BT 1 - Electronic P.W.

Analog Electronics

PRACTICAL WORKS:ANALOG ELECTRONICS I

(120 Hours)

1- Objectives

At the end of this practical section, the student will be able to:

 Identify and use different types of measuring equipment.

 Test and use the passive linear devices.
 Design various types of diode circuits, test their performances and obtain their input-
output curves.
 Design different transistor circuits, measure their characteristics and obtain their input-
output curves.
 Design a PCB schematic diagram and wire the components.
 Use specified software to produce PCBs.
 Achieve the electronic circuits on the integrated board by soldering or by using test
board.
 Design different types of circuits using diodes and transistors and measure the
corresponding characteristics.
 Cut any electronic circuit using diodes and transistors into basic circuits and test the
characteristics to detect errors and repair them.

2- Teaching methods:

• The aim of teaching of this practical course is to familiarize the student with the practical
work corresponding to the theoretical lectures, hence the importance of coordination of
the sequences of P.W. with the theoretical course.
• The instructor should request the students to prepare the section before coming to the
workshop (note book).
• The procedure to follow in workshop is as follows:
1-Describe how to take all safety measures.
2-Show the students the necessary equipment and explain their principle of operation
3-Make a summary of the practical work to be done during the practical session.
4-Make a methodical demonstration to the student by showing the expected objective.
5-Request the students to start the experiment.
6-Supervise the students during their work and evaluate their degree of maturity.
7-Advise the students to use the real time systems such as the didactic support.
8-Use multimedia utilities to stimulate some subjects in electronics.
All students should perform the same experiment simultaneously and the work-team
per experiment should not exceed two students.

3- Teaching aids

1. Didactic equipment
 Student book
 Overhead projector or power point on white board or active board with accessories
 Notebook
 A technical manual
 A multimedia computer (when possible)
 Technical information documentaries (movies)
 Library access (guided when possible)
BT 1 - Electronic P.W. Analog Electronics

2- Workshop equipment
 Universal multimeter
 Function generator
 Frequency counter
 Radio-frequency powermeter
 Spectrum analyzer (if possible)
 Oscilloscope
 Variable and stabilized power supplies
 Insulating machine for PCBs
 Etching machine
 Computers with printer.

4- Contents

Hours
1-Utilization of measurement instruments 4
2-The oscilloscope 4
3-Electronic components 4
4-Linearity and non linearity of some components 4
5-Diode applications 32
6-Bipolar transistor applications 28
7-Equivalent transistors 4
8-Production of a printed circuit board 20
9-Partition and test of a global electronic scheme with diodes and 20
transistors
Total 120

First part: Measurement equipment and electronic components (16h)

Evaluation:

1. Read the color code of resistor, capacitor, inductor, and compare their values, using the
measuring instruments.
2. Measure voltage and current in AC and DC electric circuits, by selecting the appropriate
instrument and the corresponding set up.
3. Use an oscilloscope, perform the appropriate adjustments to measure the peak-to-peak,
the period and the phase angle of different types of signals such as sinusoidal,
triangular, square wave signals.
4. Using the oscilloscope, and the characteristic voltage / current for the following non-
linear elements: VDR, NTC, PTC, and LDR.

Chapter 1: Utilization of measuring instruments (4h)

Prerequisite:
Basic information on the following measurements:
1-Alternative (AC) and direct (DC) current and voltage
2-Linear function

Practical Work
1.1 Measuring DC and AC voltages using digital voltmeter.
BT 1 - Electronic P.W. Analog Electronics

1.2 Measuring DC and AC current using digital ammeter.

1.3 Comparison of the obtained measurements by the analog and digital multimeters.

Chapter 2: The oscilloscope (4h)

Prerequisite:
*0 Screen.
*1 Time base.
*2 Vertical amplification (y) and horizontal (x) amplification.

Practical Work
2.1 Oscilloscope adjustment.
2.2 Measurement of the peak voltage and periods of various types of signals such as
sinusoidal, square waves, rectangular waves, triangular waves and pulse train signals.
2.3 Comparison between two simultaneous signals using the dual time base.
2.4 Measurement of the phase angle.

Chapter 3: Electronic components (4h)

Prerequisite:
*3 Reading the spécifications.
*4 Choice of components according to normalized and standard values:
(resistor, inductance, capacitor)
*5 Color codes of components.
*6 Precision and tolerance.

Practical Work
3.1 Measurement of resistance using the ohmmeter.
3.2 Measurement of inductance using the multimeter and ohmmeter.
3.3 Measurement of capacitance using the digital multimeter.
3.4 Reading of the color code for resistors, capacitors and some kinds of small coils.

Chapter 4: Linearity and non-linearity of some components (4h)

Prerequisite:
*7 Definition of non-linearity
*8 Relation voltage - current for the following non-linear elements:
(voltage depending resistor, light depending resistor, thermistor).
*9 Interpretation of characteristics curves.

Practical Works
4.1 Observation on the oscilloscope of the voltage /current characteristic curve of the
nonlinear elements.
4.2 Study of sensibility parameters using a set of different measurements.

Second part: The diodes applications (32h)

Evaluation

1. Test the junction diode and the zener diode using ohmmeter and oscilloscope.
BT 1 - Electronic P.W. Analog Electronics

2. Achieve a diode circuit and point out the characteristic curves forward and reverse
(voltage /current) of a junction diode and a zener diode.
3. Achieve the circuits: half and full wave rectifiers (with and without filtering),
comparator, limiter (clipper), and crest detector.
4. Point out on the oscilloscope the input and output voltages for each circuit.
5. Achieve a zener diode voltage stabilization circuit and measure the input and output
voltages. Compare the obtained results with the theory.

