Introduction to Ultrasound:

Physics and Knobology

Made By : Mr. AHMAD ALI
Department : Bs (Hon) Radiology
KMU Peshawar
Email : Bsradiology9@gmail.com
Contact : 00923109947409
 Definition of Ultrasound

20 Hz 20 kHz

Infrasound Sound Ultrasound

 Definitions
• Sound waves: a series of repeating mechanical
pressure waves that propagate through a medium.
• Waves consist of compression of the medium
(positive component of the wave) and rarefaction
of the medium (negative component).

Compression
Rarefaction
Making Waves
 λ

Wavelength = distance for a complete cycle

 Frequency
Frequency = # Cycles per second = Hertz (Hz)

2 Hertz 6 Hertz
Time = 1 Second
 Diagnostic Ultrasound

• 1 KHz = 1,000 cycles per second

• 1 MHz = 1,000,000 cycles per second

• Diagnostic ultrasound 2-15 MHz

The Two Main Components of an
Ultrasound Unit
Ultrasound Transducer
 Modes of Ultrasound
• A-mode :Amplitude
• B-mode: Brightness
• M-mode: Motion
• Doppler
• Color Doppler
• Spectral Doppler
• Power Doppler
 Echogenicity
• Echogenicity: the amplitude / brightness of the image

• Hyperechoic: more echogenic than surrounding

tissue

• Hypoechoic: less echogenic than surrounding tissue

• Isoechoic: same echogenicity as surrounding tissue

• Anechoic: absence of echoes

 Echogenicity

• Hyperechoic

• Isoechoic

• Hypoechoic

• Anechoic
 Important Imaging Principles
• Piezoelectric effect

• Brightness of the image is a function of ultrasound

waves that are reflected back to the transducer
• Waves are reflected back to the transducer from the
interface of tissues with different physical properties
• Position of a structure on the screen is a function of how
long it takes the wave to return to the transducer

• There are some false assumptions that are made by the

machine about the returning waves that lead to artifacts
 Transverse View Longitudinal View
Marker points to patient right side Marker points to patient head
Scanning Planes
Transverse View
Right side of patient

Left side of patient

Right side of patient

Transverse View

Left side of patient

Sagittal View
 Longitudinal view
Cephalic end

Cephalic end
Coronal
Abdominal Ultrasound B-Mode

AORTA
 Frequency: resolution and depth

• Higher Frequency = Greater Resolution

• Lower Frequency = Greater Depth

What happens to the wave once it leaves the
transducer?

•Attenuation

•Refraction

•Scatter

•Reflection
Attenuation
Refraction
Scattering
Reflection
 Doppler

• Color Doppler

• Pulse Wave Doppler

• Power Doppler
Color Doppler: normal carotid artery
and internal jugular vein
Pulse Wave Doppler
 Power Doppler
Normal right elbow and lateral epicondylitis of the left elbow
(tennis elbow)

Right Left
 Ultrasound Knobology
• On-Off • Frequency
• Preset • Measurements
• Depth • Color Doppler
• Focus • Power Doppler
• Gain – overall • Spectral Doppler
• Freeze • M Mode
• Time Gain • Print / Save
Compensation (TGC)
 Gain Knob
(Controls overall brightness of the image)
 Time Gain Compensation (TGC)
(Allows adjustment of image brightness at selective depth)
 Depth Knob
(Allows adjustment of the depth of field of view)
 Focus
Transducer

Dead Zone

Near Zone

Focus
Far Zone
 Focus Knob
(Allows focus of ultrasound beam to area of interest)
 Frequency Knob
(Adjust Frequency to balance depth and resolution needs)

8.0 MHz 10.0 MHz 13.0 MHz

 Neck Scan
• Transverse of Carotid
• Freeze and Measure Carotid
• Carotid/Internal Jugular with Valsalva
• Color Doppler - Transverse and Longitudinal
Carotid
• Thyroid Gland
AHMAD ALI Cell: 0310-9947409- 0348-2817282
Address: Radiology Department Kuwiat
Father Name. Biladar Khan
Date of Birth. 10 Feb 1996. Teaching Hospital, Abdara Chowk University

Gender. Male. Road Peshawar

Marital Status. Single Email:Bsradiology9@gmail.com
CNIC: 15103-0348820-9
Religion. Islam
Nationality. Pakistani.
PERSONAL PROFILE
Looking forward with great excitement to work with different national and international organizations to
develop my knowledge and experience, to prove as an asset to the organization.
CAREER HISTORY
Post Duration Institution
Radiology Assistant Technician 4 May2015 To 27
th th Kuwait Teaching Hospital Abdara
July 2017 Chowk,University Road Peshawar
of X-ray, CT Scan, MRI , Fluoroscopy ,
(KPK)
Ultrasound
CT Scan Technician. 10th Sep 2016 to ZAM ZAM CT Scan Center Dabgari
29th June 2017 Garden Peshawar (KPK)

ACADEMIC QULAIFICATION
Title Year Marks Institution
Matric (Science) 2010 682 out of 1100 Swat BOARD
FSC (Pre-Medical) 2012 595 out of 1050 Swat BOARD
BS (Hon) Radiology 7th 2014 C . Gpa till to 3.81 HIMS Affiliated with Bacha Khan
Semester in process University Charsada (BKUC)

REFERENCES
Name Designation Institution

Assistant Prof Dr Abdul Consultant Kuwait Teaching Hospital Abdara Chowk,University

Majid Interventional Road Peshawar (KPK)
(HOD) of Radiology Radiologist .
department