Operative

dentistry
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 NOMENCLATURE
AND
INSTRUMENTATION

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There is special language for
any science presented by its
nomenclature and instruments
We are interested by the
language of operative dentistry
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Operative dentistry defined as that part
of restorative dentistry involving;

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assessment; prevention ;and treatment
of diseased and defects of the hard
tissues of individual teeth.

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to maintain or restore; functional;
physiologic and esthetic integrity
and health .

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Nomenclature and classification
of caries and cavity preparation

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Systems for naming and numbering teeth
Each tooth may be identified by its
location in the mouth and by its
individual name e.g.

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Areas of the mouth are referred to by
arch ( maxillary or upper and
mandibular or lower ) and by the side
of the patients midline (left or right)

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Each arch is divided in half at the midline
forming four quadrants .
(maxillary right and left quadrants and
mandibular right and left quadrants).

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On the other hand each tooth is identified
as primary or temporary and permanent in
addition to the identified name for each
tooth as molar ,central incisor,
.etc.
e.g. ;mandibular left permanent first molar


and so one.

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Because their names are cumbersome ,
teeth are frequently referred to by
number.

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There are two systems for
numbering of teeth :
1- the universal system .
2-The federation dentaire
international system (FDI).
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In the universal system ,the numbering
begins with the maxillary (upper) right
third molar (tooth 1), proceeds around
the arch to the maxillary left third
molar ( tooth 16) .

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Then to the mandibular left third
molar (tooth 17) to the mandibular
right third molar (tooth 32) .

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 In the FDI `system ,the first digit of
the tooth number represent a quadrant
(1: maxillary right . 2: maxillary left.
3:mandibular left. And 4: mandibular
right .)

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The second digit represent the tooth
(1: a central incisor , regardless of
the arch or quadrant,2:letral
incisor.3:canine .4: 1st premolar ,5:
2d premolar,6:1st molar ,7:2d molar
and 8:3d molar.

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According to the last information ,we
can give the maxillary left first
premolar number 24 and the
mandibular right second molar
number 47 or as tooth 47.

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In the old numbering system we were
use the mark + and explanation.

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In general we referred to incisors and
canine as anterior teeth regardless
upper or lower ,and premolars and
molars as posterior teeth.

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NOMENCLATURE OF
TOOTH SURFACES
AND CAVITY
PREPARATIONS
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The surfaces of the teeth are identified
by their locations :
1- the surface toward the Medline
referred as mesial .
2- the surfaces away from the Medline
is distal.

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3- Surfaces toward the tongue are
termed lingual.
4- surfaces that are in the direction of
check or lips are termed facial.

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.

5- for the anterior teeth ,facial may be

referred to as labial.
6- for the posterior teeth facial may be
referred to as buccal .

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1-The chewing surface called the
occlusal
2-The biting edges of anterior teeth
called incisal.

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3-The proximal surface is the surfaces
of adjacent tooth It may be identified
as mesial or distal .

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The occlusal surfaces are
characterized by grooves ,
cusp tips and ridges,marginal
ridges and fossae.

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A groove is a linear channel between
enamel elevations, such as cusps
and or ridges.

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A fissure is a developmental linear
cleft usually found at the base of a
groove, it is commonly the result of
the lack of fusion of the enamel of
dental cusps.

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A pit is a small depression in enamel ,
usually located in a groove and often
at the junction of two or more
fissures

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The wall of cavity preparation are
general referred to by the same terms
as the surface features of the teeth
e.g., the gingival and distal walls .

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The pulpal wall (or floor) , which is
only in the occlusal portion of a
preparation and is the wall adjacent
or nearest to the pulp chamber .

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The axial wall which , in all other areas
of a preparation , is the wall adjacent
or nearest to the pulp chamber and is
Approximately parallel to the longaxis
of the tooth

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The junction of two walls in cavity
preparation is called a line angle

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In preparation for bonded restorations,
line angles may not be well defined,
but the names for line angles may be
used to refer to general areas of the
preparation.

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The junction of 3 walls is referred
to as point angle.

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The margins (on cavosurface angles
of a preparation , which are formed
by the junction of cavity wall and an
external tooth surface , are identified
by the names of the adjacent walls
(e.g. incisal margin, mesial margin
or gingival margin).
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The anatomic crown of a tooth is the
portion that extends from the
cemento-enamel junction or cervical
line ,to the occlusal surface or incisal
edge, it is covered by enamel.

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The clinical crown is the portion that
is visible in the oral cavity , it may
include only part of the anatomic
crown or it may include all of
anatomic crown and part of the root.

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