American Mineralogist, Volume 87, pages 699–708, 2002

An occurrence of igneous orthorhombic amphibole, Eriksberg gabbro, southern Sweden

DICK T. CLAESON* AND WILLIAM P. MEURER

Earth Sciences Centre, Göteborgs University, Box 460, SE-40530 Göteborg, Sweden

ABSTRACT
We document the first reported igneous occurrence of the orthoamphibole, gedrite, from a
troctolitic cumulate in the Eriksberg gabbro, Sweden. The gedrite is sodic and coexists in textural
equilibrium with plagioclase, orthopyroxene, Ca-amphibole, and Na-rich phlogopite. The gedrite
crystallized from evolved interstitial liquid that was buffered by cumulus olivine. Geothermometry
indicates that the assemblage equilibrated at around 900 ∞C and 4–6 kbar. Gedrite shows a con-
vex-downward REE-profile, with a positive Eu anomaly. The rare earth element concentrations
are ~0.2 to 0.8 times chondritic abundances and much lower than in coexisting Ca-amphibole.
Laser ablation ICP-MS analyses show that the gedrite has much lower concentrations of Zr, Nb,
Th, and U, and lower concentrations of Sr, Ba, Rb, and Pb relative to co-crystallizing Ca-amphib-
ole. However, nickel and cobalt partition preferentially into gedrite. Comparison of Zr and Nb
concentrations in early crystallized Ca-amphibole with gedrite and associated Ca-amphibole reveals
that Xmg of amphibole is not the best criteria to use for estimates of (D ANmb/ph/L
Zr ) for cumulates where
olivine is buffering the Mg/(Mg + Fe).

INTRODUCTION
The orthorhombic amphibole, gedrite, has previously been
unknown in igneous parageneses (e.g., Ernst 1968; Veblen and
Ribbe 1982; Spear 1993; Deer et al. 1997). Sodic-gedrite has
been found as a metamorphic mineral, for example, in silicic
hydrothermal vein systems (e.g., Damman 1988), as coronas
between plagioclase and olivine (Otten 1984), in ductile shear
zones (e.g., Dasgupta et al. 1999), in meta-anorthosite (e.g.,
Subramaniam 1956), and in meta-orthopyroxenite (e.g., Friend
et al. 1993). Gedrite occurs in Al- and Mg-rich rocks metamor-
phosed at amphibolite- to granulite-facies conditions (e.g.,
Robinson et al. 1982; Spear 1993). The bulk compositions of
gedrite-bearing rocks are highly variable and, therefore, so are
the associated minerals (e.g., Veblen and Ribbe 1982; Spear
1993; Deer et al. 1997; Dasgupta et al. 1999 and references
therein). It has been postulated that a hydrous fluid flux and
Na-metasomatism stabilized sodic-gedrite during metamor-
phism (e.g., Dasgupta et al. 1999). Gedrite-bearing assemblages
are commonly used to unravel the P-T-fluid history of metamor-
phic rocks (e.g., Hisada and Miyano 1996; Ouzegane et al. 1996).
Here we document the first occurrence of gedrite as a pri-
mary igneous mineral from the Eriksberg gabbro, Sweden. The
igneous assemblage consists of olivine, plagioclase,
clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, Ca-amphibole, gedrite, and Na-
rich phlogopite. The gedrite occurs in a small cluster and lo-
cally coexists with plagioclase, orthopyroxene, Ca-amphibole,
and Na-rich phlogopite. The chemical evolution of the crystal-
lizing interstitial liquid, leading up to the crystallization of this
* E-mail: dick@gvc.gu.se
assemblage but not ending with it, is presented in Meurer and
Claeson (2002). Our characterization of this assemblage in-
cludes partitioning coefficients among gedrite, Ca-amphibole,
orthopyroxene, and Na-rich phlogopite calculated from laser-
ablation, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-
ICP-MS). Rare-earth element (REE) partitioning in amphibole
is also discussed.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND PETROGRAPHY
The Eriksberg gabbro is located in the Proterozoic
Transscandinavian Igneous Belt of southern Sweden (e.g., Gaál
and Gorbatschev 1987; Gorbatschev and Bogdanova 1993) (Fig.
1). It has experienced only minor deformation and preserves
1.79 Ga continental-arc cumulate rocks (Claeson 2001). Rock
types range from troctolite to leucotonalite with postcumulus
(oikocrystic) amphibole present in nearly all of the earliest-
formed cumulate rocks and cumulus (granular) amphibole in
some of the more-evolved rocks. Recent work on the intrusion
is found in Claeson (2001) and Meurer and Claeson (2002).
Gedrite was identified in a single thin-section from the less-
evolved part of the intrusion. The sample contains cumulus
plagioclase (46%) and olivine (28%) and intercumulus Ca-
amphibole (20%), orthopyroxene (4%), and clinopyroxene
(2%), and trace amounts of igneous gedrite, Na-rich phlogo-
pite, magnetite/ilmenite, and apatite. Alteration of the sample
is restricted to partial serpentinization of olivine and limited
saussuritization of plagioclase. A detailed description of the
major minerals of the thin section is provided by Meurer and
Claeson (2002). Three regions occupied by oikocrysts of Ca-
amphibole, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene, in decreasing
abundance, dominate the interstitial space of the thin-section.

