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More Than 2000 Solved MCQs of STA630 Research Method & Short
Question Answer
Posted by + M.Tariq Malik on July 19, 2010 at 1:26am in STA630 Research Methods
Back to STA630 Research Methods Discussions
More Than 2000 Solved MCQs of STA630 Research Method & Short Question Answer
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More Than 2000 Solved MCQs of STA630 Research Method & Short Question Answer.doc, 3.9 MB
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im MBA 3rd semester HR student. Thanks for sending MCQs of Research Method. its a great help for us. can you pls send me solved past papers
or MCQs of Final & Mid Term Exams 2009 only for the following subjects
1. Human Relation
2. Enterpreneurship
3. E-Commerce
4. Marketing Managment
5. Conflict Managment
bye
best of luck
M.N.Bilal
HRM
1. Human Relation
2. Enterpreneurship
3. E-Commerce
4. Marketing Managment
5. Conflict Managment
Regards.
Syed Amir Raza
&
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Short Questions Answers
By
http://vustudents.ning.com
1- Hypothesis refers to
A. Planning
C. Lot of rewriting
C. Knowledge disaccumulates
5- A theoretical framework
D. A research proposal is just like a research report and written before the research
project
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A. Descriptive research
B. Exploratory research
C. Applied research
D. Explanatory research
VUSTUDENTS.NING
A. Primary data
B. Secondary data
C. Qualitative data
9- After identifying the important variables and establishing the logical reasoning in
A. To conduct surveys
D. Both A & B
a. Mall interviews
c. Brief interviews
12-WATS lines provided by long distance telephone service at fixed rates. In this regard,
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h. World Air Transport Statistics
13-A list of questions which is handed over to the respondent, who reads the questions
i. Interview schedule
j. Questionnaire
k. Interview guide
14-One of the most critical stages in the survey research process is:
m. Research design
n. Questionnaire design
o. Interview design
p. Survey design
r. General question
s. Accurate question
t. Confusing question
eligible people who were contacted or asked to participate in the survey is called the:
u. Response rate
v. Participation rate
w. Inflation rate
17-To obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, when we ask general question before a
y. Research technique
z. Qualitative technique
dd. Pre-testing
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ee. Lab experiments
VUSTUDENTS.NING
mm. Manager
qq. Manager
A. Categorical variable
B. Discontinuous variable
C. Both A & B
A. Descriptive Hypothesis
B. Directional Hypothesis
C. Relational Hypothesis
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C. Both A & B
A. Deterministic
B. Rationalism
C. Empirical
D. Abstraction
A. Variables
B. Hypothesis
C. Concept
D. Theory
A. Field research
B. Descriptive research
C. Basic research
D. Applied research
E. Mall interviews
G. Brief interviews
28- ……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking general
I. Research technique
J. Qualitative technique
K. Funnel technique
L. Quantitative technique
29-In, ___________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of
the interview.
M. Field interview
N. Telephonic interview
O. Both A and B
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Q. Pretest
R. Posttest
S. Matching
T. Experiment
B. Research solution
C. Reasoning
D. Previous findings
A. Logical understanding
B. Identification of events
C. Prior knowledge
evidence?
A. Opinion
B. Empiricism
C. Speculation
D. Rationalism
VUSTUDENTS.NING
A. Health care
B. Religion
C. Business
D. Government offices
35- All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;
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37-If a researcher is studying the effect of using laptops in his classroom to ascertain their
merit and worth; he is likely conducting which of the following types of research?
A. Experimental
B. Applied
C. Basic
D. Evaluation
A. If
B. How
C. Why
D. What
39- Which of the following is not the source for getting information for exploratory
research?
