Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3005–3011

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Applied Energy
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/apenergy

Theoretical thermodynamic analysis of Rankine power cycle

with thermal driven pump
Amlaku Abie Lakew a,⇑, Olav Bolland a, Yves Ladam b
a
Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
b
SINTEF Energy Research, 7465 Trondheim, Norway

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A new approach to improve the performance of supercritical carbon dioxide Rankine cycle which uses
Received 19 October 2010 low temperature heat source is presented. The mechanical pump in conventional supercritical carbon
Received in revised form 16 March 2011 dioxide Rankine cycle is replaced by thermal driven pump. The concept of thermal driven pump is to
Accepted 21 March 2011
increase the pressure of a fluid in a closed container by supplying heat. A low grade heat source is used
Available online 12 April 2011
to increase the pressure of the fluid instead of a mechanical pump, this increase the net power output and
avoid the need for mechanical pump which requires regular maintenance and operational cost. The ther-
Keywords:
mal driven pump considered is a shell and tube heat exchanger where the working fluid is contained in
Waste heat recovery
Thermal driven pump
the tube, a tube diameter of 5 mm is chosen to reduce the heating time. The net power output of the Ran-
Rankine kine cycle with thermal driven pump is compared to that of Rankine cycle with mechanical pump and it
Supercritical CO2 is observed that the net power output is higher when low grade thermal energy is used to pressurize the
Low temperature power cycle working fluid. The thermal driven pump consumes additional heat at low temperature (60 °C) to pressur-
Motorless pump ize the working fluid.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
There are abundant low temperature energy sources such as
geothermal, solar, and waste heat. An attempt to produce elec-
tricity from these energy sources is an active research area. The
abundance of these energy sources and their distribution all over
the globe make it attractive to exploit; however the temperature
of these energy sources is in the magnitude of 80–200 °C and this
brings challenge on how to produce electricity in economical and
sustainable way. The organic Rankine cycle with its variants (dif-
ferent working fluids and configuration) has been employed to
produce electricity from waste heat. Supercritical carbon dioxide
Rankine cycle is a potential candidate to produce electricity from
low temperature heat source. It offers better temperature match-
ing in the heat extraction process and thereby producing more
power. Rankine cycle using carbon dioxide as a working fluid to
recover low temperature heat source has been studied by several
authors [1–9]. These works focus on thermodynamic analysis and
hardware component design. The thermodynamic analysis
included energy and energy analysis at different operating condi-
tions (pressure, temperature, and flow rate). The power cycle
component design consists of heat exchanger sizing [1]. Cayer
et al. [2] discussed the economics of supercritical carbon dioxide
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +47 73 59 37 46; fax: +47 73 59 53 10.
E-mail addresses: amlaku.a.lakew@ntnu.no, amlakuab@yahoo.com (A.A. Lakew).
Rankine cycle for comparison purpose. There have been attempts
to improve the performance of the cycle in a traditional way.
These attempts are to use internal heat exchanger and to use
the lowest heat sink available. Incorporating internal heat ex-
changer doesn’t improve the performance of the cycle in a prac-
tical way as the cycle temperature range between heat source
and sink is not wide. Availability of heat sink depends on the site
of the plant and its interaction with other processes. A good
understanding of supercritical carbon dioxide Rankine cycle gives
hint where the effort to improve should be focused. The pump
work in supercritical carbon dioxide Rankine cycle is about 30–
50% of the work produced by the turbine. It is obvious that reduc-
tion in pump work will lead to improvement in performance of
power cycles but the improvement is significant in supercritical
carbon dioxide Rankine cycle and needs attention. Is it possible
to reduce or avoid mechanical pump work? From energy account-
ing point of view the amount of energy needed in the pump
should be the same for the same inlet and outlet conditions how-
ever the quality of the energy can be different. A low grade ther-
mal energy instead of electric or shaft work is used to increase
the pressure of the working fluid.
Replacing mechanical driven pump by thermal driven pump has
been a research subject for decades. Two excellent review papers on
solar thermal pump by Delgado-Torres [10] and Wong and Sumathy
[11] summarize research activities on using solar energy for
pumping water. The most related part of their review to the present
work is what the authors termed as the unconventional pump/

