Perception of relief

The stereoscopy is not the unique way to render

the perception of relief…

Sorry, I thought you

were further !

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Size effects

Distance evaluation: size of the objects evaluated

from experience

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Perspective effect

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Color of the sky

Color of the sky: more intense blue for close planes

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Back - front

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Perspectives

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Shadows

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Shade

Hole or Bump ?

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Colours

MIDDLE
BACK
FRONT
Eye optical system is like a prism
Blue color converges to the nose
Red color converges to the temple
A red object seems closer than a blue one
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Principle of stereoscopy

Left Image Right Image

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Stereoscopic images

Left eye view Right eye view

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Binocular vision

We perceive an only one object as we view

it with the two eyes: points of
correspondance in retina.
These points are localized in the Horopter
area.

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Horopter
Horopter is an area of the visual space which
stimulates the correspondance of points

Viet-Muller circle is theoritical horopter

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Depth perception
We perceived a simple vision around the Horopter area in a
space area called Panum’s fusional area.

Outside this area, vision is double.

The brain suppresses this double vision.

Horopter

Panum area

Right eye Left eye

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Panum area

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Restitution on screen
Principle : projection of 2 points of view on a screen

Compromise: small retinal disparity - depth effect

D G
Screen

Virtual object

Eyes

IOD

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Parallax
Horizontal disparity = horizontal parallax
Defined by the angle RCL

R L
Screen
Experimental studies (Valyus 1962):
Difficulty to fusion 2 plane images for
horizontal parallax with an angle up to 1.5 °
Virtual object

Experimental studies (Julesz 1971):

Vertical parallax: 20’
Eyes
C Experimental studies (CERMA):
Objects with strong edges (high frequency)
are more difficult to fusion

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Parallax

Nil Parallax:

R L
Screen
Virtual object

Eyes

IOD

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Parallax
Positive parallax:

Virtual object

R L
Screen

Eyes

IOD
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Parallax

Negative parallax:

R L
Screen

Virtual object

Eyes

IOD

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Some rules
Constraint:
Horizontal parallax with an angle below 1.5 °
But: relief rendering…

Relation convergence-accommodation

accommodation

convergence

If disparity too important: tire

-> place the main object in the screen plane

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Parallele stereoscopy
Convergent camera would have to be used (as with natural vision)

Problem:
•Important vertical parallax
•Whole the image is well defined (no blurred area)
•We don’t know in advance on which object the observer gaze
will be focused on

Choice of the distance L between the

cameras:
•Natural vision: L=IOD=65 mm
•To perceive in relief objects at 2 meters
approximately

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Distance between cameras

Far vision:
To see far objects in relief
L=IOD more important

Close vision:
Small IOD

Rule: 1/30 rate

Example:
For an object at 1 km,
L=10000/2000*65=325 m

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System of C. Weathstone (1838)

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System of Brewster (1850)

Best matching between

convergence and accomodation

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Anaglyph

Principle:
Correspondance by color filters

According to the human visual system, most

appropriate colors are red and cyan (blue-green)

Rule: red on left !

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Red filter lets pass red light
Cyan filter lets pass cyan light

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Some rules to follow:
•Avoid edges in images
•Parallax criteria (angle < 1.5°)
•Color calibration (screen-glasses)

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Important operations for the creation of anaglyph
•Stereoscopic image acquisition
•Windowing
•Color affectation for each image (left=red,
right=cyan)
•Color calibration

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Stereoscopic acquisition

Choice of the distance L between cameras

•Depends on the scene
•Rule of 1/30

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Windowing
When fusioning images, parallax may not be
at the right place
Parallax is due to the shift between images

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 Windowing

Principle:
•Cut bands on left and right
images
•Adjustment of the depth effect
•Suppression of phantom effect
on the sides

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Colors
•Left = red
•Right =cyan

Practice:
For left image: the red channel is kept
For right image: blue and green channels are kept

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Calibration:

Color calibration with the use of a pattern

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Working flow

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Polarizing filters

Principle:
Assignment of images by polarizing filters

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Polarized light

Filter 1 Filter 2

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Polarized light

Filter 1 Filter 2

The light doesn’t go through (less than 10%)

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Hardware

Aluminized screen
(no polarizing)

Videoprojectors with
synchronized filters Graphical computer with
2 video outputs

Polarizing glasses

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Alternative images

Principle:
•Stereoscopic images projected in alternance on
the screen with 2 synchronized projectors
•Glasses with synchronized obturation
•Assignment right image and left image
•Retina persistence

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History

Process invented by C. d’Almeida (1858)

Teleview system (1922) L. Hammondet and W. Cassidy

Problem:
•Hazardous mechanism of
synchronization
•Headache…

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Actually: use of liquid cristal for the obturation

Technological constraints:
•Synchronization of the projectors
•Synchronization of the glasses
•Frequencies of the projectors

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Autostereoscopy

Auguste Berthier (1896) :

• Image is cut in bands
• One band per eye
• Mask used to affect the portion of image
processed for the good eye

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Autostereoscopy

Berthier process has been developed

100 years leater on LCD screens

(Sharp, Master Image, NewSight)

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Autostereoscopy

Lenticular arrays

Use of refraction of light to affect right

image to right eye

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Autostereoscopy

Comparison of parralax barrier and

lenticular arrays

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Autostereoscopy

Lenticular displays on LCD screens

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