A. Content analysis
B. Survey
C. Case study
D. Pilot study
41- A variable that is presumed to cause a change in another variable is known as:
A. Discontinuous variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Independent variable
D. Intervening variable
A. An extraneous variable
B. A dependent variable
C. A data set
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D. A constant
A. Leadership
A. Age
B. Annual income
D. Religion
A. Discontinuous variable
B. Continuous variable
C. Dependent variable
D. Independent variable
A. Alternative
B. Null
C. Co relational
D. Research
A. Informal test
B. Significance test
C. Moderating test
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D. T-test
A. Context review
B. Integrated review
C. Theoretical review
D. Methodological review
50-After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the reference, EXCEPT;
A. Volumes
B. Titles
C. Price
A. Field research
B. Descriptive research
C. Basic research
D. Applied research
A. Mall interviews
C. Brief interviews
53- ____________is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking
A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique
D. Quantitative technique
54- In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
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55- Randomization of test units is a part of ______________
A. Pretest
B. Posttest
C. Matching
D. Experiment
56- Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?
b. Generalisability
c. Operationalization
58- How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of
_________.
a. Intensity
b. Space
c. Frequency
d. Direction
VUSTUDENTS.NING
a. High
b. Moderate
c. Low
d. Nil
the example of .
a. Quota sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Judgmental sampling
d. Purposive sampling
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61- In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in
the study.
1. Experiment
2. Hypothesis
3. Theoretical framework
4. Research design
62- In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect
1. Dependent variable
2. Extraneous variable
3. Independent variable
4. Confounding variable
1. Hypothesis
2. Results
3. Procedure
4. Sensitivity
64- The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.
1. Telephonic interview
2. Personal interview
3. Unstructured interview
4. Structured interview
65-The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from those
2. Non-probability sampling
3. Sampling error
4. Probability sampling
66- In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of
selection.
1. Purposive sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Stratified sampling
67- ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure
1. Reliability
2. Replicability
3. Scaling
4. Validity
68- A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. She
interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are
considered as:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary Sources
3. External critics
4. Internal critics
69- Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?
proportions
70- Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship can
be established.
1. Strong
2. Linear
3. Weak
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4. Cause and Effect
E. Categorical variable
F. Discontinuous variable
G. Both A & B
E. Descriptive Hypothesis
F. Directional Hypothesis
G. Relational Hypothesis
G. Both A & B
E. Deterministic
F. Rationalism
G. Empirical
H. Abstraction
E. Variables
F. Hypothesis
G. Concept
H. Theory
U. Field research
V. Descriptive research
W. Basic research
X. Applied research
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Y. Mall interviews
76.……… is used to obtain the freest opinion of the respondent, by asking general
77.In, ……… the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and direction of the
interview.
KK. Pretest
LL. Posttest
MM. Matching
NN. Experiment
79. In ___________, the researcher attempts to control and/ or manipulate the variables in
the study.
1. Experiment
2. Hypothesis
3. Theoretical framework
4. Research design
80. In an experimental research study, the primary goal is to isolate and identify the effect
1. Dependent variable
2. Extraneous variable
3. Independent variable
4. Confounding variable
1. Hypothesis
2. Results
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3. Procedure
4. Sensitivity
82. The interview in which questions are already prepared is called ________.
1. Telephonic interview
2. Personal interview
3. Unstructured interview
4. Structured interview
83. The numerical description that describe sample may be expected to differ from those
1. Sampling design
2. Non-probability sampling
3. Sampling error
4. Probability sampling
84. In ______________ , each population element has a known and equal chance of
selection.
1. Purposive sampling
2. Quota sampling
3. Stratified sampling
85. ______ is the evidence that the instrument, techniques, or process used to measure
1. Reliability
2. Replicability
3. Scaling
4. Validity
86. A researcher is interested in studying why the “new math” of the 1960s failed. She
interviews several teachers who used the new math during the 1960s. These teachers are
considered as:
1. Primary sources
2. Secondary Sources
3. External critics
4. Internal critics
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87. Which of the following is NOT true about stratified random sampling?
proportions
88. Experimental design is the only appropriate design where_________ relationship can
be established.
1. Strong
2. Linear
3. Weak
B. Research solution
C. Reasoning
D. Previous findings
A. Logical understanding
B. Identification of events
C. Prior knowledge
VUSTUDENTS.NING
evidence?
A. Opinion
B. Empiricism
C. Speculation
D. Rationalism
A. Health care
B. Religion
C. Business
D. Government offices
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93. All of the following are true statements about action research, EXCEPT;
A. Experimental
B. Applied
C. Basic
D. Evaluation
question?
A. If
B. How
C. Why
D. What
97. Which of the following is not the source for getting information for
exploratory research?
A. Content analysis
B. Survey
C. Case study
D. Pilot study
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98. Which of the following is the main quality of a good theory?