Chapter 5: The diode applications (32h)

Prerequisite:
*10 Diode operation's principle.
*11 Different types of diodes: PN Junction, zener.
*12 Relation between voltage and current of the diode.
*13 Characteristic curves of a diode: forward and reverse polarizations.
*14 Cutoff voltage.
*15 Zener diode Threshold voltage (zener voltage).
*16 Temperature effect.
*17 Study of diode circuits: rectifiers, comparator, limiter, peak detector, voltage
regulator,
voltage multiplier, clampers.
-
Practical Works :
5.1 Polarization of a junction diode.
5.2 Testing of a diode by an ohmmeter.
5.3 Achieving of:
5.3.1 Rectifiers: half and full wave.
5.3.2 Comparator.
5.3.3 Limiters (positive, negative and combination).
5.3.4 Peak detector.
5.3.5 Voltage multipliers.
5.3.6 Clampers.
5.4 Analysis of the input / output voltages using the oscilloscope.
5.5 Realization of a voltage stabilizer with zener diode using RC and LC filters.
5.6 Measure input and output voltages and comparison with the theoretical values.
5.7 Testing of components and signals at various points in the circuit.

Third part: The transistor applications (32h)

Evaluation:

1. Test the operation of the bipolar junction transistor, field effect transistor and unijunction
transistor, using ohmmeter or oscilloscope, and identify the different electrodes of these
components (using catalogs).
2. Design a bipolar junction transistor amplifier in the following modes:
a) Common emitter b) Common collector c) Common Base.
3. Perform the DC analysis of a transistor circuit.
4. Perform the AC analysis of a transistor circuit and measure the following parameters:
input resistance, output resistance, current amplification, voltage amplification, power
amplification and the phase angle between input and output voltages.
5. Interpret the obtained results and compare with the theoretical values.
BT 1 - Electronic P.W. Analog Electronics

6. Using a practical circuit, catalogs and technical data sheets, replace the bipolar
transistor by its equivalent considering the necessary modifications.

Chapter 6: Bipolar transistor applications (28h)

Prerequisite:
*18 Polarisation of a transistor.
*19 Parameters α, β, IC, IB, and IE .
*20 Characteristic curves and static point of the transistor.
*21 Common emitter and common collector amplifiers.
*22 Normalized and standard values of basic transistor amplifiers.
*23 Data sheets.

Practical Works:
6.1 Test of a transistor using:
6.1.1 Ohmmeter
6.1.2 Transistor meter
6.2 Study the bipolar junction transistor in the:
6.2.1 active region,
6.2.2 cut-off region,
6.2.3 saturation region.
6.3 Wire the following transistor amplifiers modes and execute the below measurements:
a) Common emitter b) Common collector c)Common Base
6.3.1 DC measurement (point of polarization).
6.3.2 Input impedance.
6.3.3 Output impedance.
6.3.4 Current, voltage and power amplifications.
6.3.5 Phase angle between the input and output voltages.
6.4 Interpretation and comparison of the obtained results with the theoretical values.

Chapter 7: The equivalent transistors (4h)

Prerequisite:
*24 Different types.
*25 Standard symbols.
*26 Manufacturer’s catalogs.
*27 Equivalent transistors according to the manufacturer’s data books.

Practical Work:
7.1 Replacement of bipolar junction transistor by its equivalent after making the
necessary modifications.
7.2 Verification of various parameters.
7.3 Utilization of handbooks and manufacturer’s catalogs.

Fourth part: Printed circuits (24h)

Evaluation

The student will be evaluated according to his aptitude to:

BT 1 - Electronic P.W. Analog Electronics

1. Design a PCB for a given circuit using manual training and a specified electronic
software.
2. Execute the soldering and finishing surface of the PCB.
3. Test the good operation of the obtained circuit.
4. Replace a SMT (surface mount technology) component.

Chapter 8: Production of a printed circuit board (24h)

Prerequisite:
*28 Symbols and color codes for various types of components.
*29 Technical schematic (drawing) in electronics, insulation, revelation, etching,
perforation and soldering.
*30 Wiring of components.
*31 Electronic software for PCB design.
*32 Surface mount technology.

Practical Work:
8.1 Methods of PCB production (photosensitive and normal).
8.2 Installation plan.
8.3 Wiring plan (manual training, specified software).
8.4 Schematic wiring connection list.
8.5 Component standard symbols.
8.6 Detection and troubleshooting of wiring errors.
8.7 Insulation, revelation and etching.
8.8 Perforation of the board.
8.9 Soldering and finishing.
8.10 The board should be made according to an electronic schematic diagram.
8.11 Read SMDs (surface mount devices) in a printed circuit.
8.12 Replace SMDs: hand soldering training.

Fifth part: Scheme analysis (16h)

Evaluation

1. Cut any electronic circuit using diodes and transistors into basic circuits already studied.
2. Draw an equivalent bloc diagram.
3. Test the characteristics of each bloc.
4. Detect errors if they exist.
5. Repair failures.

Chapter 9: Partition and test of a global electronic scheme with diodes and transistors
(16h)
Prerequisite:
The complete course of Analog Electronic I.

Practical Work:
9.1 Read the electronic circuit using diodes and transistors for any device.
9.2 Cut the circuit into blocs.
9.3 Draw the equivalent bloc diagram.
9.4 Study each bloc separately.
9.5 Measure the charateristics of each bloc.
BT 1 - Electronic P.W. Analog Electronics

9.6 Compare them to the study and detect errors if they exist.
9.7 Repair the failures.