Coordinating Conjunctions

For And Nor But Or Yet So

Below are examples of how to join two sentences with a coordinator :

without Cycling class is a tough workout. I still attend three

coordinator times a week.

with coordinator Cycling class is a tough workout, but I still attend

three times a week.

without Erin enjoys pilates class. She is very strong.

coordinator

with coordinator Erin enjoys Pilates class, so she is very strong.

Conjunctive Adverb

;however, ;besides, ;in fact, ;therefore,

Cycling class is a tough workout; however, I still attend three times a

week.

Erin enjoys pilates class; therefore, she is very strong.

Subordinators/Subordinating Conjunction

although since when while because

without subordinator Work can be demanding. I really

enjoy it.

sentence opens with Although work can be demanding, I

subordinator (use a comma) really enjoy it.

without subordinator Kate loves teaching. It is an

extremely rewarding profession.

subordinator comes in middle Kate loves teaching because it is an

of sentence (don't use a extremely rewarding profession.
comma)
Three Groups of Prepositions:
a. Prepositions of place, position and direction.
b. Prepositions of time.
c. Prepositions for other relationships.

SOME COMMON PREPOSITIONS

PLACE POSITION DIRECTION TIME OTHER

on
above beyond
opposite
across by after except
out (of)
along down before as
outside
among from at like
over
at in by about
around
away from in front of for with
through
behind inside during without
to
below into from by
towards
beside near in for
under
between off
up

Prepositions – Time

English Usage Example

 on  days of the week  on Monday

 in  months / seasons  in August / in winter

 time of day  in the morning
 year  in 2006
 after a certain period of time (when?)  in an hour

 at  for night  at night

 for weekend  at the weekend
 a certain point of time (when?)  at half past nine

 since  from a certain point of time (past till now)  since 1980
 English Usage Example

 for  over a certain period of time (past till now)  for 2 years

 ago  a certain time in the past  2 years ago

 before  earlier than a certain point of time  before 2004

 to  telling the time  ten to six (5:50)

 past  telling the time  ten past six (6:10)

 to / till /  marking the beginning and end of a period of  from Monday to/till Friday
until time

 till / until  in the sense of how long something is going to  He is on holiday until Friday.
last

 by  in the sense of at the latest  I will be back by 6 o’clock.

 up to a certain time  By 11 o'clock, I had read five pages.

Prepositions – Place (Position and Direction)

English Usage Example

 in  room, building, street, town, country  in the kitchen, in London

 book, paper etc.  in the book
 car, taxi  in the car, in a taxi
 picture, world  in the picture, in the world

 at  meaning next to, by an object  at the door, at the station

 for table  at the table
 for events  at a concert, at the party
 place where you are to do something  at the cinema, at school, at work
typical (watch a film, study, work)

 on  attached  the picture on the wall

 for a place with a river  London lies on the Thames.
 being on a surface  on the table
 for a certain side (left, right)  on the left
 for a floor in a house  on the first floor
 English Usage Example

 for public transport  on the bus, on a plane

 for television, radio  on TV, on the radio

 by, next to,  left or right of somebody or something  Jane is standing by / next to / beside the car.
beside

 under  on the ground, lower than (or covered by)  the bag is under the table
something else

 below  lower than something else but above  the fish are below the surface
ground

 over  covered by something else  put a jacket over your shirt

 meaning more than  over 16 years of age
 getting to the other side (also across)  walk over the bridge
 overcoming an obstacle  climb over the wall

 above  higher than something else, but not  a path above the lake
directly over it

 across  getting to the other side (also over)  walk across the bridge
 getting to the other side  swim across the lake

 through  something with limits on top, bottom and  drive through the tunnel
the sides

 to  movement to person or building  go to the cinema

 movement to a place or country  go to London / Ireland
 for bed  go to bed

 into  enter a room / a building  go into the kitchen / the house

 towards  movement in the direction of something  go 5 steps towards the house

(but not directly to it)

 onto  movement to the top of something  jump onto the table

 from  in the sense of where from  a flower from the garden

Other important Prepositions

English Usage Exa

 from  who gave it  a present from Jane

 of  who/what does it belong to  a page of the book

 what does it show  the picture of a palace

 by  who made it  a book by Mark Twain

 on  walking or riding on horseback  on foot, on horseback

 entering a public transport vehicle  get on the bus

 in  entering a car / Taxi  get in the car

 off  leaving a public transport vehicle  get off the train

 out of  leaving a car / Taxi  get out of the taxi

 by  rise or fall of something  prices have risen by 10 percent

 travelling (other than walking or horseriding)  by car, by bus

 at  for age  she learned Russian at 45

 about  for topics, meaning what about  we were talking about you

A simple sentence consists of an independent clause, so it contains a subject and a verb.

It does NOT contain either a dependent clause or another simple sentence.

Examples of simple sentences –

short simple sentence: The dog barked.

long simple sentence: Leaning first this way and then that, the large tan dog with a

wide black collar barked loudly at the full moon last night from under the lilac bush in the

shadow of the north side of the house.

The simple sentence may have a compound subject: The dog and the cat howled.

It may have a compound verb:

The dog howled and barked.

It may have a compound subject and a compound verb:

The dog and the cat howled and yowled, respectively.

A compound sentence consists of two or more simple sentences joined by

(1) a comma followed by a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so): The

dog barked, and the cat yowled.

(2) a semicolon: The dog barked; the cat yowled.

(3) a comma, but ONLY when the simple sentences are being treated as items in a series:

The dog barked, the cat yowled, and the rabbit chewed.

A complex sentence consists of a combination of an independent clause and a dependent

clause.

An example with a relative clause as the dependent clause:

The dog that was in the street howled loudly.

A student who is hungry would never pass up a hamburger.

An example with a subordinating conjunction creating the dependent clause (note the

various positions of the dependent clause):

End: The dog howled although he was well fed.

Front: Because the dog howled so loudly, the student couldn't eat his hamburger. Middle:

The dog, although he was well fed, howled loudly.