A. Leadership
known as:
A. Discontinuous variable
B. Dependent variable
C. Independent variable
D. Intervening variable
A. An extraneous variable
B. A dependent variable
C. A data set
D. A constant
variable?
A. Age
B. Annual income
D. Religion
A. Discontinuous variable
B. Continuous variable
C. Dependent variable
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D. Independent variable
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A. Alternative
B. Null
C. Correlational
D. Research
107. Which type of review compares how different theories address an issue?
A. Context review
B. Integrated review
C. Theoretical review
D. Methodological review
108. After you locate a source, you should write down all details of the
reference, EXCEPT;
A. Volumes
B. Titles
C. Price
109. What is the primary focus of establishment surveys in this case study?
110. Which one of following is generally common in establishment survey and household
survey?
A. Cognitive recall
B. Homogenous respondents
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C. Error free
D. Response burden
111. Which one of the following is not of important consideration in establishment survey
A. Response burden
B. Professional terminology
C. Cognitive recall
D. Use of Records
112. Which of the following method of data collection is not discussed in the case study?
A. Questionnaires
B. Interviews
C. Mail survey
D. Observations
113. Which of the following sampling technique is used for Employee Turnover and Job
Openings survey?
B. Cluster sampling
C. Stratified sampling
D. Convenience sampling
114. Which one of the following is the limitation of establishment survey in this case
study?
A. Cost
B. Limited data
C. Unskilled interviewer
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115. Which of the following is not the part of specific protocol of focus groups in ETJO?
B. Definition
C. Availability of records
D. Cognitive recall
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116. Which of the following is the draw back of pretest interview in ETJO survey?
C. Probing
D. Questionnaire format
117. Which of the following method of data collection is not used in the case study?
A. Questionnaires
B. Focus groups
C. Correlational method
D. Secondary data
occupation
119. Which of the following is the basic purpose of pretest interview in this case study?
120. Which one of the following sampling type is used in operations test to select the
units?
B. Cluster sampling
C. Quota sampling
D. Judgment sampling
121. Which of the following is the basic purpose of Response analysis survey in the case
study?
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C. To develop the questionnaire for ETJO
122. After Operation test, which of the following test findings were suggested by the
researcher?
123. In which one of the following stage researcher consult the literature?
A. Operation test
D. Pretest interviews
124. Which one of the following sampling type is used in Response analysis survey
(RAS)?
B. Cluster sampling
C. Quota sampling
D. Stratified sampling
125. Which one of the following could be helpful for minimizing the bias in this case
study?
A. Cognitive research
B. Focus group
C. Pretest Interview
126. Which one of the following is useful in assessing and clarifying concepts and
A. Operation test
C. Focus group
VUSTUDENTS.NING
127. Which one of the following can be more helpful than others in order to determine the
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exact source of measurement errors in establishment survey?
A. Focus group
B. Operation test
(1) Review of literature shows the incredibility of the body of knowledge and identifies the
points at which the researcher made the research area ambiguous and unclear. (False)
(2) The literature survey provides a solid foundation for developing the theoretical
framework. (True)
(3) The hypothesis should not only be specific to a place and situation but also these should
(5) A literature review does not consider the prior studies, their agreements or
(1) Research hypothesis is formulated by the researcher which suggests the nature of
(2) Correlational hypothesis merely states that the variables occur together and does not
(3) Longitudinal type of research examine feature of any unit at more than one time.
(4) Historical review traces the development of an idea or shows how a particular issue or
6. Validity problems occur when the researcher’s theoretical definition does not
information.
9. Experiments are best for topics where the researcher controls a situation and
13.Three types of longitudinal research are time series, panel, and cohort
14.The research proposal is just like a research report, but it is written before the research
project begins.
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Long Questions:
research?
Answer:
1. Both H-C research and field research recognize that the researcher’s point of view
2. Both field and H-C research examine a great diversity of data. In both the
and people.
3. Both field and H-C research often use grounded theory (theory usually emerges
4. Both field and H-C research involves a type of translation. The researcher’s
meaning system usually differs from that of people he or she studies, but he or she
5. Both field and H-C research focus on action, process, and sequence and see time
process as essential.
