Ring Structured Clustering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Integrated Clustering

Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)
(Open Access Quarterly International Journal) Volume 1, Issue 9, Pages 380-390, 2017
Ring Structured Clustering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using

Integrated Clustering
Dr.E.Gajendran
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sree Dattha Group of Institutions, Hyderabad, India.
Article Received: 15 August 2017 Article Accepted: 30 September 2017 Article Published: 12 December 2017
ABSTRACT
The cluster head is selected by the sensor nodes in the relevant cluster and may also possible by the user to pre-assign the cluster heads. The cluster
head is used to transmit the aggregated data to the sink or base station. In this paper, a model of distributed layer-based clustering algorithm is
proposed based on three concepts. First, the aggregated data is forwarded from cluster head to the base station through cluster head of the next higher
layer with shortest distance between the cluster heads. Second, cluster head is elected based on the clustering factor, which is the combination of
residual energy and the number of neighbors of a particular node within a cluster. Third, each cluster has a crisis hindrance node, which does the
function of cluster head when the cluster head fails to carry out its work in some critical conditions. The key aim of the proposed algorithm is to
accomplish energy efficiency and to prolong the network lifetime.
Keywords: Wireless sensor network (WSN), distributed clustering algorithm, cluster head, residual energy, energy efficiency, network lifetime.
1. INTRODUCTION
The dynamic environment of wireless sensor network introduces exclusive confronts like data management,
accuracy, coverage, security and software configuration. One of the vital contemplations in wireless sensor nodes is
the route maintenance when the node moves. The conservative protocols for static sensor network are to be
optimized carefully when mobility is introduced. To learn the performance of these protocols, the mobility patterns
and mobility metrics have to be subjectively considered. Since WSNs has many advantages like self-organization,
infrastructure-free, fault-tolerance and locality, they have a wide variety of potential applications like border
security and surveillance, environmental monitoring and forecasting, wildlife animal protection and home
automation, disaster management and control. Considering that sensor nodes are usually deployed in remote
locations, it is impossible to recharge their batteries. Therefore, ways to utilize the limited energy resource wisely to
extend the lifetime of sensor networks is a very demanding research issue for these sensor networks.
Figure 1: Different components of a wireless sensor node
Clustering [2-7] is an effectual topology control approach, which can prolong the lifetime and increase scalability
for these sensor networks. The popular criterion for clustering technique (figure 2) is to select a cluster head (CH)
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with more residual energy and to spin them periodically. The basic idea of clustering algorithms is to use the data
aggregation [8-11] mechanism in the cluster head to lessen the amount of data transmission. Clustering goes behind
some advantages like network scalability, localizing route setup, uses communication bandwidth [17] efficiently
and takes advantage of network lifetime [12-16]. By the data aggregation process, unnecessary communication
between sensor nodes, cluster head and the base station is evaded. In this paper, a well-defined model of distributed
layer-based clustering algorithm is proposed based of three concepts: the aggregated data is forwarded from the
cluster head to the base station through cluster head of the next higher layer with shortest distance between the
cluster heads, cluster head is elected based on the clustering factor and the crisis hindrance node does the function
of cluster head when the cluster head fails to carry out its work. The prime aim of the proposed algorithm is to attain
energy efficiency and increased network lifetime.
Figure 2: Cluster formation in a wireless sensor network
The rest of this paper is structured as follows. A literature review of existing distributed clustering algorithms,
talking about their projected advantages and shortcomings is profoundly conversed in Section 2. An evaluation of
the existing clustering algorithm LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) and the basic concept
behind this algorithm is briefed in Section 3. Section 4 sketches a precise model of the proposed distributed
layer-based clustering algorithm, enumerating the precious hiding concepts behind it. Finally, the last section gives
the conclusion creatively.
2. EXISTING CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS

