0 p p m ) . phyre, syenite, a n d granite m a g m a s of the re-
temporaneous m a g m a compositions is best ex- T h e mafic c o m p o n e n t s of the series have clear gion. Previous w o r k on the hybrids ( R e a d et al.,
plained by derivation f r o m a compositionally chemical affinities with shoshonitic basalts (e.g., 1926) suggested binary mixing between ultra-
zoned m a g m a chamber. high K 2 0 , Ba, Sr, a n d light R E E ; Morrison, basic a n d granitic extremes to f o r m the observed
1980), which groups t h e m with the lampro- compositional range. O n the other hand, recent
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES phyres a n d rare syenites of the region into a theories for the petrogenesis of the N e w e r G r a n -
Thirty-one samples were selected to span the distinctive subduction-related geochemical prov- ites increasingly appeal to mantle-derived mafic
compositional range. O b v i o u s effects of in situ ince ( T h o m p s o n a n d Fowler, 1986). High levels parents modified b y crystal fractionation a n d / o r
hybridization were avoided for the purposes of of M g O a n d transition metals in samples be- contamination with acidic, crustal-derived mate-
whole-rock analysis. Samples were analyzed for lieved to approximate liquid compositions (e.g., rial during ascent and consolidation (e.g., Plant
m a j o r elements, rare earth elements ( R E E ) , Ba, C C B 3 has 7.3% M g O ; 360 p p m Cr; 86 p p m Ni) et al., 1983; H a r m o n et al., 1984; T h o m p s o n
Sr, Zr, Cr, Ni, Co, Zn, and V by inductively strongly suggest a mantle origin, in accord with a n d Fowler, 1986).
coupled plasma-source spectrometry at Imperial published Pb- a n d Sr-isotope data for the sye- Several Harker diagrams (e.g., A l 2 0 3 , Ba, and
College a n d Kings College, London (Walsh et nites (van Breemen et al., 1979a, 1979b; Halli- Sr) have c o n c a v e - d o w n w a r d trends, the highest
al., 1981). Analytical data for representative day et al., 1987). abundances being in the intermediate lithologies.
samples are listed in Table 1. T h e silicic m e m b e r s h a v e m a j o r - a n d trace- This argues strongly against the simple t w o -
element features comparable with the local c o m p o n e n t mixing model, which w o u l d gener-
GEOCHEMISTRY N e w e r Granites, including the unusually high Ba ate linear trends between t h e t w o end members,
T h e series of Harker diagrams (Fig. 2 ) d e m - a n d Sr that distinguish the latter f r o m their coun- but hybridization between melasyenite ( - 5 0 %
onstrates the compositional continuity of the terparts to the south ( H a r m o n et al., 1984; Ste- S i 0 2 ) a n d syenite (60% S i 0 2 ) or between sye-
suite. Together with the data in Table 1, they phens a n d Halliday, 1984). F o r easy compari- nite a n d granite (70% S i 0 2 ) is not ruled out.
c o n f i r m the large ranges in a b u n d a n c e of most son, a typical analysis of the Lairg granodiorite is Nevertheless, m a n y of the chemical data are
elements (e.g., S i 0 2 < 5 0 % to >70%; M g O plotted in Figure 2. compatible with a d o m i n a n t control b y crystal

GEOLOGY, November 1988 1027

 4000
12-, Sr
MgO
3000-
8 -
•V
2000-
4
1000
O i i i i l I I 11 I I I I I I M I

12 4000-
Figure 2. Harker variation Fe203 Ba
diagrams showing compo-
8- 3000-
sitional continuity of hy-
brid suite in terms of se-
lected major and trace a> 4-j _2000-
elements (also apparent in -o
<v
those not shown—see '§ 0 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I E1000-
Table 1). Open triangle = I I I I M I I I I I I I I
Lairg granodiorite. Subdi-
visions on K 2 0 plot from 0) 12
a. CaO
Peccerillo and Taylor = 500-,
Cr
(1976). w . E
CT) £ 300-
<E A
4 a
Ï
£ 100-
l I I 1 I 1 i I I I I i i i i i i I 2 ! I I I I I I I I r iV i i

