Introduction

This spreadsheet is designed as an aid in performing pressure vessel calculations in accordance with the
ASME Section VIII, Division 1 Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. The calculations contained in this program
are useful for rerating vessels, performing alterations, or for general design studies. The work sheets in the
program deal only with the most commonly used portions of the code. The program is not intended to include
all aspects of the code. Refer to the applicable sections of the code for restrictions. The calculations take into
consideration only stresses imposed as a result of pressure. Other superimposed loads such as piping or
equipment reactions, wind loading, fluid shock, etc. must be considered seperately. Including the introduction,
there are eleven work sheets in the program.

1. Introduction
2. Shell thickness
3. t for ellipsoidal head
4. t for torispherical head
5. t for hemispherical head
6. t for bolted flat head
7. Material properties
8. External pressure on shells
9. Stiffening ring
10. Reinforcement requirement with no added element
11. Reinforcement requirement with element added

Page 1
 Shell thickness

Minumum shell thickness for vessel under internal pressure:

Calculation based on ASME Section VIII, Division 1 paragraph UG-27.

Where: t = minimum required thickness of shell, inches

P = internal pressure, psi
R = inside radius of shell course under consideration, inches
S = maximum allowable stress value, psi. at design temperature.
E = joint efficiency. See UW-12 for welded shells. See UG-53 for ligaments between openings.

The minumum thickness will be the greater thickness of t = (PR)/(SE - 0.6P) for circumferential stress or
t = (PR)/(2SE + 0.4P) for longitudinal stress.

Enter Values:
P= 35 psi
R= 172 inches
S= 17500 psi NOTE: The value of S is selected from the allowable stress tables and
in for the appropriste desig
E= 0.85 Section 2D ot the ASME code. Do not use yield or tensile
stregnth values as in API 653 calculations.

Based on circumferential stress, t= 0.405 inches

Based on longitudinal stress, t= 0.202 inches USE t= 0.405 inches

Page 2
 t for Ellipsoidal Head

Formed vessel heads generally fall into one of three categories: ellipsoidal, torispherical, or hemispherical.

Ellipsoidal: Inside depth of the head minus the skirt is equal to one fourth of the inside diameter of the skirt.
These are also commonly refered to as 2:1 elliptical heads.

Torispherical: Inside crown radius is equal to the outside diameter of the skirt and the knuckle radius is 0.06 times
the inside crown radius.

It will not be readily apparent in the field whether a head is ellipsoidal or torispherical so it's best to consult vendor
drawings and data.

The calculations below are for pressure on the concave side.

Thickness calculation for ellipsoidal head. Based on ASME Section VIII, paragraph UG-32(d)

t=(PD)/(2SE - 0.2P) where t = minimum required thickness of head, inches

D = inside diameter of head at skirt, inches
P = internal design pressure, psi
E = joint efficiency
S = maximum allowable stress value, psi

Enter values: P= 35 psi

D= 162 inches
S= 13800 psi
E= 1

Calculated thickness, t 0.205 inches

Page 3
 t for Torispherical Head

Formed vessel heads will generally fall into one of three categories: ellipsoidal, torispherical, or hemispherical.

Ellipsoidal: Inside depth of the head minus the skirt is equal to one fourth of the inside diameter of the skirt.
These are also commonly refered to as 2:1 elliptical heads.

Torispherical: Inside crown radius is equal to the outside diameter of the skirt and the knuckle radius is 0.06 times
the inside crown radius.

It will not be readily apparent in the field whether a head is ellipsoidal or torispherical so it's best to consult vendor
drawings and data.

The calculations below are for pressure on the concave side.

