12/21/2017 Sanskrit alphabet, pronunciation and language

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Sanskrit (सं ृ तम्)

Sanskrit is the classical language of Indian and the liturgical language of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. It is
also one of the 22 official languages of India. The name Sanskrit means "refined", "consecrated" and "sanctified".
It has always been regarded as the 'high' language and used mainly for religious and scientific discourse.

Vedic Sanskrit, the pre-Classical form of the language and the liturgical language of the Vedic religion, is one of
the earliest attested members of the Indo-European language family. The oldest known text in Sanskrit, the
Rigveda, a collection of over a thousand Hindu hymns, composed during the 2nd millenium BC.

Today Sanskrit is used mainly in Hindu religious rituals as a ceremonial language for hymns and mantras. Efforts
are also being made to revive Sanskrit as an everyday spoken language in the village of Mattur near Shimoga in
Karnataka. A modern form of Sanskrit is one of the 17 official home languages in India.

Since the late 19th century, Sanskrit has been written mostly with the Devanāgarī alphabet. However it has also
been written with all the other alphabets of India, except Gurmukhi and Tamil, and with other alphabets such as
Thai and Tibetan. The Grantha, Sharda and Siddham alphabets are used only for Sanskrit.

Since the late 18th century, Sanskrit has also been written with the Latin alphabet. The most commonly used
system is the International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST), which was been the standard for
academic work since 1912.

Devanāgarī alphabet for Sanskrit

Vowels and vowel diacritics (घोष / ghoṣa)

Consonants ( न / vyajjana)

Conjunct consonants (संयोग / saṅyoga)

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There are about a thousand conjunct consonants, most of which combine two or three consonants. There are
also some with four-consonant conjuncts and at least one well-known conjunct with five consonants. Here's a
selection of commonly-used conjuncts:

Numerals (सं ा / saṇkhyā)

Sample text in Sanskrit

Translated into Sanskrit by Arvind Iyengar

Transliteration
Sarvē mānavāḥ svatantrāḥ samutpannāḥ vartantē api ca, gauravadr̥śā adhikāradr̥śā ca samānāḥ ēva vartantē.
Ētē sarvē cētanā-tarka-śaktibhyāṁ susampannāḥ santi. Api ca, sarvē’pi bandhutva-bhāvanayā parasparaṁ
vyavaharantu.

Hear a recording of this text by Muralikrishnan Ramasamy

0:00 / 0:22

Another version of this text

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Transliteration (by Stefán Steinsson)

Sarvē mānavāḥ janmanā svatantrāḥ vaiyaktikagauravēṇa adhikārēṇa ca tulyāḥ ēva, sarvēṣāṃ vivēkaḥ
ātmasākṣī ca vartatē, sarvē parasparaṃ bhrātṛbhāvēna vyavaharēyuḥ.

Hear a recording of this text by Shriramana Sharma

0:00 / 0:13

Translation and recording by Shriramana Sharma

Translation
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience
and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.
(Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights)

Information about Sanskrit | Sanskrit phrases | Tower of Babel in Sanskrit

Links
Information about the Sanskrit language
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit
http://www.sanskrit-sanscrito.com.ar
http://sanskritroots.com
http://omkarananda-ashram.org/Sanskrit/Itranslt.html
http://www.samskrtam.org/
http://www.americansanskrit.com
http://www.sanskritstudies.org

Online Sanskrit lessons

http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/vedol-0-X.html
http://www.elportaldelaindia.com/El_Portal_de_la_India_Antigua/Sánscrito.html

Sanskrit phrases
http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Sanskrit/Everyday_Phrases
http://or.girgit.chitthajagat.in/samskrit.wordpress.com/

Sanskrit dictionaries
http://www.uni-koeln.de/phil-fak/indologie/tamil/cap_search.html
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/centers/lrc/eieol/vedol-0-X.html
http://www.elportaldelaindia.com/El_Portal_de_la_India_Antigua/Sánscrito.html
http://sourceforge.net/projects/dhatu-patha/

Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon

http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/

Devanagari fonts and keyboards

http://www.wazu.jp/gallery/Fonts_Devanagari.html
http://www.devanagarifonts.net
http://www.sanskritweb.net/cakram/

Sanskrit Library - contains digitized Sanskrit texts and various tools to analyse them
http://sanskritlibrary.org/

Samskrita Bharati - an organisation established as an experiment in 1981 in Bangalore to bring Sanskrit back
into daily life: http://www.samskrita-bharati.org/

Sanskrit Voice - a community of Sanskrit lovers

http://sanskritvoice.com

An archive of Sanskrit dictionaries, readers & grammars in German, English & Russian. (circa 4000 Mb Book
Scans, devanagari fonts): http://groups.google.com/group/Nagari

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Free Diwali Cards
http://www.diwali-cards.com
http://www.123diwali.com/

ALPHABETUM - a Unicode font specifically designed for ancient scripts, including classical & medieval Latin,
ancient Greek, Etruscan, Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan, Messapic, Picene, Iberian, Celtiberian, Gothic, Runic, Old &
Middle English, Hebrew, Sanskrit, Old Nordic, Ogham, Kharosthi, Glagolitic, Old Cyrillic, Phoenician, Avestan,
Ugaritic, Linear B, Anatolian scripts, Coptic, Cypriot, Brahmi, Old Persian cuneiform:
http://guindo.pntic.mec.es/~jmag0042/alphabet.html

Indo-Aryan languages
Awadhi, Assamese, Bengali, Bhojpuri, Chakma, Dhivehi, Domari, Fiji Hindi, Gujarati, Hajong, Hindi, Kashmiri,
Konkani, Kotia, Kutchi, Magahi, Maithili, Marathi, Marwari, Modi, Nepali, Odia, Palula, Punjabi, Rajasthani,
Rohingya, Romani, Saraiki, Sarnámi Hindustani, Sindhi, Sinhala, Shina, Sourashtra, Sugali, Sylheti, Urdu

Languages written with the Devanāgarī alphabet

Awadhi, Bodo, Bhojpuri, Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Kurukh, Magahi, Maithili, Marathi, Marwari, Mundari, Nepal
Bhasa / Newari, Nepali, Pali, Rajasthani, Sanskrit, Saraiki, Shina, Sindhi, Sunuwar, Sylheti

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