250-|
AI2O3 Ni
18-
150
14
V n
50
.A
10
40
i r i 5 0i i i i m
60
m i i7 0i i i i 40
i i i i i i
50
ii' i H
60
* i
70

weight percent S Í O 2

fractionation. Pétrographie evidence suggests Sr

that ciinopyroxene a n d biotite crystallized early,
promptly joined by intermediate plagioclase, 10000
whereas amphibole and K-feldspar are generally
late. T h e chemical data accord well with this
crystallization scheme: an initial increase in Ba,
Sr, a n d AI2O3, followed by flattening of the ciinopyroxene
50
trends a n d ultimately falling values for all these
elements. This mineralogical control over the
elemental relations is illustrated b y the Sr vs. Ba
plot (Fig. 3) on which are s h o w n the relevant
Rayleigh fractionation vectors. T h e samples
1000
h a v e been divided into three groups o n the basis
of silica content a n d field relations, a n d t w o Figure 3. Logarithmic Ba
o plagioclase vs. Sr plot showing Ray-
trends are apparent. T h e first trend (50% to 60% a
50
SiC>2), of increasing Ba a n d Sr, could b e con- leigh mineral fractionation
vectors, annotated with
trolled by ciinopyroxene, plagioclase, a n d bio-
percentage of melt remain-
tite; the second trend (60% to 75% S i 0 2 ) , of ing; Ach'uaine hybrid data:
K-feldspar
falling Ba a n d Sr, is consistent with plagioclase, 80 triangles = <50% Si0 2 ;
K-feldspar, biotite, and amphibole removal. open circles = 50% to 60%
Ba Si0 2 ; solid circles = 60% to
Thus, crystal fractionation seems to have pro-
100 J I I I M J L I I 75% Si0 2 ; distribution co-
duced a range of cogenetic magmas, between too 1000 efficients from Villemant et
which limited hybridization m a y have occurred. parts per million al. (1981).