0306-2619/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.03.029
3006 A.A. Lakew et al. / Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3005–3011
Nomenclature
A area, m2
cp isobaric specific heat (J/kg K)
cv isochoric specific heat (J/kg K)
d tube diameter (m)
h specific enthalpy (J/kg)
m mass (kg)
m_ mass flow rate (kg/s)
Q_ heat transfer rate (W)
t time (s)
T temperature (°C or K)
u specific internal energy (J/kg)
U convection heat transfer coefficient (W/m2 K)
unconventional thermodynamic methods. The unconventional
pump is a pump without moving parts which uses thermal energy
to move fluid. An increase in vapor pressure due to evaporation of
the working fluid is used to pump water. Ejector cooling system is
another area where thermal driven pump is studied. Most works
on solar driven ejector refrigeration uses mechanical feed pump or
gravity feeding/barometric siphon; however Huang et al. [12,13]
investigated ejector cooling system with multi-function generator,
the multi-function generator replaced mechanical feed pump in
their study. The multi-function generator was used as both pump
and vapor generator. In the findings of their experiment, they con-
cluded that ejector cooling system with multi-function generator
is feasible, continuous operation can be achieved.
Using thermal driven pump in Rankine power cycle and refrig-
eration cycle has been patented by few innovators. Sterling [14]
patented power plant with motorless feed pump. Vaporizing work-
ing fluid to increase pressure is demonstrated in this patent. This
patent claimed that the innovation can be used for Rankine power
cycle and Refrigeration cycles, no particular working fluid is
mentioned. Yamagachi et al. [15] patented a method to replace
mechanical feed pump in transcritical carbon dioxide Rankine cy-
cle. Bent [16] hold patent for refrigerating system using ‘‘free en-
ergy’’ for circulating liquid refrigerant by pressure, by free energy
he meant low grade heat source. In this patent the heat gained
by subcooling of the primary refrigerating system is used to circu-
late the refrigerant in the secondary refrigerating system. More
recently, Yamada et al. [17] demonstrated pumpless Rankine type
cycle. Thermal energy is used to pressurize the fluid instead of
mechanical pump in their experiment. All these patents describe
how the inventions work in a qualitative way; they did not give de-
tailed quantitative analysis of the patented system (quantitative
analysis is lacking), they did not present quantitative comparison
with other competing/existing processes either. Moreover peer
reviewed work on Rankine cycle using thermal driven pump
(TDP) is not reported. Hence it is the aim of this paper to make
quantitative theoretical thermodynamic analysis of supercritical
carbon dioxide Rankine cycle with TDP. The feasibility, advantages
and important parameters of the system is addressed. It is found
that the specific heat capacity at constant volume of the working
fluid, diameter of heat exchanger tube, heat transfer coefficient,
flow rate of heating source, mass of working fluid are important
parameters in analyzing thermal driven pump Rankine cycle. For
instance, for a tube diameter of 5 mm and heat transfer coefficient
of 50 W/m2 K and carbon dioxide initial mass of 700 kg; the ther-
mal driven pump Rankine cycle can operate at heater pressure of
90 bar and produce about 13% more power than conventional
Rankine cycle produced. However the TDP Rankine cycle requires
780 kg/s of heat source at 60 °C.
V volume (m3)
v specific volume (m3/kg)
W power (W)
X quality
Subscripts
is isentropic
t turbine
wf working fluid
Greek letter
q density, kg/m3
1.1. The concept of thermal driven pump (TDP)
Thermal driven pump (TDP) makes use of the thermodynamic
phenomena that when a fluid filled full in a closed container is
heated its temperature and pressure will increase. The process is
isochoric. The rate of pressure rise to temperature rise depends
on working fluid used and the initial state of the fluid.
1.2. Challenge of implementing TDP in Rankine cycle
Increasing the pressure of fluid in a closed vessel by low grade
heat source is a batch process and could be slow one. For a contin-
uous power production, a turbine needs continuous working fluid
flow. This difficulty can be removed by implementing series of ves-
sels. When one vessel is in heating mode, the other one will dis-
charge and if this is well synchronized with the right number of
vessels, continuous flow can be assured. The other challenge of
TDP is that the pressure of the vessel decreases when the pressur-
ized gas is discharged.
2. Process description
Two processes are considered in this paper, the first process is
the reference process (base case). It is conventional Rankine cycle
with mechanical pump using supercritical carbon dioxide as
working fluid. The second process is the new process which uses
thermal driven pump instead of mechanically driven pump. The
difference between these two processes lies on the way the pres-
sure of the working fluid is raised. In the first process (Fig. 1) the
working fluid is raised to higher pressure by mechanical pump
and pumped to a heater where it absorb heat from the heat source,
as a consequence its temperature becomes higher. The hot pressur-
ized working fluid from the heater expands in the turbine to a
lower pressure and temperature, thereby producing work. The exit
from the turbine is condensed by the heat sink and repeats the
cycle. In the second process, Fig. 2, valve 1 is opened and valve 2
is closed to collect liquid from the condenser, when the tube is
fully filled with the liquid working fluid, valve 1 is closed and heat
is supplied to the tube. As heating is continued the temperature
and pressure of the working fluid inside the closed tube increases
and valve 2 opens when the required high pressure is achieved.
When discharging of pressurized working fluid is completed, cool-
ing water is passed outside the tube instead of hot air to cool the
tube down (the pressure inside the tube will also decreases). Then
it is ready for the next charging of working fluid from the
condenser. This process of heating and cooling alternatively is
repeated in all the vessels. The thermal driven pump is heated by
 A.A. Lakew et al. / Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3005–3011 3007