0003-004X/02/0506–699$05.00 699
700 CLAESON AND MEURER: IGNEOUS ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLE
14o0'
den
Swe
Filipstad
o
59o30' 59 30'
20 km
14o0'
1 2 3 4
FIGURE 1. Location map of the Eriksberg gabbro within the Trans-
scandinavian Igneous Belt. Key: 1 = Svecofennian rocks; 2 = Trans-
scandinavian Igneous Belt rocks; 3 = Eriksberg gabbro; 4 = Lake
Vänern.
Here we focus on the gedrite-bearing assemblage, which is near
the boundary of the Ca-amphibole and orthopyroxene regions.
Three discrete grains of the orthoamphibole, gedrite, were
found, but these are in near optical continuity and are likely to
be one grain. Optical characteristics of the gedrite are: gray to
white first-order interference colors, pale-green to gray pleo-
chroism, and 2Vz estimated at 80–85∞. No exsolution lamel-
lae of clinoamphibole or anthophyllite were found, optically
or with the scanning electron microscope. The gedrite displays
equlibrium textural relations with the coexisting minerals (Fig. 2).
The parageneses leading to and following gedrite crystalli-
zation are described in detail by Meurer and Claeson (2002).
Briefly, after initial plagioclase and olivine accumulation,
clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene saturated and formed
oikocrysts. After only a small amount of clinopyroxene had
grown, Ca-amphibole was stabilized, and the interstitial liquid
became reactive with both the olivine and plagioclase. This
reaction buffered the liquid concentrations of some elements
but others were either depleted or enriched as Ca-amphibole
crystallization proceeded. Gedrite crystallized at an advanced
stage of the evolution of the interstitial liquid. At this point,
liquid moving through the sample, driven by compaction of
the crystal mush, was becoming increasingly channelized. We
interpret the gedrite-bearing assemblage with its high abun-
dance of Na-rich phlogopite to have crystallized in one such
liquid channel.
Plagioclase and gedrite coexist without any sign of reaction
along grain boundaries, straight or undulating, which shows
that plagioclase was no longer being resorbed when the gedrite
crystallized (Fig. 2). Orthopyroxene in the gedrite assemblage
occurs as distinct grains with irregular grain boundaries toward
gedrite. Phlogopite is present in very small amounts and mostly
in the gedrite assemblage. The gedrite shows near euhedral grain
boundaries in contact with phlogopite, whereas phlogopite
shows irregular grain boundaries toward all other minerals.
MINERAL CHEMISTRY
Major-element compositions for plagioclase, orthopyroxene,
Ca-amphibole, orthoamphibole, and phlogopite were deter-
mined at the Earth Sciences Centre, Göteborg University, us-
ing a Zeiss DSM 940 SEM with a Link EDS system (Claeson
1998). Additional analyses of amphibole and phlogopite were
collected at Duke University using a Cameca Camebax elec-
tron microprobe (Meurer et al. 1997). Trace-element composi-
tions were determined using a Cetac ASX-200 Nd-YAG UV
laser for sampling and a HP-4500 quadrupole ICP-MS for analy-
sis at Göteborg University. The conditions and procedures are
outlined in Meurer and Claeson (2002) and estimated preci-
sions are: ≥10 ppm (better than 5%), 0.25–10 ppm (£10%),
0.05–0.25 ppm (£20%) and <0.05 ppm (~20–50%).
Major elements
We used the spreadsheet program PROBE-AMPH (Tindle
and Webb 1994) to calculate the structural formulae of am-
phibole. The gedrite is subsilicic and its Ca content is high but
in accordance with solubility limits of Ca in gedrite suggested
by Smelik and Veblen (1992). It has a XMg = 0.75 (Table 1).
Comparison of major-element compositions of metamorphic
gedrites shows that the igneous gedrite is similar (Fig. 3). The
metamorphic gedrites display a positive trend on a plot of IVAl
vs. VIAl, whereas the igneous gedrite plots below this trend,
and possibly shows a negative correlation (Fig. 3a). On a plot
of IVAl vs. A-site occupancy, the metamorphic gedrites are posi-
tively correlated and the igneous gedrite plots toward the end
of this trend (Fig. 3b). Note that the data of Schumacher (1980)
extend this trend, and the igneous gedrite falls well within this
larger range. There is no obvious trend on a plot of IVAl vs.
M4
(Na + Ca), with the igneous gedrite showing high values of
Ca + Na (Fig. 3c). Figure 3d shows that there is a crude nega-
tive correlation between XMg and A-site/IVAl ratio of the meta-
morphic gedrites, but the composition of the igneous gedrite
departs from this trend.
The completely different compositions of the two coexist-
ing amphiboles imply that the gedrite lacks any appreciable
amount of exsolved Ca-amphibole. The Ca-amphibole is alu-
minous with high and almost constant XMg of ~0.75. For the
thin-section as a whole, the Ca-amphibole shows positive cor-
relations among SiO2, TiO2, and CaO, all of which show nega-
tive correlations with Al2O3 and Na2O (Meurer and Claeson 2002).
The PROBE-AMPH program partitions total FeO (=FeOT)
of the analyses into Fe2O3 and FeO, which results in the total
conversion of FeO to Fe2O3 in the clinoamphibole analyses, pro-
ducing ferritschermakite-magnesiohastingsite compositions. In
the gedrite, approximately 20% of the FeO is converted to Fe2O3.
Thus, gedrite has more-or-less equal MgO/(MgO + FeOT) val-
ues compared with ferritschermakite-magnesiohastingsite if
 CLAESON AND MEURER: IGNEOUS ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLE 701

FIGURE 2. Overview of the gedrite assemblage in (a) plane-polarized and (b) cross-polarized light. (c) Plagioclase in contact with gedrite
shows no resorption features. (d) A rare inclusion of plagioclase in olivine that has been almost completely resorbed, and amphibole has formed
between the plagioclase inclusion and olivine host. Mineral abbreviations according to Kretz (1983).