Nagpal and Coore proposed CLUBS [18-20], which is executed with an idea to form overlapping clusters with
maximum cluster diameter of two hops. The clusters are created by local broadcasting and its convergence depends
on the local density of the wireless sensor nodes. This algorithm can be implemented in asynchronous environment

without dropping efficiency. The main difficulty is the overlapping of clusters, clusters having their CHs within one
hop range of each other, thereby both the clusters will collapse and CH election process will get restarted.
Demirbas, Arora and Mittal brought out FLOC [21], which shows double-band nature of wireless radio-model for
communication. The nodes can commune reliably with the nodes in the inner-band and unreliably with the nodes
that are in the outer-band. The chief disadvantage of the algorithm is, the communication between the nodes in the
outer band is unreliable and the messages have maximum probability of getting lost during communication.
Ye, Li, Chen and Wu proposed EECS [22-26], which is based on a supposition that all CHs can communicate
directly with the BS. The clusters have variable size, those closer to the CH are larger in size and those farther from
CH are smaller in size. It is really energy efficient in intra-cluster communication and shows an excellent
improvement in network lifetime. EEUC is anticipated for uniform energy consumption within the sensor network.
It forms dissimilar clusters, with a guessing that each cluster can have variable sizes. Probabilistic selection of CH
is the focal shortcoming of this algorithm. Few nodes will be gone without being part of any cluster.
Yu, Li and Levy proposed DECA, which selects CH based on residual energy, connectivity and a node identifier. It
is greatly energy efficient, as it uses lesser messages for CH selection. The main trouble with this algorithm is that
high risk of wrong CH selection which leads to the discarding of every packets sent by the wireless sensor node.
Ding, Holliday and Celik proposed DWEHC, which elects CH on the basis of weight, a combination of nodes’
residual energy and its distance to the neighboring nodes. It produces well balanced clusters, independent of
network topology. A node possessing largest weight in a cluster is designated as CH. The algorithm constructs
multilevel clusters and the nodes in every cluster reach CH by relaying through other intermediate nodes. The
foremost problem occurs due to much energy utilization by several iterations until the nodes settle in most energy
efficient topology.
HEED is a well distributed clustering algorithm in which CH selection is done by taking into account the residual
energy of the nodes and intra-cluster communication cost leading to prolonged network lifetime. It is clear that it
can have variable cluster count and supports heterogeneous sensors. The problems with HEED are its application
narrowed only to static networks, the employment of complex methods and multiple clustering messages per node
for CH selection even though it prevents random selection of CH.
3. LEACH ALGORITHM
LEACH [1] is one of the most well-liked clustering mechanisms for WSNs and it is considered as the representative
energy efficient protocol. In this protocol, sensor nodes are unified together to form a cluster. In each cluster, one
sensor node is chosen arbitrarily to act as a cluster head (CH), which collects data from its member nodes,
aggregates them and then forwards to the base station. It disperses the operation unit into many rounds and each
round consists of two phases: the set-up phase and the steady phase. During the set-up phase, initial clusters are
fashioned and cluster heads are selected. All the wireless sensor nodes produce a random number between 0 and 1.