Comparative research.
Answer:
Quantitative approach
The quantitative techniques with some minor adjustment can be applied to study the past
or other cultures.
_ The researcher can focus on the issue in one society, few societies or multiple
societies.
_ The researcher can focus on the issue in one time in the past or examine the issue
_ The researcher can focus on the issue in the present or a recent past period.
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qualitative data.
Qualitative approach
_ The researcher must be able to take on, mentally, the circumstances, views, and
Question # 01
(Marks: 04)
Solution:
Concrete Concepts:
Abstract concepts:
Abstract concepts refer to ideas that have a scattered meaning or an indirect expression
The difference between concrete and abstract concepts can be expressed with some
characterizations like,
1. Abstract concepts have only relational properties while concrete concepts have some
fundamental properties.
3. Abstract concepts are sets (generalized) and concrete concepts are individuals
(specified).
4. Concrete concepts are known by observation whereas abstract concepts are known in
Example
Publication
News Paper
Question # 02
Given the situation below, Discuss with reason into which category they fall
Scenario 1:
A university professor wanted to analyze in depth the reasons for absenteeism of employees
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in organizations. Fortunately, a company within 20 miles of the campus employed her as a
Solution:
It is Explanatory research as the purpose is to find out the reasons for a phenomenon i.e.
It is applied research since, the problem is being faced by an organization and the research
Scenario 2:
A research scientist surveys 1,000 employees in different organizational settings to study the
efficacy of several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus. He subsequently
Solution:
It is Descriptive research, as, the research question only finds out the special effects of
several types of nasal sprays in controlling the flu virus in different organizational settings. It
It is a Basic research since the underlying purpose is to expand the frontier of knowledge
Question#01:
As per above given query, explain the following components of Theoretical frame work;
(Marks: 10)
iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists
Ans:
decision making), Lack of other benefits (bonus, appraisals, conveyance facilities, etc), Poor
working ambiance
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d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists
iii) Give clear explanation why you should expect the proposed relationship exists?
a) Between salary & turn-over negative relationship exists because in current era a good
salary package has more attraction for employees to remain in the same organization. So
organizations that keep themselves up-dated with privileged market salary packages
b) Between flexible working hours & turn-over negative relationship exists because flexibility
in working hours give some relaxation to employees especially in case when their targets
decision making raise confidence of employee and motivation level. So, organization
d) Between extra benefits & turn-over negative relationship exists. The organizations offer
different packages like bonuses, conveyance facilities etc, such organizations have more
e) Between ambiance & turn-over negative relationship exists. Working ambiance does
matter a lot. Good ambiance that help in releasing working stress increase the employee
Question#02:
What is meant by a Research Proposal? Explain briefly. Also mention at what time a
Ans:
A research proposal is a document that plans how and in which manner a research will be
conducted. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. Such proposals must offer
convincing support for your research topic. It means the topic/issue for which research study is
being proposed should be sound enough to conduct a worthy research. The proposal must
describe a detailed methodology for conducting the research i.e. which tools are going to be used
in your research.
More over when writing a proposal it is well to assume that reader of your proposal is interested
• What do you want to do, how much will it cost, and how much time will it take?
• What has already been done in the area of your project?
• How do you plan to do it?
• How will the results be evaluated?
A good proposal is that which well defines these questions and convinces the reader that
research on specified issue is needed to conduct. So, the research proposal is submitted before
starting the research project because in this you plan how the data will be collected and analyzed.
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Q. Explain the difference between these terms with one example of each.
Population refers to the entire group of people, events or things of interest that the
Target population is the complete group of specific population elements relevant to the
research project.
Example
multinationals in Pakistan.
All the employees working in multinationals in FMCG sector in Pakistan will be the
target population.
A sampling unit is that element or set of elements considered for selection in some stage
of sampling.
information is collected.
Example
In the above example the researcher selects employees from three FMCG multinationals
(Procter and Gamble, Unilever and Nestle) for data collection. Among these employees
he selected First Line Managers for collecting the data. Among all First Line Manager he
In this example the employees from three FMCGs (Procter and Gamble, Unilever and
Nestle) are the primary sampling unit, all the First Line managers are the secondary/ final
sampling unit and the selected First Line managers are the observation unit.
