yr Post-tensioning force in tendons “The initial post-tensioning force applied at the end of a tendon decreases along the tendon as a result of the following factors: * Losses due to friction along the tendon and in the anchorage Losses due to draw-in of the wedges Relaxation of the steel Creep and shrinkage of the concrete Elastic shortening of the concrete Losses due to friction Losses due to friction in a cable can be calculated to a relatively high degree of accuracy by Coulomb's formula Pig) = Py er te) where: Pig) = Post-tensioning force at a distance x from the stressing anchorage = Post-tensioning force atthe stressing anchorage Base of Napierian logarithms = Coefficient of friction © = Sumof angular deviations (in radians) of the tendon inall planes over the distance x Wobble factor {inaccuracies in placing) per unit length ‘The calculation may be made either by expanding the Coulomb formula or, more simply, by using the nomogram of Fig. 18, which shows scales for the values of Pig, Py and (ua + kx). The desired values Pj.) and Pare obtained by drawing a straight line from P,, to the exponent (pa + kx) “The values of the coefficients and k depend firstly upon the type of post- tensioning steel and type of ducting used ‘and secondly upon the method of making up the tendons (whether assembled in the factory or threaded through on site) A large number of laboratory tests on full-size models ‘and numerous measurements on site have been carried out in order to determine the coefficients generally applicable to the VSL system. As a result of these tests, itis possible to define the following values: Coetticient » Range Mean 2. Tendons in standard metal ducts 0.16-0.22 a9 b. Tendons threaded through semi-rigid, previously placed ducts 0.13-0.19 016 Coeficiontk (0.8-1.0)- 10°3/m 0.8:10-3/m In practice, in most cases the umean» coefficients will be adopted although its recommended that the range of ‘coefficients be taken into account when calculating the Stresses in the structure. In addition to the losses due to friction along the tendon, losses in the jack and losses due to friction of the strands in the anchorage occur. These losses vary with the cable unit type of anchorage and type of jack used and they also depend from the percentage of cable stress. They are found ‘rom periodical checks made ina laboratory. The losses in the jack range from 1 to 3% of the value indicated at the manometer, those due to friction in the anchorage from 2 to 44%, The force resulting from the reading on the manometer is correspondingly adjusted when stressing Post-tensioning force in tendons Losses due to friction Draw-in of wedges Determination of force along tendon Draw-in of wedges ‘When the strands are locked off in the anchorage the ‘wedges move through a fixed distance of 6 mm, a value ‘which is independent of the tendon unit, the nominal diameter of the strand and its grade. By assuming a linear loss of tension due to friction (a valid hypothesis for most cases}, the values w = distance affected by the draw-in of the wedges and AP = loss of force at the anchorage may be calculated as follows: [aoe A rr P AP = 2-4p-w where lg = draw-in of wedges = 0.006 m = modulus elastiy ofpor-ensioningstetin Ag = steel eross-sectionin m? p= loss of force per min kN/m = | Fig 15 In the majority of eases this loss does not have any practical influence since, in fact, the force required in the tendon is, determined by the governing moment, which is usually situated at a point unaffected by the distance w. However, for short tendons with small curvature, or where the principal or normal stresses are required in the vicinity of a ‘Support of anchorage, it may be advisable to compensate theloss caused by draw-in of the wedges. Determination of force along tendon Example: VSL tendon composed of 12 strands of 13 mm{0.5") nominal diameter Length of tendon Section of one strand Ag = 83 mm? Untimate strength of steel fy = 1770 N/mm? Modulus of elasticity of steal, = 1.95. 108 kN/m? = 12-93-1770: 10°3 = L=50m Ubimate tendon force F, tk 1975 kN be A. Initial force at 0.7 Fyy.= 1383 KN and immediate | locking-off. Tendon equipped with anchorages type E - H. 19Post-tensio g force in tendons Determination of force along tendon | 20 814 = 1383 kN; from the nomogram P, = 81.4% of Py = 1126 kN Influence of wedge drawn-in of 6 mm 126 = 15.94m AP = 2-5.14-15,94 = 164kN Py-AP=1219kN Fig. 18 Nomogram for determining the post-tensioning force along Fig. 7 It necessary, the loss due to draw-in of the wedges can be compensated by temporary overstressing of the tendon and by introducing shims between the bearing plate and anchor head B. Initia force with overstressing ‘A temporary overstressing of the tendon, accepted by most, standards, enables the following edvantages to be obtained * partial compensation of the loss of force resulting from friction by an appreciable increase in the post-tensioning force throughout the length of the tendon; this results in ‘a saving in the quantity of steel required ‘© attaining of the maximum admissible force Padm, at a dis tance w from the anchorage. In the majority of struc- {ures the governing moment which determines the force required isin effect at some distance from the anchorage. Insuch a case, therefore, overstressing either enables the maximum force to be attained at the desired point or at least enables it to be brought close to this point. @ tondon 5 t | i ith Raat ee oie ‘Slelsing be enon sarge aL F | | : 5 - yroo i : @ ont of i wy wat 2Post-tensioning force