FeOT is used but lower Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) when Fe3+ is calculated
(Table 1). Calculated Fe-oxidation ratios (Fe3+/FeT) range be-
tween 0.15 to 0.40 for gedrite.
Plagioclase shows little major-element compositional varia-
tion and is relatively primitive, averaging An88 (range = An85.0–
92.5). The average olivine composition is Fo77, and the average
X Mg of clinopyroxene is 87 (Meurer and Claeson 2002).
Orthopyroxene shows limited variation, with average XMg = 79.5
(range = 78.0–80.6) and is aluminous (Table 2). The phlogo-
pite is Na-rich, Ti-poor, and aluminous (Table 3). Halogen con-
tents in all amphibole and phlogopite analyses are low.
However, the composition of primary apatite is Cl-rich (up to
XCl ~0.85), with XCl > XOH > XF (Meurer and Claeson 2002).
Trace elements
As the quantity of gedrite in the thin-section was limited to
three grains, an average of three LA-ICP-MS analyses is re-
ported (Table 4). The gedrite has 120 ppm Ni and 62 ppm Co,
~40% of that in olivine but higher than other minerals in this
assemblage. Both amphiboles have up to two orders of magni-
tude lower Sc than clinopyroxene (135–175 ppm). The Ti and
V contents in all minerals of the assemblage are low compared
with early formed Ca-amphibole (Meurer and Claeson 2002).
The phlogopite has high Ni (104 ppm) and low Sc (0.91 ppm)
contents and plagioclase shows low concentrations of transi-
tion metals.
The gedrite has REE concentrations below chondritic, a
convex-downward REE-profile, and a positive Eu anomaly
(Fig. 4). The concentrations of the REE orthopyroxene are near
the detection limits, especially for the LREE. The orthopyroxene
patterns display negative LREE slopes and positive HREE
slopes, with both positive and negative Eu anomalies. Gedrite
and orthopyroxene display similar REE patterns but gedrite
shows a flatter HREE pattern. There is a significant difference
in concentration and distribution of REE between the two co-
existing amphiboles. The monoclinic, Ca-rich ferritschermakite-
magnesiohastingsite has higher concentrations of all REE
compared with gedrite. Analyses of early formed, V- and Ti-
rich parts of the oikocryst display convex-upward patterns (gray
field in Fig. 4) and pronounced negative Eu anomalies, whereas
702 CLAESON AND MEURER: IGNEOUS ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLE

TABLE 1. Amphibole major-element compositions

Sample 96115 96115 99115 99115 99115 99115 96115 96115 96115 96115 96115 96115 96115
ged33 ged35 ged1d ged2d ged3d amp34 amp36 amp37 amp1d amp2d amp3d amp7d amp8d
SiO2 42.20 42.59 40.89 41.86 41.41 43.33 45.02 44.40 41.89 42.32 41.68 42.09 41.14
TiO2 0.05 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.00 0.72 0.52 0.07 0.03 0.05 0.06 0.03
Al2O3 18.13 18.50 18.68 18.30 18.49 15.07 13.75 14.00 15.03 15.64 15.69 15.04 15.52
MgO 20.60 20.55 21.30 21.23 20.83 16.11 16.31 16.29 16.60 16.03 16.32 16.24 16.14
FeO 12.17 12.30 12.60 12.64 12.45 10.12 9.40 9.40 9.94 9.55 9.67 9.87 9.73
MnO 0.30 0.32 0.19 0.23 0.26 0.25 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.17 0.13 0.16 0.16
CaO 1.16 1.10 0.94 0.88 0.98 10.60 10.64 10.52 10.86 11.43 11.30 11.27 11.10
Na2O 2.66 2.72 2.80 2.69 2.78 2.59 2.27 2.51 2.76 2.61 2.66 2.67 2.73
K2O 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.22 0.15 0.15 0.22 0.13 0.16 0.16 0.18
F – – 0.13 0.11 0.00 – – – 0.18 0.00 0.04 0.12 0.05
Cl – – 0.04 0.04 0.02 – – – 0.09 0.09 0.13 0.11 0.11

Total 97.29 98.10 97.60 98.04 97.28 98.29 98.45 97.95 97.79 98.00 97.83 97.78 96.90

Si 5.971 5.983 5.766 5.879 5.862 6.068 6.261 6.214 5.938 5.964 5.898 5.963 5.884
IV
Al 2.029 2.017 2.234 2.121 2.138 1.932 1.739 1.786 2.062 2.036 2.102 2.037 2.116
vi
Al 0.994 1.046 0.870 0.908 0.946 0.556 0.514 0.523 0.450 0.561 0.515 0.474 0.500
Ti 0.005 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.004 0.000 0.075 0.055 0.007 0.003 0.005 0.006 0.003
Fe3+ 0.287 0.226 0.589 0.468 0.417 1.185 1.093 1.100 1.178 1.125 1.144 1.169 1.164
Fe2+ 1.153 1.219 0.897 1.016 1.057 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Mn 0.036 0.038 0.023 0.027 0.031 0.030 0.022 0.019 0.017 0.020 0.016 0.019 0.019
Mg 4.345 4.304 4.477 4.445 4.396 3.363 3.381 3.399 3.508 3.368 3.443 3.430 3.441

Ca 0.176 0.166 0.142 0.132 0.149 1.590 1.585 1.577 1.649 1.726 1.713 1.711 1.701
Na 0.730 0.741 0.766 0.733 0.763 0.703 0.612 0.681 0.759 0.713 0.730 0.733 0.757
K 0.004 0.000 0.005 0.007 0.004 0.039 0.026 0.027 0.040 0.023 0.029 0.029 0.033
OH 2 2 1.932 1.942 1.995 2 2 2 1.898 1.979 1.951 1.920 1.951

Sum 17.730 17.741 17.771 17.740 17.767 17.467 17.310 17.381 17.608 17.540 17.595 17.572 17.618

