DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TENAGA NASIONAL

CETB412- TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Assignment 1: Transportation System

Road (Highway - Interstate, National)

GROUP PROJECT

No Member’s Name Student ID

1 Nur Fareha binti Abdul Ghafar CE096508
2 Nastenka A/P Sureshar CE095277
3 Muhammad Amieroul Mirza bin Mohamad CE096508

Section : 01
Date of Project : 26/10/2017
Due date for Project Submission : 01/11/2018

Lecturer: Ir Dr Norlela binti Ismail

a) the characteristic of road transportation made in terms of:

Mobility

Mode of transportation is by land transportation using vehicle like cars, trucks, motorbikes, bicycle and
train. For vehicle like cars, trucks and motorbike are used only on urban, intercity, highway roads
whereas for train uses the railways. Travel by auto will involve driving 400 miles through several
congested areas, parking in the downtown area a walking to the final destination.

Accessibility

Direct connection to abutting lands and land uses provided by roadways in the form of curb parking,
driveway access to off-street parking, bus stops, taxi stands, loading zones, driveway access to loading
areas etc.

Type of Service

Arterial road deliver traffic from collector roads to freeways or expressways, and between urban centres
at the highest level of service possible. Collector roads is a low-to-moderate-capacity road which serves to
move traffic from local streets to arterial roads; access to residential properties.

Costs

The fare tickets for public transport ranges from RM 1 to RM 10. Public transport includes trains, bus,
and taxi. Vehicle such as bus, trucks and cars travel using petroleum to move. The cost of petroleum
varies every now and then per litter. Meanwhile train uses coal for fuel or electric.

Organisation

Ministry of transport.
b) The History and Development

i) History

In Malaysia, road constructions has begun since before independence. Before 1957, there has
been a road system linking Johor Bahru in the south with Kangar in the north and Kota Bharu in
the East Coast, connecting main cities between the other cities. After the country gained
independence in 1957, efforts to improve the road system has been done properly and through the
rapid development planning, especially Malaysia Plan every five years which was launched by the
Federal Government.

Construction of roads in Malaysia implemented mainly by the Federal Government and State
Government. However, since the mid-1980s, construction of toll roads has been started by private
companies who then authorized by the government to charge tolls to road users. This road is an
alternative to the existing road network and built with various facilities provided to users.

ii) Development

 The Pan Borneo Highway which is the longest federal road system in Malaysia, with the

total length of 1047.18 km (length measured from Sematan, Kuching to Sungai

Tujuh, Miri). If measured from Sematan (Sarawak) to Serudong (Sabah), the total length

is estimated to be 1900 km (excluding Brunei stretch of Pan Borneo Highway).

 The Federal Route 1 is the earliest federal road in Malaysia and also the longest federal

road in Peninsular Malaysia. Sarawak Federal Route is also labelled as no.1, with same

signage.

 The service roads of Persiaran Raja Muda Musa (Route 2), labeled as 2A and 2B, are the

only service roads designated as federal roads.

 Jalan Gunung Brinchang route 432 is the highest federal road and also the highest

motorable road in Malaysia.

  The Tanjung Malim–Slim River tolled road (Federal Route 1) is the first tolled highway

in Malaysia.

 The Sultan Yahya Petra Bridge (Federal Route 3) is the first tolled bridge in Malaysia.

 Jalan Sitiawan–Batak Rabit and Skudai–Pontian Highway (both on Federal Route 5) are

the only federal roads paved with concrete. Meanwhile, the section of Federal

HighwayRoute 2 from Subang Jaya to Kota Darul Ehsan is paved with asphalt.

 Putrajaya–Cyberjaya Expressway route 29 is the first future federal highway

on Multimedia Super Corridor (MSC).

 The biggest cloverleaf federal highway interchange in Malaysia is Bulatan Darul Ehsan

of Federal Highway route 2 in Shah Alam, Selangor.

c) Issues and Challenges

Road network operation needs institutional and operation level collaboration among
stakeholders. In most of highway network in Malaysia (eg: Klang Valley area), there is lacking in
such collaboration among public and private agencies. While individual agency aims at its own
objectives and goals, there is no regional supervisory body to look after the transport related
societal goal.

As optimum highway network operation often involves cross-agency and cross jurisdiction
issues requiring seamless communication, it is required to develop a common platform for multi-
agencies collaboration. While full-scale data communication might involve huge investment and
complex restructuring equally effective operation may be achieved through formation of
knowledgeable agents interfacing the agencies.
d) Solution for Problem

The solution for the problem in the performance of highway road with appropriate consideration
for:

1. Public health and safety

Problems:
Highway Crashes Compare with Other Causes of Death and Injury
 Every 34 minutes someone is murdered and every 13 minutes someone dies in a
highway crash.
 Every 35 seconds there is an aggravated assault and every 15 seconds there is a
highway injury.
 America lost 620,000 citizens during all wars since 1775 and more than 3 million
were lost on the nation’s highways during the last century.
 In 1998 fewer than 700 people died in airplane crashes and more than 41,000 died
in highway crashes.
 In 1985, deaths from heart disease and neoplasms (tumors) were responsible,
respectively, for 11.8 and 15.6 life-years lost per death; motor vehicle crashes in
the same year were responsible for 37.3 life-years lost per death.