If the number is lesser than the threshold, then the node selects itself as the cluster head for the present round. The
threshold for cluster head selection in LEACH for a particular round is given in equation 1.Gone selecting itself as
a CH, the sensor node broadcasts an advertisement message which has its own ID. The non-cluster head nodes can
formulate an assessment, which cluster to join based on the strength of the received advertisement signal. After the
decision is made, every non-cluster head node should transmit a join- request message to the chosen cluster head to
specify that it will be a member of the cluster.
Therefore, it can receive every data from the nodes within their own clusters. On receiving the data from the cluster,
the cluster head carries out data aggregation mechanism and onwards it to the base station directly. This is the entire
mechanism of the steady state phase. After a certain predefined time, the network will step into the next round.
LEACH is the basic clustering protocol which processes cluster approach and it can prolong the network lifetime in
comparison with other multi-hop routing and static routing. However, there are still some hiding problems that
should be considered.
LEACH does not take into account the residual energy to elect cluster heads and to construct the clusters. As a
result, nodes with lesser energy may be elected as cluster heads and then die much earlier. Moreover, since a node
selects itself as a cluster head only according to the value of the calculated probability, it is hard to guarantee the
number of cluster heads and their distribution. Also in LEACH clustering algorithm, the cluster heads are selected
randomly and hence the weaker nodes drain easily. To rise above these shortcomings in LEACH, a model of
distributed layer-based clustering algorithm is proposed, where clusters are arranged in to hierarchical layers.
Instead of cluster heads directly sending the aggregated data to the base station, sends them to their next layer
nearer cluster heads. These cluster heads send their data along with that received from lower level cluster heads to
the next layer nearer cluster heads. The cumulative process gets repeated and finally the data from all the layers
reach the base station. The proposed model is dedicated with some expensive designs, focusing on reduced energy
utilization and improved network lifetime of the sensor network.
4. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM

The proposed clustering algorithm is well distributed, where the sensor nodes are deployed randomly to sense the
target environment. The nodes are divided into clusters with each cluster having a CH. The nodes throw the
information during their TDMA timeslot to their respective CH which fuses the data to avoid redundant
information by the process of data aggregation. The aggregated data is forwarded to the BS. Compared to the
existing algorithms, the proposed algorithm has three distinguishing features. First, the aggregated data is
forwarded from the cluster head to the base station through cluster head of the next higher layer with shortest
distance between the cluster heads. Second, cluster head is elected based on the clustering factor, which is the
combination of residual energy and the number of neighbors of a particular node within a cluster. Third, each
cluster has a crisis hindrance node, which does the function of cluster head when the cluster head fails to carry out
its work in some conditions.

Figure 3: Aggregated data forwarding in the proposed algorithm
In a network of N nodes, each node is assigned with an exclusive Node Identity (NID). The NID just serves as
recognition of the nodes and has no relationship with location or clustering. The CH will be placed at the center and
the nodes will be organized in to several layers around the CH. Every clusters are arranged into hierarchical layers
and layer numbers are assigned to each cluster. The cluster that is far away from the base station is designated as the
lowest layer and the cluster nearer to the base station is designated as the highest layer.
Figure 4: Mechanism of cluster head selection in the proposed algorithm

The main characteristic feature of the proposed algorithm is that the lowest layer cluster head forwards only its own
aggregated data to the next layer cluster head but the highest layer forwards all the aggregated data from the
preceding cluster heads to the base station (figure 3). Thus lower workload is assigned to the lower layers but the
higher layers are assigned with greater workload. The workload assigned to a particular cluster head is directly
proportional to the energy utilization of the cluster head. In order to balance the energy utilization among the cluster
head, the concept of variable transmission power is employed, where the transmission power reduces with increase
in layer numbers. In LEACH, each cluster head forwards the aggregated data to the base station directly which uses
much energy. The proposed algorithm uses a multi-hop fashion of data forwarding from cluster head to the base
station resulting in reduced energy utilization.
The cluster head is elected based on the clustering factor (figure 4), which is the combination of residual energy and
the number of neighbors of a particular node within a cluster. Residual energy is defined as the energy remaining
within a particular node after some number of rounds. This is generally believed as one of the main parameter for
CH selection in the proposed algorithm. A neighboring node is a node that remains closer to a particular node
within one hop distance. LEACH selects cluster head only based on residual energy, but in the proposed algorithm
an additional parameter is included basically to elect the cluster head properly, thereby to reduce the node death
rate. The main characteristic feature of the proposed algorithm compared to LEACH is that, the base station does
not involve in clustering process directly or indirectly. A node with highest clustering factor is selected as cluster
head for the current round. This is generally significant in mobile environment, when the sensor nodes move, the
number of neighbors vary which should be taken into account but it is barely not concentrated in the LEACH
clustering mechanism.
In a cluster with large number of nodes, cluster crisis does not affect the overall performance of the wireless sensor
system. But in the case of network with less number of nodes, cluster crisis greatly affects the wireless sensor
system. Care should be done when cluster head selection process by applying alternate recovery mechanisms. In
addition to the regular cluster head, additional cluster node is assigned the task of secondary cluster head, and the
particular node is called as crisis hindrance node. Generally the cluster collapses when the cluster head fails. In such
situations, crisis hindrance node act as cluster head and recovers the cluster. The main characteristic feature of the
proposed algorithm is that, the crisis hindrance node solely performs the function of recovery mechanism and does
not involve in sensing process. In case of LEACH, the distribution and the loading of CHs to all nodes in the
networks is not uniform by switching the cluster heads periodically. Hence, there is a maximum probability of a
cluster to be collapsed easily, but it can be avoided in the proposed algorithm with the help of crisis hindrance node.
5. CONCLUSION
The key aim of this work is to design an energy efficient clustering algorithm for mobile wireless sensor network
that operates in unattended and sometimes in hostile environments. As the sensor nodes are resource constrained
(specially limited energy and limited on-board storage), the algorithm should consume low power and should not