(Ca + Na) (B) 0.176 0.166 0.157 0.148 0.166 1.866 1.914 1.905 1.839 1.922 1.877 1.901 1.873
Na (B) 0.000 0.000 0.015 0.016 0.017 0.276 0.329 0.327 0.190 0.197 0.164 0.191 0.172
(Na + K) (A) 0.733 0.741 0.756 0.724 0.749 0.467 0.310 0.381 0.608 0.540 0.595 0.572 0.618
Mg/(Mg + Fe2+) 0.790 0.779 0.833 0.814 0.806 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
Fe3+/(Fe3+ + VIAl) 0.224 0.178 0.404 0.340 0.306 0.681 0.680 0.678 0.724 0.667 0.690 0.712 0.700
A-site/IVAl 0.361 0.367 0.338 0.341 0.350 0.242 0.178 0.213 0.295 0.265 0.283 0.281 0.292
Mg/(Mg + Fe) 0.751 0.749 0.751 0.750 0.749 0.739 0.756 0.755 0.749 0.750 0.751 0.746 0.747

Mineral sodged sodged sodged sodged sodged fertsch fertsch fertsch maghas maghas maghas maghas maghas
Notes: sodged = sodicgedrite, fertsch = ferritschermakite, maghas = magnesiohastingsite.

those parts of the oikocryst that are more evolved (the present TABLE 2. Orthopyroxene major-element compositions
study) have lower concentrations, positive Eu anomalies, LREE Sample Opx3.1 Opx3.3 Opx3.4 Opx 36 old Opx 53 wet
convex-upward and convex-downward HREE patterns. The Ca- SiO2 53.57 51.86 52.69 54.29 54.12
TiO2 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.04
amphiboles that is thought to have formed after the gedrite- Al2O3 3.03 4.89 4.31 3.12 3.36
bearing assemblage has even more fractionated REE patterns MgO 28.74 27.71 28.16 28.90 28.90
(Meurer and Claeson 2002). Phlogopite has low REE concen- FeOT 13.36 14.09 13.64 13.55 13.47
MnO 0.35 0.35 0.28 0.35 0.36
trations, a LREE-enriched and a flat HREE pattern, and a mi- CaO 0.30 0.23 0.13 0.26 0.21
nor positive Eu anomaly. Plagioclase patterns show pronounced
negative slopes and large positive Eu anomalies. Total 99.35 99.15 99.22 100.47 100.48
XMg 0.793 0.778 0.786 0.792 0.793
Gedrite has much lower concentrations of Zr, Nb, Th, and
U than Ca-amphibole and phlogopite, except for Zr in phlogo-
pite, but similar contents as orthopyroxene, except for Nb, which
is higher in gedrite. The concentrations of Zr, Nb, Th, and U and Ba, and 3 to 4 times lower concentrations of Pb compared
are much higher in Ca-amphibole of the gedrite-bearing as- to Ca-amphibole of the gedrite assemblage.
semblage compared with early formed Ca-amphibole (Meurer
and Claeson 2002). GEOTHERMOMETRY
Gedrite has low concentrations of the large-ion-lithophile Assuming equilibrium within the gedrite-bearing assem-
elements (LILE) Sr, Ba, Rb, and Pb compared with Ca-am- blage, mineral equilibria can be used to constrain temperatures
phibole but high compared with orthopyroxene. Orthopyroxene of formation. The edenite-richterite calibration of the plagio-
and clinopyroxene have the same contents of LILE but for Sr, clase-amphibole geothermometer is the only appropriate one,
which is higher in clinopyroxene (~30 ppm). Early formed given the high anorthite content of plagioclase and lack of free
clinoamphibole has 2 to 3 times higher concentrations of Sr quartz (Holland and Blundy 1994). Using a 5 kbar pressure
 CLAESON AND MEURER: IGNEOUS ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLE 703

TABLE 3. Phlogopite major-element compositions DCam/Ged between 50 and 150, and HREE + Y have D values
Sample 96115 phlo32 96115 bt1duke 96115 bt3duke from 10 to 20. D values for Zr and Nb are ~10 and those for Th
SiO2 39.20 37.90 37.67 and U are ~75 and ~175 respectively. The LILE all have DCam/
TiO2 0.25 0.05 0.05 Ged between 1.5 and 5.
Al2O3 18.94 19.35 19.60
MgO 21.36 22.89 22.59
All elements except for Sc and Co are preferentially parti-
FeOT 6.59 6.16 6.14 tioned into gedrite compared to orthopyroxene, and most trace
MnO 0.01 0.02 0.02 elements show a considerable range in D-values (Table 5). This
CaO 0.07 0.13 0.23
Na2O 1.42 1.34 1.37 result is in part due to the low concentrations in orthopyroxene,
K 2O 7.46 6.93 7.35 in some cases being close to or below the detection limit. The
F – 0.09 0.05 average DGed/Opx for Sc is ~0.5 and for Co ~0.95. Nickel, V, and
Cl – 0.06 0.06
Ti show increasing DGed/Opx from ~1.75 to ~5. The average DGed/
Opx for REE + Y are estimated to be ~2, with a decrease toward
Total 95.29 94.93 95.12