6 a heat source at low temperature. The heat source could be geo-

thermal, solar or waste gas. The vessels are cascaded in such a
2 way that there will be continuous flow of pressurized working fluid
to the heater. The number of heat exchangers (vessels) used for
3 pressurizing the working fluid is chosen in a way that continuous
heater
5 flow is ensured. It is is for the sake of simplicity that only two ves-
sels (heat exchangers) in TDP is shown in Fig. 2.

2.1. Energy balance

Turbine
pump
2.1.1. Assumptions
The kinetic and potential energies are neglected, pressure drop
is assumed to be negligible, turbine and pump isentropic efficiency
8
is 80%. The temperature of the working fluid entering the turbine is
1 4 fixed to 90 °C. The heat source is cooled to a temperature which is
10 °C higher than the temperature of the inlet stream to the heater.
condenser The heat source in the heater is assumed to be air with flow rate of
600 kg/s and inlet temperature of 100 °C. The condensation tem-
7
perature of the cycle is 20 °C. These assumptions are the same
Fig. 1. Conventional Rankine cycle with mechanical pump. for both cases. Two temperature levels of heat sources are used
in the TDP. The higher level heat source is at 100 °C and is used

6
heater

2 3 Turbine
5 air

4
condenser
Thermal driven pump 8
7
1

V3 V1

V8 air V6 air
Cooling Cooling
water water

V7 V5

V4 V2

Pressure Pressure
controller controller

Fig. 2. Rankine cycle with thermal driven pump (TDP).

3008 A.A. Lakew et al. / Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3005–3011

in the heater. The low level heat source is at 60 °C, this heat source The heat transfer rate is also expressed as:
is used to pressurize the working fluid in a closed container.
Q_ ¼ UADT lm ð10Þ
2.1.2. Energy balance for basic Rankine cycle DTlm is the logarithmic mean temperature expressed as:
ðT in  TÞ  ðT out  TÞ
Pump DT lm ¼ h i ð11Þ
The isentropic efficiency of the pump is defined as: ln TTout
in T
T

h2;is  h1 T is the temperature of the working fluid (carbon dioxide) in a tube

gp ¼ ð1Þ
h2  h1 at any time t. the temperature of the working fluid changes with
time. Tin and Tout are inlet and outlet temperature of air in the vessel
work required in the pump is given by
(heat exchangers) respectively.
_ wf ðh2  h1 Þ
Wp ¼ m ð2Þ The heat transferred to the working fluid inside the tube comes
from the heat source (60 °C) as the heat source gets cooled. Thus
the heat transferred is the same as the change in enthalpy of air.
Heater
The stream from the pump is heated by the heat source. Q_ ¼ m
_ air2 C pair ðT in  T out Þ ð12Þ
m _ air1 ðh5  h6 Þ
_ wf ðh3  h2 Þ ¼ m ð3Þ combing the above equations (Eqs. (9)–(12)) and solving for t yields
 