Thickness calculation for torispherical head. Based on ASME Section VIII, paragraph UG-32(e)

t = (.885PL)/(SE-0.1P) where t = minimum required thickness of head, inches

L = inside spherical or crown radius, inches
P = internal design pressure, psi
E = joint efficiency
S = maximum allowable stress value, psi

Enter values: P= 35 psi

L= 146 inches
S= 13800 psi
E= 1

Calculated thickness, t 0.328 inches

Page 4
 t for Torispherical Head

spherical.

he skirt.

is 0.06 times

onsult vendor

Page 5
 t for Hemispherical Head

Formed vessel heads will generally fall into one of three categories: ellipsoidal, torispherical, or hemispherical.

Ellipsoidal: Inside depth of the head minus the skirt is equal to one fourth of the inside diameter of the skirt.
These are also commonly refered to as 2:1 elliptical heads.

Torispherical: Inside crown radius is equal to the outside diameter of the skirt and the knuckle radius is 0.06 times the
inside crown radius.

It will not be readily apparent in the field whether a head is ellipsoidal or torispherical so it's best to consult vendor
drawings and data.

The calculations below are for pressure on the concave side.

Thickness calculation for hemispherical heads. Based on ASME Section VIII, paragraph UG-32(f)

t = (PL)/(2SE-0.2P) where t = minimum required thickness of head, inches

L = inside spherical or crown radius, inches
P = internal design pressure, psi
E = joint efficiency
S = maximum allowable stress value, psi

Enter values: P= 4500 psi

L= 6.8 inches
S= 30000 psi
E= 1

Calculated thickness, t= 0.518 inches

t is less than 0.365L or P is less than 0.665SE; therefore, code formula is valid.

Page 6
 t for Hemispherical Head

al, or hemispherical.

meter of the skirt.

kle radius is 0.06 times the

s best to consult vendor

Page 7
 t for Bolted Flat Head

CALCULATION FOR THICKNESS OF BOLTED, FLAT UNSTAYED CIRCULAR HEADS, COVERS, AND BLIND FLANGES

Enter values:
Bolt circle diameter 48.625 inches NOTE:
Nominal bolt size 0.75 inches
Number of bolts 52 1. This program calculates the minimum required thickness for bolted, flat
Gasket Factor, m= 3.75 unstayed circular heads, covers, and blind flanges of the type shown in
Fig. UG-34, sketch (j) and sketch (k) of Part UG-34 in the ASME Boiler
Seating stress, y= 9000 psi
and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1.
Gasket O.D., Go = 47.375 inches
Gasket I. D., Gi = 46.375 inches 2. Enter the decimal equivalent of fractions for all dimensions.
Sealing Face O.D., Fo = 47.375 inches
Sealing Face I.D., Fi = 44.5 inches 3. Gasket Factor, m, and Seating Stress, y, for a given gasket material are
Design pressure, P= 115 psi obtained from table 2-5.1 in Appendix 2 of the ASME Code or table UA-
49.1 in the Lamons Gasket Handbook.
Allowable bolt stress at ambient
temperature, Sb = 4. The basic gasket seating width, bO, in cell C24 must be selected from
20000 psi
table 2-5.2 in Appendix 2 of the ASME Code or table UA-49.2 in the
Allowable stress for head at design Lamons Gasket Handbook and manually entered at the cell location.
temp, S= 17500 psi
5. All formulas and tables in the Lamons Handbook are taken from
Calculated values: Appendix 2 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section Vlll,
Bolt area, single bolt A= 0.334 in2 Division 1.
Total bolt area Ab = 17.368 in2
Diameter at location of gasket load
G= 46.88 inches
reaction

Width used to determine basic seating

width, bo N= 0.50 inches

SCROLL DOWN
Basic seating width, table 2-5.2,
bo = 0.25
Appedix 2, ASME Sect. VIII

Effective gasket seating width, table 2- Bolt area req'd

b= 0.25 Am2 = Wm2/Sb = 16.57 in2
5.2, App. 2 ASME Sect VIII for seating

Wm2 = 3.14bGy = Bolt area req'd Am1 = Wm1/Sb =

Initial bolt load for seating gasket 331340 lbs. 11.51 in2
for operating

Bolt load required for operating Wm1 = Bolt area

.785G2P + 6.28bGmP = 230212 lbs. 16.567 in2
conditions selected

Head thickness based on operating t1 = 2.191 inches

conditions

t2 = 0.8865659 inches
Head thickness based on gasket seating

Operating conditions govern

2.191 inches
therefore use t1

Page 8
 Material Properties

MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE STRESS, KSI, FOR METAL TEMP. OF ===