Si 5.534 5.371 5.341

the HREE. Zirconium, Th, and U have average DGed/Opx between
IV
Al 2.466 2.629 2.659 1 and 3, whereas Nb is ~40, and the DGed/Opx for the LILE varies
VI
from 5 to 20.
Al 0.686 0.604 0.617
Ti 0.027 0.005 0.005 Values of DGed/Phl show that gedrite prefers Sc, Co, and Ni, V
Fe2+ 0.778 0.730 0.728 is equally partitioned, and phlogopite prefers Ti. The DGed/Phl for
Mn 0.001 0.002 0.002 REE + Y are only near or above unity for Er-Lu, and decrease
Mg 4.495 4.836 4.775
steadily toward the LREE to ~0.15. Zirconium is partitioned into
Ca 0.011 0.020 0.035 gedrite (1.2), whereas Nb, Th, and U are strongly partitioned into
Na 0.389 0.368 0.377
K 1.343 1.253 1.329
phlogopite (0.1–0.3) as are the LILE, especially Rb and Ba.
OH 4 3.945 3.963 For comparison with our partitioning data, we calculated
mineral/mineral partition coefficients from published work. Ca-
Sum 19.730 19.818 19.869
amphibole/orthopyroxene D-values are compared with those
Note: The trioctahedral mica spreadsheet of A.G. Tindle at http://
tabitha.open.ac.uk/ was used for structural formula calculation. compiled by Bédard (1994), and show that Sc, Co, and Ti val-
ues are similar, but our values for Ni, Zr, Nb, Sr, Y, and REE
are higher and our values for V, Rb, Ba, Th, and U are lower
(Fig. 6). Our results for Sc, Ti, Rb, Sr, Ba, Pb, and Eu partition-
ing between Ca-amphibole and Na-rich phlogopite agree well
(Claeson 2001), plagioclase-amphibole geothermometery on with those from a poikilitic harzburgite (Grégoire et al. 2000;
Ca-amphibole near the gedrite region yields 899 ± 16 ∞C (1s), Fig. 6). However, our D-values for V, Co, Ni, Zr, Nb, Th, U,
range 927–878 ∞C (n = 9), whereas the rest of the thin section Yb, and Lu are higher, and our D-values for Y, La, Ce, Nd, Sm,
yields 939 ± 32 ∞C (1s), range 1025–864 ∞C (n = 72), where Gd, and Er are lower. The D-values for LREE are much lower
the high-Ti, early formed Ca-amphiboles yield higher tempera- in the gedrite-bearing assemblage, possibly reflecting the ab-
ture estimates and the low-Ti late-formed Ca-amphiboles yield sence of plagioclase in the harzburgite. A compilation of ex-
lower temperature estimates. Plagioclase-amphibole perimental mineral/silicate liquid partition coefficients was used
geothermometery using the gedrite suggests temperatures of to calculate Ca-amphibole/phlogopite partitioning from a
896 to 924 ∞C (n = 5), with the edenite-tremolite calibration. basanitic composition (Green 1994). Our D-values for Ti, Rb,
The biotite geothermometer of Luhr et al. (1984) yields tempera- and Ba are lower, and our D-values for Zr, Nb, Sr, Y, La, Sm,
tures of 816 to 840 ∞C assuming no Fe3+. If one third of the FeT is and Lu are higher (Fig. 6). In summary, partitioning of trace
allocated as Fe2+, the thermometer yields 828 to 910 ∞C. elements in the gedrite assemblage shows that Sc, V, REE, Y,
Zr, Nb, Th, and U partition preferentially into Ca-amphibole,
PARTITION COEFFICIENTS Ni and Co into gedrite, Co into orthopyroxene, Sr into plagio-
Mineral-mineral partition coefficients (D) have been calcu- clase, and Ti, Rb, Ba, and Pb into Na-rich phlogopite.
lated for coexisting gedrite, Ca-amphibole, Na-rich phlogopite,
and orthopyroxene (Table 5 and Fig. 5). In order for these D DISCUSSION
values to be meaningful, chemical equilibrium between the We interpret the gedrite to have crystallized from a silicate
phases must have existed. There is no petrographic evidence liquid. It was not produced by replacement of Ca-amphibole or
of reaction relations among the minerals in the studied assem- orthopyroxene, because all minerals are in textural equilibrium
blage. Furthermore, the mafic minerals in this portion of the (Fig. 2). Also note that the gedrite is, chemically, fundamentally
thin-section all have similar values of XMg implying major-ele- different from orthopyroxene (e.g., Al, Ni, Nb, Rb, Sr, and HREE)
ment equilibrium. Hence, we take the assemblage to be in trace- and Ca-amphibole (e.g., Ca, Al, and REE). The gedrite shows
element equilibrium. near-euhedral grain boundaries in contact with phlogopite, and
Partition coefficients between Ca-amphibole and gedrite more irregular ones toward orthopyroxene, Ca-amphibole, and
(DCam/Ged) are above unity for all trace elements examined ex- plagioclase (Fig. 2). The textural relations suggest the follow-
cept for Co and Ni. The transition metals show moderate de- ing crystallization sequence for the gedrite-bearing assemblage:
viations from unity, with Co and Ni ~0.75, and Sc, Ti, and V (1) plagioclase + Ca-amphibole + orthopyroxene, (2) + gedrite,
~1.5–3. The REE + Y display higher DCam/Ged, where LREE have (3) + Na-rich phlogopite. Note that olivine is interpreted to
704 CLAESON AND MEURER: IGNEOUS ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLE

2 1

a b
1.5 0.75

A-site
1 0.5
Al
VI

0.5 0.25

0 0
1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25
IV
Al IV
Al

0.4

c d
0.2
0.3
A-Site/ Al
IV
(Ca+Na)

0.2

0.1
M4

0.1

0 0
1 1.25 1.5 1.75 2 2.25 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
IV
Al X Mg

FIGURE 3. Major-element comparison between published gedrite compositions and those of the Eriksberg gabbro (filled square). Data is
from Friend et al. (1993; diamond), Hisada and Miyano (1996; plus sign), Ouzegane et al. (1996; asterisk), Deer et al. (1997; circle) and
Dasgupta et al. (1999; triangle).

have buffered the liquid during crystallization of the gedrite- 100

bearing assemblage.
We infer that the gedrite is igneous. Anderson (1980) pointed
out the reaction relation between liquid and olivine in the sta-
bilization of igneous hornblende in arc-related magmas. In the 10
present case, this reaction occurred between olivine, plagio-
clase, and interstitial liquid (Meurer and Claeson 2002). How-
Rock/chondrite

ever, textural relations suggest that plagioclase was not reacting

when the gedrite crystallized (Fig. 2). This interpretation is
supported by the fact that the early formed Ca-amphibole has 1
high Sr contents compared with the Ca-amphibole of the