burden the nodes with storage overhead. This paper gives a brief introduction on clustering process in wireless
sensor networks. A study on the well evaluated distributed clustering algorithm Low Energy Adaptive Clustering
Hierarchy (LEACH) is described artistically. To overcome the drawbacks of the existing LEACH algorithm, a
model of distributed layer-based clustering algorithm is proposed for clustering the wireless sensor nodes. The
proposed distributed clustering algorithm is based on the aggregated data being forwarded from the cluster head to
the base station through cluster head of the next higher layer with shortest distance between the cluster heads. The
selection of cluster head is based on the clustering factor, which is the combination of residual energy and the
number of neighbors of a particular node within a cluster. Also each cluster has a crisis hindrance node.
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[71] Boselin Prabhu S. R. and Balakumar N., “A Research on Efficient Processor Design Structure with Reduced
Memory Gap”, International Journal of Research in Electronics and Computer Engineering, Vol. 4, Issue 4,
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[72] Boselin Prabhu S.R., Rajeswari P. and Dinesh Kumar A., “An Analytical Review of Fiber-Optic Sensors and
Biosensors, Journal of Engineering, Scientific Research and Applications, Volume 2, Issue 1, 2016, pp. 58-61.
[73] Boselin Prabhu S.R., Balakumar N., Rajeswari P. and Dinesh Kumar A., “Wireless Electricity Transfer
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[74] Boselin Prabhu S.R., Rajeswari P. and Dinesh Kumar A., “Analysis of Decentralized Clustering Hierarchy for
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[75] Boselin Prabhu S. R., “Reliable Security Approach for Wireless Embedded Systems”, International Journal of
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SK International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Hub, Volume 3, Issue 11, November 2016, pp. 15-19.
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[78] Boselin Prabhu S. R., and Pradeep M., “Implementation of Voice Recognition Wireless Home Automation
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[79] Boselin Prabhu S. R., and Pradeep M., “A Reservation Based Call Admission Control in LTE Networks”,
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Ring Structured Clustering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Integrated Clustering

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Asian Journal of Applied Science and Technology (AJAST)

Ring Structured Clustering Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Networks Using

Figure 1: Different components of a wireless sensor node

380 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Impact Factor: 1.805 Website: www.ajast.net

Figure 2: Cluster formation in a wireless sensor network

2. EXISTING CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS

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4. THE PROPOSED ALGORITHM

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Figure 3: Aggregated data forwarding in the proposed algorithm

Figure 4: Mechanism of cluster head selection in the proposed algorithm

384 | P a g e Online ISSN: 2456-883X Impact Factor: 1.805 Website: www.ajast.net

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