Sources: Cirillo (2001); Rice et al. (1989, Tables 16 and 18).

Solution:

 Psychologist (inattention or inappropriate high speed)

Solution: driver training.
 Human factors expert (incorrect assumption about movement of vehicle in front
or difficulty of making quick decision or driver try adapted to higher freeway speed
and takes time to adjust)
Solution: change in roadway and signal design, driver training.
 Vehicle designer
Solution: redesign of vehicle.
 Traffic engineer (vehicles caught in dilemma zone)
 Solution: need for long-distance detection on traffic signals so that detectors wait
for gap in traffic before turning signal to caution.
 Road designer (too short a transition zone)
Solution: need for longer transition zone to bring speeds down from freeway levels
and need for changes in road-cross section to inform driver that road type has
changed.
Police officer (speed higher than posted)
Solution: speed enforcement.

2. Environment
Problem:
 Mortality & Population Declines and Habitat Fragmentation & Alteration
 Pollution
 Mitigation
 Deicing Roads

Solution:

 Anti-icing chemicals can supplement de-icing processes, and can also be applied
ahead of time to delay or prevent the bond of ice and snow to the roadway, making
mechanical removal easier
 Appropriate design of crossings depends on the specific target species and will
likely vary across different geographical regions. Research can provide the insight
needed to construct wildlife crossings that facilitate passage over roads and
eliminate some of the negative consequences of roads on wildlife.
 Use electric vehicles. Electric vehicles receive their fuel from a linked collection of
batteries. Build Up Public Transportation and Drive a More Fuel-Efficient Car.
Reduce Distance Driven and Time on the Road
 Several factors must be taken into consideration to ensure the effectiveness of road
crossing structures. The diameter of culverts may impact which animals will use it,
as does the presence of vegetation around it. Frogs prefer crossings that are lined
with gravel rather than pipe or concrete. Because some animals avoid the noise of
 the road, the placement of the culvert in areas of lower traffic density may result in
increased use.

3. Society
Problems:
 Displacement and Barrier Effects. It is important to note that this problem does
not lend itself to quantitative measures and yet these impacts also overlap with
several other impact categories such as safety, noise and distributive effects.
 Barrier Effect or also can be called as severance that refers to delays, discomfort
and lack of access pedestrians and cyclists. The barrier effect imposes indirect costs
by reducing the viability of pedestrians, which reduces accessibility for non-drivers,
and causes shifts from non-motorized to motorized travel which increases external
costs such as traffic congestion, parking costs and pollution emissions.
 Visual quality. Transportation projects can cause a significant visual effect on the
surrounding built environment when they involve the building of new structures,
tearing down old ones, or removal of landscaping and vegetation.
 Accessibility measures the relative ease with which desired destinations can be
reached. For individuals and households, access to important lifestyle destinations
is a vital element of overall quality of life. For businesses, good accessibility to
workers, suppliers, and markets is essential to operate competitively. A
transportation project may substantially improve the accessibility of some locations
and reduce the accessibility of others. A location can be quite accessible by auto,
but difficult to reach for travellers without a car.
 Land Use. A transportation project may lead to changes in the intensity and mix of
use for neighbouring real property. This occurs in part as a direct consequence of
changes in land taken up by the transportation facilities, such as roads, transit
stations, and supporting vehicle storage and maintenance facilities.
Solution:

 A location can be quite accessible by auto, but difficult to reach for travellers
without a car. It is important to distinguish accessibility from mobility, which is the
ability of someone to move around.
 The visual impacts of a project can be estimated by using various simulation
techniques to create the different possible views and then surveying area residents
for their reactions. More quantitative measures of the visual effect of a project can
be accomplished by systematically assessing separate components that affect the
visual quality of a transportation facility and its surrounding environment.
 Transportation investments do not always change land use patterns. For example,
if a new transit system is meant to encourage higher-density land use, the system
must be located where there is potential for development; also, the city or county
would need to increase density around transit stops, which is often unpopular with
nearby residents.

4. Culture
Problems:
 Too many young drivers on the road
 Driving while on alcohol
 Speeding without following the speed limit
 Tailgating other vehicles

Solution:

 Each drivers need to take responsibility in their own speed, because sometimes
speeding without care for surrounding can cause death. Need to increase speed trap
in order to minimize the possibilities of car accident in any highway road and also
sew or give penalties to those who did not follow highway rules.
 Parents need to show their children from young, that speeding is not the right thing.
We also need to teach our children that they are responsible for their actions and
that their actions not only impact themselves, but also impact the people around
them.