.1
▲

FIGURE 4. REE plot of minerals in the gedrite assemblage. Analyses

of early formed, V- and Ti-rich parts of the Ca-amphibole oikocryst,
are shown as a gray field for comparison. Gedrite (filled circle), Ca-
amphibole (triangle), orthopyroxene (open circle), plagioclase (plus .01
sign), phlogopite (filled diamond). Chondrite normalizing values from La Ce Pr Nd Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Boynton (1984).
 CLAESON AND MEURER: IGNEOUS ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLE 705

1000 10000
100 Cam/Opx
D Cam / Ged

Ba
10 1000
U
1 Th

Lit. value
.1 100
V

U
Dy
Ti

Co
Ni
Rb

Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd

Eu
Gd

Yb
Lu
Pb
Th
Sr

Zr

Er
Sc

Sm
Rb Nb
1000 V Sm
Gd Eu
100
10 La Nd
Ti Dy
Y Ce
D Cam / Opx

Er
Lu Yb Zr
10
Sc
1 Sr
1 Co
Ni
.1
V

U
Dy
Ti

Co
Ni
Rb

Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd

Eu
Gd

Yb
Lu
Pb
Th
Sr

Zr

Er
Sc

Sm

0.1
1000
0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000
100 Eriksberg gabbro
D Ged / Opx

10

1
1000
.1
Cam/Phl
V

U
Dy
Ti

Co
Ni
Rb

Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd

Eu
Gd

Yb
Lu
Pb
Th
Sr

Zr

Er
Sc

Sm

La Ce
100
100
Nd
10 Sm
Y Gd Eu
D amph / Phl

Er Yb Th
Lit. value
1 10
Sc Zr Lu
.1 Sr Y Zr
Ged
Ti Sr La Sm
.01 1 Nb U Lu
Ti V
V

U
Dy
Ti

Co
Ni
Rb

Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd

Eu
Gd

Yb
Lu
Pb
Th
Sr

Zr

Er
Sc

Sm

10 Ba Ni Co Nb
0.1 Rb
1
D Opx/Phl

Ba
.1 Rb
0.01
.01
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
.001
Eriksberg gabbro
V

U
Dy
Ti

Co
Ni
Rb

Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Nd

Eu
Gd

Yb
Lu
Pb
Th
Sr

Zr

Er
Sc

Sm

F IGURE 6. Comparison of the observed mineral-mineral

partitioning of this study and literature values from Bédard (1994) for
FIGURE 5. Mineral-mineral partitioning plots for the gedrite-
Ca-amphibole/orthopyroxene and from Green (1994; filled square) and
bearing assemblage.
Grégoire et al. (2000; filled rectangle) for Ca-amphibole/phlogopite.

gedrite-bearing assemblage. This difference suggests that pla- ronas in olivine dolerite has been interpreted to relate to a high
gioclase was reacting (buffering Sr) when the early Ca-am- Na/Ca ratio of the original plagioclase (Otten 1984). In the
phibole formed, but not when the later Ca-amphibole of the present example, the plagioclase has a low Na/Ca ratio and
gedrite assemblage formed. Olivine must still have been react- thus cannot contribute the Na necessary to form the amphib-
ing (buffering), as evidenced by the high XMg and Ni contents oles; rather, it was derived from the evolved intercumulus liq-
both in gedrite and Na-rich phlogopite (Table 4). We therefore uid. This is in accordance with there being no correlation
suggest that liquid was still present when gedrite and Na-rich between the A-site/IVAl ratio, edenitic vs. tschermakitic sub-
phlogopite crystallized. The evolving interstitial liquid was stitution, and Mg/Fe ratios (cf., Damman 1988), and the sug-
crystallizing igneous ferritschermakite-magnesiohastingsite and gestion by Spear (1993) that at high temperatures, the solvus
orthopyroxene, driving the liquid to H2O saturation and also between gedrite and anthophyllite is closed.
enriching it in alkalis. The increase of the chemical potential
(mi) of H2O, Na2O, and K2O in the liquid resulted in crystalliza- Experimental constraints on the conditions of formation
tion of gedrite and Na-rich phlogopite. High mH2O and mNa2O have The only experiment known to the authors where gedrite
been invoked to stabilize sodic-gedrite (e.g., Dasgupta et al. has been reported as a mineral that coexists with liquid is that
1999, and references therein) and Na-rich phlogopite (Costa et of Yoder (1971). Yoder reported “aluminous anthophyllite”
al. 2001). (equivalent to gedrite) coexisting with liquid in the MgO-Al2O3-
The occurrence of coexisting gedrite and hornblende in co- SiO2-H2O system at 850 ∞C and 10 kbar, whereas at 800 ∞C “alu-
706 CLAESON AND MEURER: IGNEOUS ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLE

TABLE 4. Trace-element compositions

Spot Sc TiO2 V Co Ni Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Ba Pb Th U
Gedriteavg 1.79 0.03 10.59 61.62 119.73 1.49 11.56 0.46 34.51 0.78 8.99 0.621 0.039 0.017
Phlo-132 0.91 0.10 10.24 35.59 103.88 40.03 21.52 0.91 29.12 2.75 798.52 1.882 0.310 0.114
Opx-131 4.12 0.01 6.44 63.68 65.71 0.17 0.42 0.46 11.45 0.01 0.16 0.033 0.028 0.007
Opx-136 3.00 0.01 9.39 72.19 81.34 0.33 1.26 0.20 24.07 0.05 3.81 0.308 0.023 bdl
Opx-53 4.58 0.01 3.07 60.33 61.68 0.58 1.87 0.05 7.06 bdl 2.72 0.322 0.077 0.010
Amp-44 5.23 0.05 23.46 53.31 106.52 1.11 45.85 5.83 374.08 11.89 30.32 1.614 7.853 1.589
Amp-45 4.94 0.05 23.03 52.76 104.76 2.18 44.46 5.16 214.15 4.78 49.70 1.269 5.248 1.193
Amp-141 4.55 0.05 17.22 38.38 79.67 2.83 37.26 5.21 271.04 4.38 39.69 1.605 5.539 1.027
Amp-142 6.85 0.05 14.82 41.67 81.14 2.57 46.02 8.03 621.55 8.84 42.76 1.875 8.072 1.076
Pla-72 1.39 0.01 1.77 0.55 1.73 0.54 545.33 0.20 1.59 0.09 27.27 0.417 0.013 0.009
Pla-111 0.85 0.01 0.80 0.14 0.86 1.28 710.71 0.37 8.63 0.11 43.42 1.129 0.092 0.031
Pla-112 0.72 0.01 0.92 0.08 0.86 0.62 522.23 0.25 4.36 0.05 26.67 0.768 0.043 0.012
Pla-113 0.66 0.01 0.50 0.07 0.77 0.35 565.89 0.19 1.52 0.01 22.24 0.717 0.021 0.008

La Ce Nd Sm Eu Gd Dy Er Yb Lu x y
Gedriteavg 0.120 0.241 0.096 0.029 0.020 0.049 0.084 0.067 0.083 0.023 4.92 24.73
Phlo-132 0.711 1.556 0.644 0.132 0.046 0.100 0.117 0.070 0.082 0.013 3.93 25.24
Opx-131 0.053 0.063 0.020 0.012 0.017 0.026 0.046 0.069 0.124 0.029 7.6 23.03
Opx-136 0.043 0.104 0.059 0.016 0.002 0.017 0.041 0.037 0.069 0.016 5.33 24.1
Opx-53 0.094 0.141 0.068 bdl bdl bdl bdl 0.014 0.027 0.008 7.87 22.43
Amp-44 6.729 31.345 15.746 2.173 1.470 1.099 0.892 0.580 1.050 0.185 5.06 25.9
Amp-45 4.311 19.663 10.739 1.662 1.163 0.930 0.732 0.448 0.688 0.122 4.45 24.45
Amp-141 4.675 17.410 9.361 1.425 0.783 0.816 0.707 0.478 0.770 0.130 5.13 24.43
Amp-142 8.551 30.557 15.349 2.247 1.083 1.303 1.105 0.771 1.165 0.224 5.71 24.53
Pla-72 0.693 1.127 0.471 0.060 0.139 0.043 0.026 0.013 0.008 0.002 11.01 20.44
Pla-111 1.174 2.127 0.868 0.152 0.237 0.080 0.053 0.026 0.021 0.003 9.27 19.6
Pla-112 1.231 2.053 0.714 0.115 0.165 0.064 0.037 0.014 0.016 0.003 10.31 19.55
Pla-113 1.210 1.951 0.636 0.097 0.153 0.048 0.031 0.013 0.010 0.003 11.49 20.24
Notes: All concentrations in ppm except TiO2 in wt%. See Meurer and Claeson (2002) for location of thin-section coordinates x and y. bdl = below
detection limit.

TABLE 5. Mineral-mineral partition coefficients

Cam/Ged Cam/Opx Ged/Opx Cam/Phl Ged/Phl Opx/Phl
average range average range average range average range average average range
Sc 3.00 2.54–3.83 1.43 0.99–2.28 0.47 0.39–0.60 5.90 4.97–7.49 1.96 4.27 3.28–5.01
Ti 1.43 1.34–1.54 6.34 3.57–9.87 4.42 2.67–6.40 0.51 0.48–0.55 0.36 0.09 0.05–0.13
V 1.85 1.40–2.22 3.85 1.58–7.65 2.08 1.13–3.45 1.92 1.45–2.29 1.03 0.62 0.30–0.92
Co 0.76 0.62–0.87 0.72 0.53–0.88 0.95 0.85–1.02 1.31 1.08–1.50 1.73 1.84 1.70–2.03
Ni 0.78 0.67–0.89 1.35 0.98–1.73 1.74 1.47–1.94 0.90 0.77–1.02 1.15 0.67 0.59–0.78
Rb 1.46 0.74–1.90 7.64 1.90–16.5 5.25 2.55–8.71 0.05 0.03–0.07 0.04 0.008 0.002–0.015
Sr 3.76 3.22–3.98 54 20–110 14.4 6.18–28 2.02 1.73–2.14 0.54 0.06 0.02–0.09
Y 13.1 11.2–17.4 56 11.2–164 4.27 1.01–9.46 6.65 5.67–8.82 0.51 0.26 0.05–0.50
Zr 10.7 6.21–18.0 33 8.90–88 3.11 1.43–4.88 12.7 7.36–21.3 1.19 0.49 0.24–0.83
Nb 9.60 5.62–11.4 364 82–937 38 14.6–61 2.72 1.59–4.33 0.28 0.012 0.005–0.019
Ba 4.52 3.37–5.53 91 7.96–302 20 2.36–55 0.05 0.04–0.06 0.01 0.004 0.003–0.005
Pb 2.56 2.04–3.02 20 3.94–57 7.64 1.93–19 0.84 0.67–1.00 0.33 0.12 0.02–0.17
Th 172 135–208 203 68–344 1.18 0.51–1.66 22 16.9–26 0.13 0.14 0.08–0.25
U 73 61–94 149 106–225 2.06 1.74–2.38 10.7 8.99–13.9 0.15 0.07 0.06–0.08
La 50 36–71 106 46–198 2.10 1.27–2.77 8.53 6.06–12.0 0.17 0.09 0.06–0.13
Ce 103 72–130 269 123–500 2.62 1.71–3.83 15.9 11.2–20 0.15 0.07 0.04–0.09
Nd 133 98–164 352 137–800 2.63 1.40–4.87 19.9 14.5–24 0.15 0.08 0.03–0.11
Sm 66 50–78 139 89–192 2.12 1.79–2.45 14.2 10.8–17.0 0.22 0.10 0.09–0.12
Eu 56 39–73 374 46-890 6.67 1.18–12.2 24 16.9–32 0.43 0.20 0.04–0.37
Gd 21 17–27 51 31–78 2.39 1.86–2.92 10.4 8.17–13.0 0.49 0.22 0.17–0.26
Dy 10.2 8.43–13.2 20 15.4–27 1.94 1.83–2.04 7.32 6.03–9.42 0.71 0.37 0.35–0.39
Er 8.56 6.74–11.6 21 6.53–54 2.47 0.97–4.62 8.19 6.45–11.1 0.96 0.57 0.21–0.99
Yb 11.1 8.30–14.1 18.3 5.54–43 1.65 0.67–3.09 11.2 8.38–14.2 1.01 0.89 0.33–1.51
Lu 7.05 5.18–9.54 12.1 4.21–28 1.72 0.81–2.90 12.7 9.37–17.2 1.81 1.37 0.62–2.23