MINIMUM -20 to
Nominal SPEC TYPE/ TENSILE, MINUMUM 150 200 250 300 400 500
100
Composition NO. GRADE PRODUCT FORM psi YIELD, psi
C-Mn-Si SA36 plate, sheet 58,000 36,000 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5 14.5
C-Mn SA53 S/B smls. pipe 60,000 35,000 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
C-Si SA106 B smls. pipe 60,000 35,000 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
C SA179 smls. tube 47,000 26,000 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8 11.8
1Cr-1/5 Mo SA193 B7 bolting (<2.5") 125,000 105,000 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo SA193 B8M2 bolting (<2") 95,000 75,000 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8
C SA214 wld. tube 47,000 26,000 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0 10.0
C-Si SA234 WPB fittings 60,000 35,000 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
18Cr-8Ni SA240 304 plate 75,000 30,000 18.8 18.8 15.7 15.7 14.1 12.9 12.1
18Cr-8Ni SA240 304H plate 75,000 30,000 18.8 18.8 15.7 15.7 14.1 12.9 12.1
18Cr-8Ni SA240 304L plate 70,000 25,000 16.7 16.7 14.3 14.3 12.8 11.7 10.9
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo SA240 316 plate 75,000 30,000 18.8 18.8 17.7 17.7 15.6 14.3 13.3
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo SA240 316L plate 70,000 25,000 16.7 16.7 14.1 14.1 12.7 11.7 10.9
C SA283 C plate 55,000 30,000 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8
C SA285 C plate 55,000 30,000 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8
18Cr-8Ni SA312 TP304L smls. pipe 70,000 25,000 16.3 16.3 14.3 14.3 12.8 11.7 10.9
16Cr-12Ni-2Mo SA312 TP316L smls. pipe 70,000 25,000 16.7 16.7 14.1 14.1 12.7 11.7 10.9
1Cr-1/5 Mo SA320 L7 bolting 125,000 105,000 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0
C-Mn-Si SA333 6 smls. pipe 60,000 35,000 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
11/4 Cr-1/2 Mo-Si SA335 P11 smls. pipe 60,000 30,000 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
1Cr-1/2 Mo SA387 Gr12 Cl2 plate 65,000 40,000 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3
C-Si SA515 70 plate 70,000 38,000 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
C-Si SA516 55 plate 55,000 30,000 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8 13.8
C-Mn-Si SA516 60 plate 60,000 32,000 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0
C-Mn-Si SA516 65 plate 65,000 35,000 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3
C-Mn-Si SA516 70 plate 70,000 38,000 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5 17.5
Aluminum
Al SB309 5083 plate 40,000 18,000 10.0 10.0
Hastelloy G30
40Ni-29Cr-15Fe- SB582 N06030 plate,sheet,strip 85,000 35,000 21.3 21.3 20.0 20.0 18.3 17.2 16.4
40Ni-29Cr-15Fe- SB626 N06030 wld. tube 85,000 35,000 18.1 18.1 17.0 17.0 15.6 14.6 13.9
Hastelloy B2
65Ni-28Mo-2Fe SB333 N10665 plate 110,000 51,000 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5
65Ni-28Mo-2Fe SB619 N10665 wld. pipe 110,000 51,000 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4 23.4
65Ni-28Mo-2Fe SB622 N10665 smls pipe 110,000 51,000 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5 27.5
Zirconium
95.2Zr+Cb SB550 R60705 bar 80,000 55,000 20.0 20.0 16.6 16.6 14.2 12.5 11.3
95.2Zr+Cb SB551 R60702 plate 55,000 30,000 13.0 13.0 11.0 11.0 9.3 7.0 6.1
95.2Zr+Cb SB551 R60705 plate 80,000 55,000 20.0 20.0 16.6 16.6 14.2 12.5 11.3
95.2Zr+Cb SB658 R60702 wld. & smls. pipe 55,000 30,000 13.0 13.0 11.0 11.0 9.3 7.0 6.1
95.2Zr+Cb SB658 R60705 wld. & smls. pipe 80,000 55,000 20.0 20.0 16.6 16.6 14.2 12.5 11.3