in tendons Determination of force along tendon Determination of tendon elongation Losses due to relaxation of post-tensioning stee! bronestncese Fig. 18 Poval compensation a Fiction ossesby lomporany orerstestng ‘The value of the overstress is determined either by the limits fixed in the standards or by the position of the point requiring the maximum force. In principle, the particular requirements of the structure willbe the deciding factor for the choice of the method of overstressing, ‘Asa simplification, however, the following method for carrying out the overstressing is frequently adopted in practice * overstressing to P, admitted by the standards + locking-off of the strands in the anchor head (araw-in of 8mm. Taking the previous example fora cable equipped with stressing anchorages type E at both ends, we have: admissibl ovorstress P, = 0.75 Fay, = 1481 KN a + kx =0.103; from the nomogram Py 2 = 90.2% of P, = 1338 KN = 1481-1396 _ Fo AP = 174kN ap 5.BKN/m'sw = 15.00m + Py AP = 1307 kN Fig. 20 It should be noted also that if the maximum forceis not required at the anchorage, the oss due to wedge draw-inis {an advantage for the structure. In effect, it enables loading of the concretein the anchorage zone by extreme forces t0 be avoided ‘When the maximum forces required at the anchorage, the procedure is as folows: * overstiessing to P, if necessary and lacking-off of the tendon ‘© stressing t0 Pacim, + ingortion of shims between the anchor head and the bearing plate ‘Compensation of loss due to drawn of wedges Fig. 27 VSL licenceas and Losinger Ltd, Bere ara always available to advise you in the choice of the most appropriate solution and to assist you in the details of calculation of the force diagrams. | Determination of tendon elongation The elongation AL defined exactly by the following equation: a ee aL= de + Eyes Eee elongation of post-tensioning steo! ox ‘shortening of| ‘The second term of the equation can be neglected in most ceases lexcept where the stresses in the concrete resulting from post-tensioning are high]. Therefore the elongation can be expressed by: Pry | Le | as Po-Px where Pry is the weighted mean force Pp, = 2% ‘The value P., can be determined from the nomogram of Fig. 18 For the case of example A the elongation before wedge craw-inisi Poy = 1248 KN aus 1248-50 1.95 - 108.9312. 10°6 For complex cobleproties compute rogremmes enabling | thecrac caleleton of elongation be ovale | = 0.287m Losses due to relaxation of post-tensioning steel | Relaxation is the loss of force, measured as a function of time, ina tendon which is stressed and maintained at constant length. It represents a physical property of the ‘material, which varies according to the quality of the stee! {and the method by which it was produce. Fora given steel, the elaxation depends essentially upon the initial force and the ambient temperature Post- tensioning strand may exhibit three different types of relaxation behaviour: «@) normal relaxation } low relaxation ch very low relaxation \Very low relaxation strand is now generally used aPost-tensioning force in tendons Losses due to relaxation of post-tensioning steel Losses due to shrinkage and creep of the concrete ‘The graph below gives the final relaxation of the strand for wher ‘an ambient temperature of 20°. The width of the shaded =p, = al post-tensioning losses due to shrinkage bands is determined by the differances in manufacturing, ‘and creep line) ‘alae of lotion lesen Ady g-+g = variation in the stress in the post-tensioning ea steel due to creep and shrinkage (N/mm?) 0 = inital stress in post-tonsioning steel (N/mm?) ‘po initial stress in the conerete at the level of the ppost-tensioning steel under the post- tensioning alone N/mm) Scporg ~ stessin the concrete at the level ofthe post. tensioning steel due to post-tensioning, dead Joad and other permanent loads (N/mm) ‘modulus of elasticity for post-tensioning Neal tss toe) mods of elasticity for concrete Taal Tx [= | 90] 40] 50 @ em [08] 22 | 38] 37 “| fg: cube strength of concrete at 28 days in oes) fl on 3 70 75 of ultimate stress is MPa (N/mm?) Femi average meduls of elasticity, in GPo Fig 22 Flv of osaion een or voiou penal RiNieom Saad torpor oF 208 foc. = Spt shinkage ofthe concrete tobe The graph below illustrates the influence of temperature on obtained from the diagram of fig.24 very low retaxation strand. ge = final creep coefficient of the concrete; to be coger inina beamed rom the Gogram of 9.25 o wo iGo Aah ttre Fig, 23. Final valve of relaxation loses for vary low relaxation | ‘trond 43.2 function of the ambient temperature Siain of conerete asa function of date of Foading and notional thickness of the component Fig, 24 Final shrinks Losses due to shrinkage and creep of the concrete To calculate these losses, reference should be made to the relevant data given in the standards in force in the country Or in the «CEB-FIP modal code for concrete structures» and to specialized literature. “The equations and diagrams of fig. 24 and 26, based upon jne bones budeor ger the data rom the CEB=FI° code, enable aapid assessment SS to be mode ofthe inal losses duet lvinkage and creep 5 under constant stress. ost 9, pers ' BPexg = 100 —G— po tw fst8valeporg Fs | Mra ia) Be ots tao Fig. 25 Final creep coefficient of concrete as a function of dat - ta SE 1 FE Fe ‘toeding and notional thicknass of the component po? sige us 28 wre Ay = encanta acon {negative sign for compression and “ Petroor grass sly hal of recone shortening. postive sign for tension) Sons 22