minous anthophyllite” is stable only in an H2O-deficient envi-
ronment. Furthermore, Yoder noted that kornerupine formed at
the expense of aluminous orthopyroxene, as temperature de-
creases from 900 to 850 ∞C. This result suggests that stable co-
existence of gedrite and aluminous orthopyroxene, as seen in
the gedrite-bearing assemblage, occurs only at relatively high
temperatures.
Additional constraints are found in experiments on phlogo-
pite under igneous conditions. Modreski and Boettcher (1972)
showed that at pressures higher than 2 kbar, there are two equi-
libria: phlogopite + enstatite + vapor = minor forsterite + liq-
uid, and phlogopite + enstatite = forsterite + minor liquid. The
aluminous nature of phlogopite and orthopyroxene in the
present study is similar to the high-alumina liquid runs in
Modreski and Boettcher (1973). Sodium-phlogopite decom-
poses to forsterite, liquid, and vapor at ~1000 ∞C and 1–5 kbar
(Carman 1974). In glaucophane stability experiments, albite
was stable on the low-temperature side in vapor-absent runs at
 CLAESON AND MEURER: IGNEOUS ORTHORHOMBIC AMPHIBOLE
pressures below 1.5 kbar. At higher pressures (<10 kbar), the
reaction was Na-phlogopite + enstatite = forsterite + liquid +
vapor (Carman and Gilbert 1983). In all the above experiments,
olivine + liquid produces phlogopite + enstatite as seen in the
gedrite-bearing assemblage.
Taken together, Yoder’s experiments suggesting a minimum
temperature of ~900 ∞C, and those on Na-phlogopite a maxi-
mum of ~1000 ∞C. The geothermometry on Ca-amphobile
ranges from 878 to 927 ∞C, which implies that the gedrite crys-
tallized between 900 and 925 ∞C. This value is substantially
higher than temperatures of formation estimated for metamor-
phic gedrite, which range from 750 to 800 ∞C at similar pres-
sures (e.g., Friend et al. 1993; Dasgupta et al. 1999).
REE partitioning and Nb/Zr fractionation in amphibole
In the same way that Ca-amphibole REE patterns mimic
those of clinopyroxene (e.g., Tribuzio et al. 1999), so does the
REE pattern of gedrite mimic those of orthopyroxene (Fig. 4).
We suggest that this is probably due to crystal-chemical mecha-
nisms, where the REE partition into the M4'-M4 sites in Ca-
amphibole and the M2-M4 sites dominate in gedrite (cf.,
Bottazzi et al. 1999; Oberti et al. 2000). Tiepolo et al. (2001)
examined the effect of varying XMg of amphibole on the parti-
tioning of Nb and Zr. They speculated that in Ti-poor systems
with high XMg, amphibole should be significantly enriched in
Nb relative to Zr, provided progressive Ti depletion of the in-
terstitial liquid by dissolution and mineral-forming reactions
occurred. The XMg values of the amphiboles reported here are
more-or-less constant at ~0.75, due to the reaction between
olivine and liquid, whereas Ti, Nb, and Zr contents vary sig-
nificantly (Meurer and Claeson 2002). The amphibole in the
gedrite-bearing assemblage crystallized under Ti-poor and
evolved conditions compared with early formed Ca-amphib-
oles. The Ti-rich (TiO2 = 2.37–3.11 wt%), early formed Ca-
amphiboles show (Nb/Zr)N (primitive mantle normalized; Sun
and McDonough 1989) ratios of 1.41 to 1.69, whereas the Ti-
poor (TiO2 = 0.05 wt%), evolved Ca-amphiboles have (Nb/Zr)N
ratios of 0.22 to 0.50, and the gedrite has a (Nb/Zr)N ratio of
0.35. The decrease in (Nb/Zr)N in this Ti-poor system is con-
trary to what Tiepolo et al. (2001) suggested for amphiboles
with high values of XMg. This finding suggests a more com-
plex behavior than proposed by those authors, and that the
XMg of amphibole is not a reliable criteria to use for esti-
mates of (D ANmb/ph/L
Zr ).
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We thank Ellen Meurer for comments on earlier drafts of this paper. We
thank Gary Ernst and Frank Spear for constructive reviews and John Schumacher
for comments and editorial handling. Financial support for this work was pro-
vided by NSF grant EAR-9725394 to W.P.M.
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