Example
In the above example the mean productivity of all the employees working in the
multinational is the Parameter and the mean productivity of the First Line managers from
Solution:
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Definition of Research:
Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions by gathering the
needed information. General image of the research is that it has something to do with the
laboratory where scientists are supposedly doing some experiments. Research is simply the
process of finding solutions to a problem after thorough study and analysis of the situational
factors. In research, we try to follow a system or a procedure in an organized manner. It is all the
more necessary in case we want to repeat the study, or somebody else wants to verify our
findings. In the latter case the other person has to follow the same procedure that we followed.
Hence not only we have to do the study in a systematic manner but also that system should be
known to others.
The Scientific method of Research is a procedure to produce knowledge and to discover the
1. Empirical
Scientific method is concerned with the realities that are observable through “sensory
the realities could be directly observed, like the number of students present in the class and how
many of them are male and how many female. The same students have attitudes, values,
motivations, aspirations, and commitments. These are also realities which cannot be observed
directly, but the researchers have designed ways to observe these indirectly. Any reality that
cannot be put to “sensory experience” directly or indirectly (existence of heaven, the Day of
Judgment, life hereafter, God’s rewards for good deeds) does not fall within the domain of
scientific method.
2. Verifiable
Observations made through scientific method are to be verified again by using the senses to
confirm or refute the previous findings. Such confirmations may have to be made by the same
researcher or others. We will place more faith and credence in those findings and conclusions if
similar findings emerge on the basis of data collected by other researchers using the same
methods. To the extent that it does happen (i.e. the results are replicated or repeated) we will
gain confidence in the scientific nature of our research. Replicability, in this way, is an important
characteristic of scientific method. Hence revelations and intuitions are out of the domain of
scientific method.
3. Cumulative
Prior to the start of any study the researchers try to scan through the literature and see that their
study is not a repetition in ignorance. Instead of reinventing the wheel the researchers take stock
of the existing body of knowledge and try to build on it. Also the researchers do
not leave their research findings into scattered bits and pieces. Facts and figures are to be
provided with language and thereby inferences drawn. The results are to be organized and
systematized. Nevertheless, we don’t want to leave our studies as stand alone. A linkage
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between the present and the previous body of knowledge has to be established, and that is how
4. Deterministic
Science is based on the assumption that all events have antecedent causes that are subject to
identification and logical understanding. For the scientist, nothing “just happens” – it happens for
a reason. The scientific researchers try to explain the emerging phenomenon by identifying its
causes. Of the identified causes which ones can be the most important? For example, in the
2006 BA/BS examination of the Punjab University 67 percent of the students failed. What could
be the determinants of such a mass failure of students? The researcher may try to explain this
phenomenon and come up with variety of reasons which may pertain to students, teachers,
administration, curriculum, books, examination system, and so on. Looking into such a large
number of reasons may be highly cumbersome model for problem solution. It might be
appropriate to tell, of all these factors which one is the most important. The researcher tries to
narrow down the number of reasons in such a way that some action could taken.
The conclusions drawn through interpretation of the results of data analysis should be objective;
that is, they should be based on the facts of the findings derived from actual data, and not on our
own subjective or emotional values. For instance, if we had a hypothesis that stated that greater
participation in decision making will increase organizational commitment, and this was not
supported by the results, it makes no sense if the researcher continues to argue that increased
opportunities for employee participation would still help. Such an argument would be based, not
on the factual, data based research findings, but on the subjective opinion of the researcher. If
this was the conviction of the researcher all along, then there was no need to do the research in
the first place. Researchers are human beings, having individual ideologies, religious affiliations,
cultural differences which can influence the research findings. Any interference of their personal
likings and dis-likings in their research can contaminate the purity of the data, which ultimately
can affect the predictions made by the researcher. Therefore, one of the important
characteristics of scientific method is to follow the principle of objectivity, uphold neutrality, and
VUSTUDENTS.NING
6. Statistical Generalization
Generalisability refers to the scope of the research findings in one organizational setting to other
settings. Obviously, the wider the range of applicability of the solutions generated by research,
the more useful the research is to users. For instance, if a researcher’s findings that participation
manufacturing, industrial, and service organizations, and not merely in the particular organization
studied by the researcher, the generalisability of the findings to other organizational settings is
enhanced. The more generalizable the research, the greater its usefulness and value.