T in T f
mwf C v ln T in T o
Turbine t¼ ð13Þ
The isentropic efficiency relates the inlet enthalpy to outlet en- m _ air2 C pair Þ  1Þ
_ air2 C pair ðexpðUA=m
thalpy in the turbine as follows:
4V 4mwf
h3  h4 A¼ ¼
gt ¼ ð4Þ d qwf d
h3  h4;is
This is the time required to heat the temperature of the working
The work produced in the turbine is given by:
fluid in a closed tube from initial temperature, To to final tempera-
_ wf ðh3  h4 Þ
Wt ¼ m ð5Þ _ air2 continuously. To-
ture Tf by passing warm air with flow rate of m
tal air flow rate consumed to raise the pressure in the TDP cycle is
calculated as follows:
Condenser
m _ water ðh8  h7 Þ
_ wf ðh4  h1 Þ ¼ m ð6Þ _ airtotal ¼ n m
m _ air2 ð14Þ
_ air2
n is the number of vessels heated by supplying air, m
Total power output simultaneously.
W ¼ Wt  Wp ð7Þ
2.1.5. Depressurizing (discharging)
After achieving the desired pressure by heating; the discharging
2.1.3. TDP Rankine cycle
process proceeds. The final condition of the pressurizing phase is
The energy balance for TDP Rankine cycle is the same as the ba-
the initial condition for the discharging phase. The pressure of
sic Rankine cycle except the mechanical pump is replaced by ther-
the vessels drops as mass is withdrawn from the vessel. The vari-
mal driven pump. As a result the net power output of TDP Rankine
ation of temperature and pressure of vessel with time is found
cycle is the same as the work produced by the turbine. The pressur-
by applying conservation laws.
izing and discharging process of the thermal driven pump is de-
scribed as follows.
Mass balance

2.1.4. TDP vessel dmwf

_ v ent
¼ m ð15Þ
dt
Pressurizing
The heating of the working fluid inside closed tube is batch and Energy balance
transient process. The heat transferred to the working fluid inside  
the tube is the rate of change of internal energy. d mwf u
_ v ent h ¼ Q_
þm ð16Þ
dt
du
Q_ ¼ m
_ wf ð8Þ du
dt mwf þ n_ v ent pv ¼ Q_ ð17Þ
dt
The specific internal energy of carbon dioxide in closed tube (iso-
choric) for the temperature range considered (20–50 °C) is de- Q_ ¼ UADT lm ð18Þ
scribed as a function of temperature by the expression below
(note that the coefficient of temperature is average cv of carbon Q_ ¼ m
_ air2 C pair ðT in  T out Þ ð19Þ
dioxide in the temperature range considered). The data for internal
energy at different temperature is found from EES. combining Eqs. (17)–(19) yields:

u ¼ 27; 7103 þ 948:826 T;


Tis in C dT  
mwf C v _ v ent pv ¼ m
þm _ air2 C pair ðT in  TÞð1  expðUA=m
_ air2 C pair ÞÞ
dt
Rewriting Eq. (8) by substituting the expression for internal en-
ð20Þ
ergy in terms of temperature becomes;
The equation of states relates p, v, T; i.e.
dT
Q_ ¼ m
_ wf C v ð9Þ p ¼ f ðT; v Þ
dt
 A.A. Lakew et al. / Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3005–3011 3009

Eq. (15) and (20) coupled with EOS is solved simultaneously dynamic properties of carbon dioxide. It has also capability of solv-
ing non linear equations. EES uses equation of state for carbon
Total power output dioxide developed by Span and Wagner [19].