Page 9
 Material Properties

ESS, KSI, FOR METAL TEMP. OF ===> cont'd ==>

600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 1050 1100 1150 1200 1250 1300 1350 1400 1450 1500

14.5 14.5
15.0 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 7.8 5
15.0 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5
11.8 11.8 11.5 10.6 9.2 7.9 6.5
25.0 25.0 25.0 23.6 21.0 17.0 12.5 8.5 4.5
18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8 18.8
10.0 10.0 9.8 9.1 7.8 6.7 5.5 3.8 2.1
15.0 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.6 4.6 2.5
11.4 11.2 11.1 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.5 8.9 7.7 6.1 4.7 3.7 2.9. 2.3 1.8 1.4
11.4 11.2 11.1 10.8 10.6 10.4 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.5 8.9 7.7 6.1 4.7 3.7 2.9. 2.3 1.8 1.4
10.3 10.1 10.0 9.8 9.7
12.6 12.3 12.1 11.9 11.7 11.6 11.5 11.4 11.3 11.2 11.0 9.8 7.4 5.5 4.1 3.1 2.3 1.7 1.3
10.4 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.6 9.4
13.8 13.8
13.8 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.0 8.4 6.5
10.3 10.1 10.0 9.8 9.7
10.4 10.2 10.0 9.8 9.6 9.4
25.0 25.0 25.0
15.0 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 7.8 5 3.0 1.5
15.0 15.0 15.0 14.8 14.4 14 13.6 9.3 6.3 4.2 2.8 1.9 1.2
16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 16.3 15.8 15.2 11.3 7.2 4.5 2.8 1.8 1.1
17.5 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5
13.8 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.0 8.4 6.5 4.5 2.5
15.0 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5
16.3 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 9.0 6.5 4.5 2.5
17.5 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 9.3 6.5 4.5 2.5

15.8 15.5 15.2 14.9 14.6

13.4 13.2 12.9 12.7 12.4

27.2 26.8 26.6 26.1 25.6

23.1 22.8 22.6 22.2 21.8
27.2 26.8 26.6 26.1 25.6

10.4 10.4 9.9

6.0 6.0 4.8
10.4 10.4 9.9
6.0 6.0 4.8
10.4 10.4 9.9

Page 10
 Ext. Pres. on Shells

Thickness of cylindrical shells under external pressure. ASME Sect. VIII, paragraph UG-28.
This work sheet calculates the allowable external pressure for a cylindrical vessel having a known outside
diameter, wall thickness, and length between lines of support. It is assumed that external stiffeners are
adequately designed.

Gather the following information and reference materials prior to using the worksheet.

1. Material designation for the vessel

2. Design temperature
3. Outside diameter
4. Vessel shell thickness
5. Section ll, Part D of the ASME Code opened to Subpart 3 (page 621)

Step 1. Enter known values.

Outside diameter, Do = 90 inches
Shell thickness, t = 1 inches
Section length between Note: For definition of a line of support, see
lines of support, L= 920 inches ASME Section VIII, paragraph UG-28(b).