For wider generalisability, the research sampling design has to be logically developed. Here the
use of statistics is very helpful. Statistics is device for comparing what is observed and what is
logically expected. The use of statistics becomes helpful in making generalizations, which is one
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of the goals of scientific method.
7. Rationalism
Science is fundamentally a rational activity, and the scientific explanation must make sense.
Religion may rest on revelations, custom, or traditions, gambling on faith, but science must rest
on logical reason. There are two distinct logical systems important to the scientific quest, referred
Solution:
Definition of Hypothesis:
A proposition that can be verified to determine its reality is a hypothesis. A hypothesis may be
defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables, expressed in the
For example,
efficiency.
• The higher the level of job commitment of the officers the lower their level of
absenteeism.
Types of Hypothesis:
1-Descriptive Hypothesis
Descriptive hypothesis contains only one variable thereby it is also called as univariate
hypothesis. Descriptive hypotheses typically state the existence, size, form, or distribution of
some variable. The first hypothesis contains only one variable. It only shows the distribution of
the level of commitment among the officers of the organization which is higher than average.
2- Relational Hypothesis
These are the propositions that describe a relationship between two variables. The relationship
While stating the relationship between the two variables, if the terms of positive, negative, more
than, or less than are used then such hypotheses are directional because the direction of the
relationship between the variables (positive/negative) has been indicated. These hypotheses are
relational as well as directional. The directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the
Non-directional hypothesis is the one in which the direction of the association has not been
specified. The relationship may be very strong but whether it is positive or negative has not been
postulated.
Correlational hypotheses state merely that the variables occur together in some specified
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manner without implying that one causes the other. Such weak claims are often made when we
believe that there are more basic causal forces that affect both variables. For example:
Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.
Explanatory (causal) hypotheses imply the existence of, or a change in, one variable causes or
leads to a change in the other variable. This brings in the notions of independent and the
dependent variables. Cause means to “help make happen.” So the independent variable may
not be the sole reason for the existence of, or change in the dependent variable.
3- Null Hypothesis
It is used for testing the hypothesis formulated by the researcher. Researchers treat evidence that
supports a hypothesis differently from the evidence that opposes it. They give negative evidence
more importance than to the positive one. It is because the negative evidence tarnishes the
hypothesis. It shows that the predictions made by the hypothesis are wrong. The null hypothesis
simply states that there is no relationship between the variables or the relationship between the
variables is “zero.” That is how symbolically null hypothesis is denoted as “H0”. For example:
H0 = There is no relationship between the level of job commitment and the level of efficiency. Or
H0 = The relationship between level of job commitment and the level of efficiency is zero. Or the
It does not take into consideration the direction of association (i.e. H0 is non directional), which
4- Alternative Hypothesis
The alternative (to the null) hypothesis simply states that there is a relationship between the
variables under study. In our example it could be: there is a relationship between the level of job
commitment and the level of efficiency. Not only there is an association between the two
variables under study but also the relationship is perfect which is indicated by the number “1”.
Thereby the alternative hypothesis is symbolically denoted as “H1”. It can be written like this:
H1: There is a relationship between the level of job commitment of the officers and their level of
efficiency.
5- Research Hypothesis
Research hypothesis is the actual hypothesis formulated by the researcher which may also
suggest the nature of relationship i.e. the direction of relationship. In our example it could be:
Level of job commitment of the officers is positively associated with their level of efficiency.
Q: Ahmad is the manager of a restaurant; he wants to see his staff cooperative and
hardworking but his staff is not working well according to his will. He decided to give the
incentives in order to motivate and encourage them but his policy did not work effectively.
There can be many factors behind this behavior of staff that needs to be researched. For
this purpose, he appoints you as a researcher and asks you to discover those factors and
research and what steps you will choose to make a report about the behavior of the staff?
Solution:
The manager of the restaurant appoints me as a researcher to find out the factors behind the staff
behavior. I will take the following steps in order to undertake this research and to make a report.