_ wf ðh3  h4 Þ
W ¼ Wt ¼ m
Flow rate of working fluid (vent in the vessel) is 165 kg/s. This is
chosen to be comparable to that of the basic Rankine cycle. Choos-
ing lower flow rate is avoided due to the fact that the power output
will be reduced. It is possible to select higher flow rate (vent) but
the initial mass of the working fluid in the vessel should also be in-
creased otherwise higher flow rate makes the pressure drop in the
vessel rapid and the cycle will operate at lower pressure. The pres-
sure in the valve outlet is adjusted by the pressure controller, the
temperature at the valve outlet is found by assuming isentropic
process in the valve. All the equations are solved using Engineering
equation solver (EES) [18]. EES has built in transport and thermo-
ð21Þ
3. Result and discussion
As shown in Fig. 3, the pressure of carbon dioxide in closed tube
can be raised by several bar for a small (10–25 °C) temperature
change. This property of carbon dioxide makes it possible to raise
the pressure using low temperature heat source (60 °C). The rate
of change of pressure with temperature is faster when carbon diox-
ide is heated in a saturated liquid state than in saturated vapor
state. The rate of change of pressure with temperature decreases
as the quality of carbon dioxide heated increases. Heating higher
quality carbon dioxide in a closed container to increase pressure
could reduce the size of the condenser but it needs to be heated

R744
170

x=0
x=0.01
x=0.02
x=0.1
100
P [bar]

40°C x=0.7
x=0.99
35°C
32°C

30°C

25°C

20°C

50
9x 10-4 10-2
3
v [m /kg]

Fig. 3. Pressure of carbon dioxide at different temperature at fixed volume.

110
d=5, U=50, m air2=15, mwf =700
100
d=10, U=50, mair2=15, m wf =700
90 d=5, U=100, mair2=15, mwf =700
80 d=5, U=50, mair2=30, mwf =700
70 d=5, U=50, m air2=15, mwf =1400
t(s)

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190
P (bar)
Fig. 4. Heating time required to pressurize carbon dioxide in a closed tube (diameter in mm, heat transfer coefficient in W/m2 K, flow rate of air in kg/s and initial mass of
carbon dioxide in kg).
3010 A.A. Lakew et al. / Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3005–3011

to a higher temperature to achieve higher pressure. Besides the
volume needed to contain the same amount of carbon dioxide in
a higher quality state is higher than in a saturated liquid state.
The time required to raise the pressure is a key parameter. The
longer the time required is the more number of vessels required
and each vessel should be supplied air (heat source) simulta-
neously. As it is shown in Eq. (13), the time required to heat carbon
dioxide in a closed tube (thereby pressurizing) depends on the
mass of carbon dioxide in the tube, convective heat transfer coeffi-
cient, tube geometry (diameter), and hot air flow rate. Each param-
eter is reduced by half keeping the remaining parameters constant
to see how heating time is affected. It is found that when the over-
all heat transfer coefficient is halved, the heating time increased by
9%; the heating time is faster by 23% when the diameter is halved;
the heating time becomes 30% more when the heat source flow
rate to the TDP is halved. Fig. 4 is plotted to show the significance
of each parameter on heating/pressurizing time. The mass of the
working fluid contained in the tube is another important variable.
Large flow rate is desirable for more power production and to have
larger flow rate; large mass has to be thermally pressurized. As the
mass of the working fluid in the tube increases, so does the time
required for heating/pressurizing. When the mass of carbon diox-
ide in the vessel is doubled, the heating time becomes 83% longer.
With longer time, more number of vessels is required and this in
turn requires supplying air to each vessel simultaneously.
Fig. 5, shows the decline of pressure of the vessel with time in
the discharging process. It can be observed that the pressure drops
quickly and the valve will close when the pressure reaches to its
minimum set point. The rate of pressure drop slows when the ves-
sel is initially filled with larger mass. A vessel with larger mass
takes longer to pressurize and requires more heat. The vessel pres-
sure as function of time with heating and without heating during
discharging is fairly the same. This shows that heating while dis-
charging do not prevent the vessel pressure from dropping fast.
The power output of the conventional Rankine cycle increases
with pressure to a certain value and then decreases with pressure.
The optimal pressure for maximum power output is 122 bar. The
maximum power produced at 122 bar is 2546 kW. Three different

170

160 m=700kg m=700kg

m=1000kg m=1000kg
150 m=1300kg m=1300kg
140
P (bar)

130

120

110

100

90

80
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8
t (s)

Fig. 5. Pressure inside the vessel with time in the discharging process for different initial mass of carbon dioxide (solid line with heating, dotted line without heating).