Step 2. Calculate ratios. Do / t = 90 L / Do = 10.222

Step 3. Determine factor A

a. Go to ASME Section II, Part D, Subpart 3, Figure G (page 622 & 623).
b. Enter Figure G at the value of L / Do in Step 2 above. If L / Do is greater than 50, enter the chart
at L / Do = 50. If L / Do is less than 0.05, enter the chart at L / Do = 0.05.
c. Move horizontally to the line for the value of Do / t calculated above. From this point of intersection,
move vertically downward to determine the value of factor A.
d. Enter the value for factor A at cell B29 below. (scroll down)

Value of factor A = 0.00015

Step 4. Determine factor B

a. Using the value of A from step 3, enter the applicable material chart in Section II, Part D, Subpart 3
for the material being considered. The material charts start on page 624.
b. Move vertically upward to an intersection with the material/temperature line for the design
temperature. If A falls to left of the material/temperature line, skip this step and scroll down to step 6.
If A falls past the right end of a material/temperature line, use the horizontal projection of the end of
the line as the point of intersection.
c. From the point of intersection in step b, move horizontally to the right and read the value for B.
Enter this value in cell B41 below. (scroll down)

Value of factor B = 2000

Step 5. Maximum allowable external pressure using factor B.

Pa = (4B) / 3(Do/t) = 29.63 psi

Step 6. Select modulus of elasticity, E. No factor B.

If factor A falls to the left of the material/temperature line, P a is calculated using the modulus of elasticity, E, at
the design temperature. Select the modulus of elasticity and enter its value in cell B52 below.

E= 2.90E+07

Step 7. Maximum allowable external pressure using modulus of elasticity.

Pa = (2AE) / 3(Do / t) = 32.22 psi

Page 11
 Stiffening Ring

This worksheet calculates the required moment of inertia for a stiffening ring attached to a cylindrical
shell under external pressure. The calculated moment of inertia can be compared to the moment of
inertia of a corroded or damaged stiffening ring.The calculation is performed in accordance to ASME
Sect. VIII, paragraph UG-29.

Information and reference material needed to perform this calculation include:

* ASME Section II, Part D, Subpart 3
* modulus of elasticity, E, for stiffening ring material at design temperature
* outside diameter of shell
* shell thickness
* distance between lines of support (see ASME Sect. VIII, paragraph UG-28(b))
* cross sectional area of existing stiffening ring

Step 1. Enter known values.

Shell O.D. Do = 169 inches
Shell thickness t= 0.3125 inches
External pressure P= 15 psi
Modulus of elasticity for
material E= 2.45E+07 psi

Cross sectional area of

stiffener, As = 2.39 in2
Ls= 40 inches L s is defined as one half the distance from the stiffener
center line to the next line of support above plus one
half the distance from the stiffener center line to the next
line of support below. (ASME VIII, UG-29)

Step 2. Factor B calculated

B= 5107

Step 3. Determine factor A

a. Open ASME Section II, Part D, Subpart 3 to the applicable chart for the stiffener material under
consideration. The charts begin on page 624.
b. Enter the right hand side of the applicable chart at the value of B determined in step 2 above.
c. Move left horizontally to the material/temperature line for the design metal temperature. For values
of B falling below the left end of the chart, go to step 5.
d. At the point of intersection, move down vertically for the value of A. Enter that value in cell B38
below.
Factor A = 0.0004

Step 4. Determine the required moment of inertia.

Is= 12.15 in4

Step 5. Calculated value of factor A for factor B below chart.

A= 0.00042

Step 6. Required moment of inertia using A from step 5.

