UNIVERSITY OF SAN CARLOS

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY

Name: Evangelista, Katheline B. Date: October 2, 2014

Course: BS PHARMACY I Approved: _______________

Exercise No. 11

Rates of Reaction
(Title of Exercise)

I. Objectives: At the end of the experiment, the student should be able to:
1. Measure the rate of a chemical reaction.
2. Investigate the effect of various factors on the rate of a chemical reaction and,
3. Explain how each factor affects the rate of reaction.

II. Materials and Apparatus:

11 pieces vials, calibrated vial, thermometer, test tube holder, vial brush, stirring rod,
wire gauze, mortar and pestle, clay flame shield, 2 pieces 100-mL beaker, Bunsen
burner, safety glasses, 2 pieces 2-cm magnesium ribbon, 2 pieces limestone, 0.5 g
powdered limestone, sodium bicarbonate, crushed ice, distilled water, 5 mL of 9M
hydrochloric acid, 3 mL of 6 M hydrochloric acid, Drops of: 0.1 M hydrochloric acid,
5% hydrogen peroxide, and pork liver extract.

III. Procedure and Observations:

A. Effect of the Concentration of Reactants
3 mL of 9 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was placed in a vial. A piece of 2-cm
magnesium ribbon was dropped inside the vial containing hydrochloric acid (HCl)
and it took 45 seconds for the magnesium ribbon to completely disappear.
After, a vial containing 1 mL of 9 M hydrochloric acid and 2 mL of water
solution was prepared. Repeating the procedure, a 2-cm long magnesium ribbon
ribbon was placed inside the vial and it took 2 minutes and 30 seconds for the
ribbon to completely disappear.
Thus, concluding that the higher the concentration or the number of moles, the
more likely it is for collision to occur.

B. Effect of Temperature
2 mL of 0.1 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was placed in each of two vials. One of
these vials was placed in a 100-mL beaker half-filled with crushed ice. It was
 cooled to temperature of 10°C. The other vial was placed in a beaker half-filled
with tap water and the beaker was heated to 60°C.
The vials were then removed once the solutions inside approximate the
temperatures of their respective baths. The vial (1) that was placed in a beaker
half-filled with crushed ice had a temperature of 20°C and the vial (2) placed in a
heated beaker half-filled with tap water had a temperature of 52°C. Each vial was
added 1 microspatula of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). There was a formation
of bubbles due to the reaction. Vial 1 took 1 minute and 32 seconds for the
bubbles to disappear and only 6 seconds for vial (2).
Thus, concluding that the higher temperature, the more kinetic energy there is for
collision.

C. Effect of Surface Area

3 mL of 6 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) was placed into each of two vials. A small
piece of limestone was dropped into vial 1 and it took 30 seconds to completely
dissolve in the acid. A similar sized limestone was grounded into powder using
mortar and pestle and the powder was transferred to vial 2. It took 5 seconds for
the powdered limestone to completely dissolve in the acid.
Thus, concluding that the smaller the particles, the bigger surface area there is to
make contact for collision.

D. Effect of Catalyst
Three drops of 5% hydrogen peroxide was dropped in each of two separate vials.
Vial 1 was placed aside for comparison. Vial 2 was added with three drops of
pork liver extract. It took 3 seconds for bubbles to form in vial 2.
Thus, concluding the pork liver extract serving as a catalyst in the reaction speeds
up the rate of chemical reaction by providing an alternate route for the reaction to
occur.

IV. Conclusion:
Chemical reactions may occur rapidly or slowly depending on several factors,
including concentration of reactants, temperature, surface area, and the presence of a
catalyst. Investigating what factors affect the rate of reaction and how to manipulate
factors to influence and control reaction rate is the subject of this experiment.
The higher concentration of reactants, the more likely it is for collision to occur. The
effect of temperature is if that the reaction is faster due to the increase in kinetic
energy when the temperature is higher. The effect of surface area is when the
reactant’s surface area is big then there is bigger contact for collision to occur thus a
faster reaction. And a catalyst is a substance that participates in a chemical reaction
and increases the reaction rate without undergoing a net chemical change itself.
There are several factors that can influence the rate of a chemical reaction. In general,
a factor that increases the number of collisions between particles will increase the
reaction rate and a factor that decreases the number of collisions between particles
will decrease the chemical reaction rate.
 V. Theoretical Background
 Concentration of Reactants
For many reactions involving liquids or gases, increasing the concentration of
the reactants increases the rate of reaction. In a few cases, increasing the
concentration of one of the reactants may have little noticeable effect of the
rate. These cases are discussed and explained further down this page.

( Brown, L.S.; Holme, T.A. Chemistry for Engineering Students. Brooks/Cole, Thomson
Learning: Canada, 2006)

 Temperature
As you increase the temperature the rate of reaction increases. As a rough
approximation, for many reactions happening at around room temperature, the
rate of reaction doubles for every 10°C rise in temperature.
You have to be careful not to take this too literally. It doesn't apply to all
reactions. Even where it is approximately true, it may be that the rate doubles
every 9°C or 11°C or whatever. The number of degrees needed to double the
rate will also change gradually as the temperature increases.

( Brown, T.; LeMay, H. E.; Bursten, B.; Murphy, C.; Woodward, P. Chemistry: The Central
Science, 12th ed. Prentice Hall, Pearson Education: U.S.A., 2012)

 Surface Area
The more finely divided the solid is, the faster the reaction happens. A
powdered solid will normally produce a faster reaction than if the same mass
is present as a single lump. The powdered solid has a greater surface area than
the single lump.
Increasing the surface area of the reactant increases the chances of collision
taking place.

(Stoker, H.S. Exploring General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry, 2nd ed. Cengage Learning
Asia: Philippines, 2013)

 Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance which speeds up a reaction, but is chemically
unchanged at the end of the reaction. When the reaction has finished, you
would have exactly the same mass of catalyst as you had at the beginning.
Collisions only result in a reaction if the particles collide with a certain
minimum energy called the activation energy for the reaction.
To increase the rate of a reaction you need to increase the number of
successful collisions. One possible way of doing this is to provide an
alternative way for the reaction to happen which has a lower activation
energy.

(Zumdahl, S. S.; Zumdahl, S. A. Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach, Int. ed. Brooks/Cole
Cengage Learning: U.S.A., 2012)