3800

3600 Basic Rankine cycle

TDP Rankine cycle, m=700kg

3400
TDP Rankine cycle, m=1000kg
3200
Total net power (kW)

TDP Rankine cycle, m=1300kg

3000

2800

2600

2400

2200

2000

1800
80 90 100 110 120 130 140
High pressure (bar)

Fig. 6. Power output as function of heater pressure (diameter of 5 mm, heat transfer coefficient of 50 W/m2 K, 15 kg/s air to pressure carbon dioxide is used in TDP Rankine
cycle).
 A.A. Lakew et al. / Applied Energy 88 (2011) 3005–3011
operating conditions for TDP Rankine cycle are considered. The ini-
tial mass of carbon dioxide in the vessel is varied. As shown in
Fig. 5, with larger initial mass of carbon dioxide in the vessel, the
rate of pressure decline is slowed. This allows operating at higher
heater pressure. The heater pressure (which is lower than the
vessel pressure to allow flow) is set by the pressure controller.
Heater pressure of 90, 100, 110 bar is set for 700 kg, 1000 kg, and
1300 kg of initial mass of carbon dioxide respectively. The TDP
Rankine cycle produces 2899, 3276, and 3730 kW at a heater
pressure of 90, 100, 110 bar respectively (see Fig. 6). The power
output is 13–46% higher than conventional Rankine cycle. The
TDP Rankine cycle consumes 780, 1035, and 1320 kg/s of lower
level temperature heat source (60 °C) for three operating condi-
tions respectively to pressurize the working fluid and it requires
several vessels in series. The conventional Rankine cycle requires
heat source only in the heater. The TDP Rankine cycle uses heat
source at different temperature level in the heater and in the ther-
mal pump (vessel).
4. Conclusion
A novel supercritical carbon dioxide Rankine cycle without
mechanical pump is proposed. The mechanical pump is replaced
by a heat driven pump, i.e. low temperature heat is used to in-
crease the pressure of the working fluid. The working fluid is
heated in small diameter tube so that the time required to achieve
high pressure is reduced. The feasibility of thermal driven pump
Rankine cycle depends on the number of vessels (heat exchangers)
needed to contain, raise the pressure of carbon dioxide and the
amount of heat used for heating the working fluid to raise the pres-
sure. Thermal compression of saturated liquid results in higher
pressure rise than thermal compression of saturated vapor for
the same temperature change. Specific heat capacity at constant
volume cv is important thermodynamic property of working fluid
to determine heating/pressurizing time. Improvement in power
production capability of thermal driven pump Rankine cycle can
be achieved when it is possible to provide a pressurized and flow-
rate comparable to that of conventional Rankine cycle. It is shown
that Rankine cycle with thermal driven pump can produce more
power than conventional Rankine cycle but it requires additional
low level temperature heat source (60 °C) for pressurizing. The
conventional Rankine cycle requires heat source only in the heater
whereas the TDP requires both in the heater and thermal pump.
The amount of heat source used in the heater is the same for both
cases. TDP become more attractive when the mechanical pump
efficiency deteriorate and when there is available low level tem-
perature heat source (60 °C). A method which can prevent the
pressure of the vessel from dropping quickly in the discharging
process will improve the performance of TDP. Thermal driven
pump will avoid the need for maintenance, noise and vibration,
installation and operating costs of a pump however it requires sev-
3011
eral vessels (heat exchangers) and valves to contain the working
fluid to pressurize thermally. The need of numbers of vessels in
TDP Rankine cycle brings additional cost. Besides challenges in
control and automation of TDP Rankine cycle need to be investi-
gated further.
Acknowledgment
The support from ROMA (Resource Optimization and recovery
in the Materials industry), P. No. 182617/140 of the Research Coun-
cil of Norway is highly appreciated by the authors.
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