Is= 12.67 in4

Page 12
 reinforcement, no element

Reinforcement requirement for openings in shells without reinforcing elements. Reference ASME Sect. VIII, paragraph UG-37. Calculations
in this work sheet are valid only for circular openings in cylindrical shells or formed heads (flat heads excluded). See paragraphs UG-36
through UG-43.
Enter values:
Inside diameter of
Design pressure 250 psi vessel, 60 in. Shell joint efficiency 1
Nominal thickness of Nozzle inserted through shell, y
y
Design temperature 150 O
F shell, t = 0.75 in. or n
Nominal thickness of Nozzle abutting shell, y
nozzle wall, tn = n
Corrosion allowance 0 in. 0.5 in. or n
Allowable stress for Finished diameter of Distance nozzle projects beyond
nozzle mat'l Sn = 16600 psi opening, d= 11.75 in. inner wall, h= 0
Allowable stress for Leg length of outward Leg length of inward nozzle
shell mat'l Sv = 14300 psi nozzle weld, li = 0.375 in. weld, lo = 0
Correction factor for
nozzle orientation, F= 1 See figure UG-37 for determining the value of F
required shell Obtain the required shell or head thickness for cell B12 from calculations performed using the
thickness tr = 0.530 in. appropriate worksheet in this program.
Calculated values:
strength reduction strength recuction
factor, fr1 = 1.00 factor, fr2 = 1.00
Required nozzle Reinforcing area
thickness 0.089 in. required, A= 6.228 in2

Area available in shell A1 = 2.585 or A1 = 0.550 Use larger value, A1 = 2.585

Area available in
nozzle projecting
outward A2 = 1.540 or A2 = 1.03 Use smaller value, A2 = 1.03
Area available in
nozzle projecting Area available in Area available in inward nozzle
inward A3 = 0 outward weld, A41 = 0.141 weld, A43 = 0.000

Total available area = 3.752 in2

Available area is less than area required. Opening is not adequately reinforced. Reinforcing elements
must be added or thicknesses must be increased.

Page 13
 reinforcement with element

Reinforcement requirement for openings in shells with reinforcing elements. Reference ASME Sect. VIII, paragraph UG-37. Calculations in
this work sheet are valid only for circular openings in straight cylindrical shells and formed heads. See paragraphs UG-36 through UG-43.

Enter values:
Inside diameter of
Design pressure 250 psi vessel, 60 in. Shell joint efficiency, E= 1
Nominal thickness of Nozzle inserted through shell, y
y
Design temperature 700 O F shell, t = 0.75 in. or n
Nominal thickness of
Nozzle abutting shell, y n
Corrosion allowance 0 in. nozzle wall, tn = 0.5 in. or n
Allowable stress for
Finished diameter of Distance nozzle projects beyond
nozzle mat'l Sn = 16600 psi opening, d= 11.75 in. inner wall, h= 0
Allowable stress for Leg length of outward Leg length of inward nozzle
shell mat'l Sv = 14300 psi nozzle weld, li = 0.250 in. weld, lo = 0
Allowable stress for Thickness or height of Outside diameter or reinforcing
element mat'l, Sp = 14300 psi element, te = 0.500 in. element, Dp = 18.75
Joint efficiency at Note: E1=1 when opening is in solid plate or in Category B butt weld. Use efficiency obtained from
opening location, E1= 0.85 Table UW-12 when opening passes through any other weld.
Leg length of outer element
Correction factor for
nozzle orientation, F= 1 See figure UG-37 for determining the value of F weld, le = 0.5
Required shell or head Obtain the required shell or head thickness for cell B14 from calculations performed using the
thickness, tr = 0.53 appropriate worksheet in this program.
Calculated values:
strength reduction
factor, fr1 = 1.00 strength recuction factor, fr2 = 1.00
strength reduction
Required nozzle
thickness 0.089 in. factor, fr3 = 1.00 strength recuction factor, fr4 = 1.00
Reinforcing area
required, A= 6.228 in2

Area available in shell A1 = 1.263 or A1 = 0.269 Use larger value, A1 = 1.263

Area available in
nozzle projecting
outward A2 = 1.540 or A2 = 1.438 Use smaller value, A2 = 1.44
Area available in Area available in
nozzle projecting outward nozzle weld, Area available in inward nozzle
inward A3 = 0 A41 = 0.063 weld, A43 = 0.000

Area in outer element Area available in

weld A42 = 0.25 element, A5 = 3.000

Total available area = 6.013 in2

Available area is less than area required. Opening is not adequately reinforced. Reinforcing elements
must be added or thicknesses must be increased.

Page 14