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These steps are as follows:
First of all I will select the topic which is a general area of study or issue. The topic in this
research is the factors behind the staff behavior. A topic appears to be too broad for conducting
research. The specific issues that need to be researched within the situation may not be
identified at this stage. I will try to analyze the problems currently existing in the restaurant that
needs to be solved and the areas that a manager believes need to be improved in the restaurant
(improving the existing policies). Then I will develop some research questions that a basic
STEP 2: Preliminary Data Collection or to Explore different areas from where I can get
After selecting the topic, I will collect data from different sources. This step may be considered as
part of the exploratory research. An exploration typically begins with a search for published data
and studies. Such sources can provide secondary data which becomes part of the background
information (about the restaurant & groups of people). Some secondary sources of data are
online data, web sites, and the Internet from where I can get information. In addition, information
can also be collected from the people who are well informed about the staff and restaurant,
especially those who have clearly stated positions on controversial aspects of the problem. In
certain situations, I will also focus on group discussions with the staff of the restaurant. Such
discussions can help me in the identification of factors and having clarification of their behavior.
After having discussions with the professionals as well as with the staff to whom the issue relates,
and the review of literature, now I will be in a position to narrow down from its original broad base
and define the factors clearly. Translate the broad issue into a research question. As part of the
applied research convert the management dilemma into a management question, and then on to
research question that fits the need to resolve the dilemma. The symptoms of a problem might
help tracing the real problem. For example in this research, the productivity decline of workers is
an issue. The manager has tried to solve it by the provision of incentives but his policy did not
work. I will find the possible factors like the morale and motivation of the workers having some
other antecedents.
Consultations with the informants and professionals, and the review of literature will help me in
the identification of different factors that are considered to be relevant. Now I will need to make a
logical relationship among several factors identified. This will help in the delineation of the
theoretical framework. The theoretical framework discusses the interrelationships among the
variables that are deemed to be integral to the dynamics of the situation being investigated.
Developing such a conceptual framework helps to postulate or hypothesize and test certain
relationships.
Once I have identified the important variables relevant to an issue and established the logical
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reasoning in the theoretical framework, I will be in a position to test whether the relationships that
have been theorized do in fact hold true. By testing these relationships scientifically, I will obtain
reliable information to determine the relationship among the variables. The results of these tests
offer part of the answers to the formulated research questions, whether these relate basic
Research design is a master plan specifying the methods and procedures for collecting and
analyzing the needed information. It is a framework or the blueprint that plans the action for
research project. The objectives of the study determined during the early stages of the research
are included in the design to ensure that the information collected is appropriate for solving the
problem. It is very important to specify the sources of information, and the research method or
technique (survey or experiment, for example) to be followed in the study. Broadly there are six
basic research methods for descriptive and causal research: surveys, experiments, observation,
Data collection is integral part of the research design; Data collection is determined by the
research technique selected for the project. Data can be collected in a variety of ways, in
different settings – field or lab – and from different sources. It could include interviews – face to
electronic media; questionnaires that either personally administered, sent through mail, or
non participant. Once the fieldwork has been completed, the data must be converted into a format
that will answer the research questions and help testing the hypotheses. The computer can help
The analysis and interpretation of the data shall be the means to testing the formulated
hypotheses as well as finding answers to the research questions. In case of applied research,
the research should be helpful in finding solutions to the problems of the organization or society.
The research report should communicate the research findings effectively. All too often the report
is a complicated statement of the study’s technical aspects and sophisticated research methods.
The report has to be presented in the format as it may have been part of the terms of reference if
it is a sponsored study. I will write the basic factors behind the staff behavior in my report and I
will also give some suggestions to the manager to motivate the staff so that they can work
efficiently.
stion.<l�,<o�w(�>
A. Research technique
B. Qualitative technique
C. Funnel technique
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D. Quantitative technique
54- In, ____________the interviewer and members jointly control the pace and
A. Field interview
B. Telephonic interview
C. Both A and B
A. Pretest
B. Posttest
C. Matching
D. Experiment
56- Which one of the following sets is the measure of central tendency?
b. Generalisability
c. Operationalization
58- How many times the students appear in the research class is the example of
_________.
a. Intensity
b. Space
c. Frequency
d. Direction
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a. High
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b. Moderate
c. Low
d. Nil
the example of .
a. Quota sampling
b. Convenience sampling
c. Judgmental sampling
d. Purposive sampling
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