1028 GEOLOGY, November 1988

 1000
4 5 to 50% S i 0 2
100
Minettes
•o
c
o
x:
O
JÉ
O
o
tr
10
La Pr Eu Ho Lu
Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb
Figure 4. Rare-earth element plots of hybrids, grouped by silica content (as in Fig. 3). Normalized to chondritic abundances of Nakamura (1974).
Fields of data for minettes, syenites, and Newer Granites for comparison (Thompson and Fowler, 1986; Pankhurst, 1979).
However, incorporation of crustal material
cannot be excluded. F o r example, it is possible
that the inflection o n m a n y of the Harker dia-
grams at approximately 62% SiC>2 is caused by
the admixture of a silicic crustal melt (which
itself crystallized to f o r m the granitic end
m e m b e r of the hybrid series?) rather t h a n t h e
change in the crystallizing assemblage. These
possibilities can be tested with the R E E data
listed in T a b l e 1 a n d presented as chondrite-
normalized plots in Figure 4 (A, B, a n d C). T h e
data define a series of subparallel, highly frac-
tionated patterns ( L a / Y b ~ 100 to 130), with
negligible E u anomalies and, particularly in the
silicic varieties, a distinct flattening of the heavy
R E E . T h e close comparability with the syenites
and N e w e r Granites is substantiated: fields of
data for broadly contemporaneous minettes
(thought by T h o m p s o n a n d Fowler, 1986, to
represent the mafic parents of the syenite c o m -
plexes), the syenites themselves, a n d several
N e w e r Granites f r o m the Northern Highlands
are also plotted in Figure 4. T h e basic hybrids
( < to - 5 0 % S i 0 2 ) resemble the minettes; the
intermediate a n d silicic hybrids are typical of the
syenites a n d the Newer Granites, respectively.
N o t e that the silicic hybrids have relatively high
light R E E a b u n d a n c e s for granites in general, a
feature that characterizes the N e w e r Granites of
the Northern Highlands a n d distinguishes them
f r o m those farther south ( H a r m o n et al., 1984;
Stephens a n d Halliday, 1984).
GEOLOGY, November 1988
5 0 to 60% S i 0 2
Syenites
l i l i I I -L J L
La Pr Eu Ho Lu
Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb
T h e lack of negative Eu anomalies in the silic-
ic hybrids suggests that they are not crustal
melts, because feldspar would almost certainly
h a v e been a significant restite phase, generating
negative E u anomalies in any equilibrated liq-
uid. Furthermore, it would be an unlikely coin-
cidence for a crustal melt to h a v e precisely t h e
s a m e R E E characteristics as a mantle-derived
m a f i c m a g m a with which it is intimately asso-
ciated, but to which it is genetically unrelated.
T h e general lack of Eu anomalies throughout
the suite also apparently limits the involvement
of feldspar in the suggested crystal fractionation
scheme. However, high / o 2 is characteristic of
the shoshonite association, a n d F e 2 0 3 / F e 0 ra-
tios in the hybrids are high (0.5 to 1.4). This
w o u l d restrict the necessary reduction of E u 3 + to
EU 2+ a n d inhibit anomaly formation.
T h e coherent array of R E E patterns confirms
the cogenetic nature of the suite and provides
further evidence for crystal fractionation. T h e
c o m p a t i b l e behavior of the R E E in the interme-
diate a n d silicic hybrids is the opposite of the
" n o r m a l " igneous trend b u t is m a t c h e d by in-
termediate m e m b e r s of the syenite complexes
( T h o m p s o n a n d Fowler, 1986) a n d m a n y
N e w e r Granites (Pankhurst, 1979; Fig. 4), a n d
therefore further strengthens the comparison. Al-
lanite, sphene, and apatite all form prominent,
early euhedra in the mafic lithologies, a n d abun-
d a n t a m p h i b o l e is diagnostic of the appinite
suite (Wright a n d Bowes, 1979). R e m o v a l of the
6 0 to 75% S i O ,
I I I I I I I I I
La Pr Eu Ho Lu
Ce Nd Sm Gd Dy Er Yb
minor minerals (allanite, sphene, and apatite)
w o u l d deplete the coexisting melt in light a n d
middle R E E (Brooks et al., 1981; W a t s o n a n d
Green, 1981; Green and Pearson, 1983), where-
as amphibole removal w o u l d generate the flat-
tened heavy R E E patterns of the silicic extreme
(Noyes et al., 1983).
Finally, the R E E patterns span a large range
of silica saturation. T h e mafic members of the
hybrid suite have olivine, hypersthene, or even
nepheline in the norm, but the silicic lithologies
are considerably oversaturated. Although the
experiments of Esperanca and Holloway (1986,
1987) have shown that undersaturated mafic
liquids of composition similar to that of the
mafic hybrids m a y evolve to quartz-normative
compositions b y low-pressure crystal fractiona-
tion ( < 1 0 kbar; therefore, within the continental
crust), several broader considerations support
s o m e crustal involvement. W h e r e minimal crus-
tal contamination is suspected elsewhere in the
Northern Highlands, the crystal fractionation
trend f r o m shoshonitic m a f i c m a g m a apparently
terminates at syenitic compositions, which are in
s o m e cases strongly undersaturated ( T h o m p s o n
a n d Fowler, 1986). W h e r e crustal involvement
has been detected isotopically (e.g., Glenelg-
Ratagain; Halliday et al., 1984), the evolution-
ary path proceeds to an oversaturated granitic
composition. T h e degree of oversaturation in the
silicic rocks of the hybrid suite m a y , b y analogy,
suggest that crustal material entered the system,
1029
perhaps at the inflection o n m a n y of the Harker
diagrams between syenite a n d granitic composi-
tions. If true, it did so in a m a n n e r that allowed
the elemental relations to remain in the control
of crystal-liquid equilibria.
CONCLUSIONS
T h e A c h ' u a i n e hybrid appinite pipes f r o m
Bonar Bridge, northern Scotland, represent the
products of a compositionally stratified Caledo-
nian magma chamber. Liquid compositions
ranged f r o m mantle-derived, subduction-related
shoshonite similar to the local lamprophyres,
through syenites c o m p a r a b l e to the rare Caledo-
nian syenites of the region, to a silicic extreme
typical of the associated N e w e r Granites. This
range of compositions is not simply the result of
hybridization of the e n d - m e m b e r compositions,
but is strongly influenced by crystal-liquid equi-
libria. Hybridization within the cogenetic series
is not ruled out, a n d there are indications of
crustal involvement in the evolution f r o m sye-
nite t o w a r d the granitic terminus. Thus, the hy-
brids f o r m an i m p o r t a n t link between the m a j o r
Caledonian m a g m a t i c suites in the Northern
Highlands (the lamprophyres, syenites, and
N e w e r Granites) a n d offer a u n i q u e opportunity
to study the processes involved in shoshonite to
granite fractionation within an evolving Caledo-
nian m a g m a chamber.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This work was carried out during the tenure of a
Research Fellowship funded by the Royal Commis-
sion for the Exhibition of 1851.1 thank J. V. Watson,
R. N. Thompson, J. A. Plant, A. P. Jones, and A. G.
Smith for helpful discussions.
Manuscript received November 30, 1987
Revised manuscript received July 14, 1988
Manuscript accepted July 28, 1988
GEOLOGY, November 1988