TELECOMMUNICATION

SYSTEM
 INTRODUCTION
• Telecommunication is the transmission of signals
over a distance for the purpose of communication.

• Telecommunication includes :
i) Main telephones
ii) Internal communication telephones
iii) Paging and alarm system
iv) Radio
v) Other specialist equipment
 INTRODUCTION
• The telephone is :

 A telecommunications device that transmits and

receives sound (most commonly speech), usually
two people conversing but occasionally three or
more.

 A sophisticated network of switching circuitry allows

a caller to dial and be connected to a desired party
at the far end.

 Function : is to carry voice signal and computer data

signal.
 INTRODUCTION
• Telekom Malaysia (TM) is the company which
provides the telephone services in Malaysia. A cabled
infrastructure for the telephone services has been installed
by TM which consists of :

i) Telephone lines
ii) Exchanger
iii) Distribution frames and telephone cabinets
iv) Distribution points

• The subscriber also requires a telephone wiring infrastructure

within the building. If the building has many telephone users,
then it may have a premise telephone system.
 THE INSTALLATION OF THE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM
i) Telephone lines

• A telephone line or telephone

circuit is a single-user circuit
on a telephone
communications system.

• Typically this refers to the

physical wire or other signaling
medium connecting the user's
telephone apparatus to the
telecommunications network.
 THE INSTALLATION OF THE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM

ii) Main Telephone Exchange

• Each telephone exchange serves a certain area of radii, depending on

the number of consumer. Hence, there may be more than 1 telephone
exchanger in one area. i.e. section 11 and section 18 Shah Alam

• Functions : - service network

- main control centre
- supplies electricity to telephone
- equipped with MDF – processes telephone calls, changes
sound waves and vice versa, connect telephone lines from
users of different areas of telephone exchange to another
one
 THE INSTALLATION OF THE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM
iii) Distribution frames
and telephone
cabinets

- domestic users, cable are

brought into cabinets
- same concept with MDF but
cater certain area e.g.
Section 11
- cabinet - metal container
built above ground,
normally at the roadside
shaped like a rocket
 THE INSTALLATION OF THE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM

iv) Distribution
points/overhead
pole

- From cabinets, cables are

brought up to telephone
poles;35m maximum
distance apart
THE INSTALLATION OF THE TELEPHONE
SYSTEM
v) Manhole
- local network start and underground cable to
be connected to user
- distance from one manhole and another is
180m
- normally pre-cast manhole
- as a passage for cables to be connected to
cabinets

vi) Types of cables

- cables connected to cabinets are called
prime/main cable
 Overhead
cable
cabinet Overhead
pole
MDF

E-side
cable D-side Internal
cable wiring

Internal
Distribution Frame

E-side
cable

Subscriber
Distribution Frame
 Meaning of a telephone number

06 [03] 7766 8884

National
code Terminal code
(Main (telephone
District code
Exchange) cabinet and
State code (Branch
telephone set)
(Main Exchange)
Exchange)
 TM TELEPHONE SYSTEM

Services serve into building categories :

Category 1 Category 2 Category 3

Type of > 5 storey 5 storey & Residential,

building below Bungalow &
Terrace house
Size of Cable with Cable with less Few lines
incoming more than 50 than 50 lines
cable lines
Floor area Less than 7000 Less than 7000 No limit
sq ft sq ft
 TM TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Category 1 Buildings (> 5 storey)

 For this category (large buildings),

at the point just before the buried
telephone cable enters the
building, a jointing chamber will
be built.

 This jointing chamber can either be

a manhole (for a cable with more
than 400 lines) or joint box (for
cable with less than 400 lines) and
is used to help in the linking of the
cable from the building to the TM
underground cable.
 TM TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Category 2 Buildings (5 and < 5 storeys)

 i.e. terrace shop-houses, the cables are run underground

from the main underground TM cable at the manhole or
joint box to a jointing pit just outside the building.
 From the jointing pit, the cables are run to a second
jointing pit just inside the building.
 From the second jointing pit, the cable emerges to run to
distribution point (DP) box at one end of the building.
 The cable is then laid through the length of the outside wall
of the building.
 Junction boxes are installed when a line is to run into a
premise (i.e.: grid, branching or perimeter layout).
 TM TELEPHONE SYSTEM

Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house)

 Category 3 buildings (domestic houses) received their

telephones either through overhead lines or underground
lines.

 Underground cabling is not visible and hence do not

clutter up the area view or suffer from the possibility of
being brought down and snapping by roadside tree
branches.
 TM TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house) (cont’d)

Underground cables

 The main telephone cables are laid in conduits with

surface joint boxes.

 In minor roads, the cables are usually buried directly

in the ground under the footpath or under the road.

 The necessary cross-connection between

underground cables are provided at cabinets above
ground.
 TM TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house) (cont’d)
Underground cables

 The cable for the house is brought inside, as close as

possible to the position of the telephone at ground-floor
level

 To enable future maintenance and upgrading by TM, the

service trench is fitted with manholes at the certain
length of the cable length.

 Most big and medium size building receive their

telephone cables from under the ground (i.e.: category 1
and 2).
 TM TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Category 3 buildings
( Residential, Bungalow & Terrace house) (cont’d)

Overhead cables

External distribution for dwellings by overhead cable has the

following advantages over underground distribution:

1. An overhead cable is smaller and cheaper than an underground

cable.
2. Overhead distribution involves a cable along one side of the road
only to both side of the road.
3. It is more convenient to provide additional lines to existing
premises.
4. However, underground cables are out of sight and do not spoil the
outlook.

In Malaysia it is mostly used for domestic houses and shophouses

PREMISES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Definition:

 telephone system within a building, i.e.: building

telephone wiring system. A large building
(category I & 2) premises distribution system
may consist of:

1. Main telephone equipment

2. Riser system
3. Floor or zone telephone equipment system
4. Internal telephone/switching system
PREMISES DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Category 1

Buildings are required to have the telephone equipment

room (large terminals and lines).

Category 2

Buildings are not required to have the telephone

equipment room because sometimes they do not have
MDF (Main Distribution Frame).
 (1) Main Telephone Equipment

 The main entry cable from the street leads to a distribution

frame (at basement level)

 Interconnects with the controlling switchboards

 Telephone equipment room consists :

- main distribution frame/unit (MDF)

- premise telephone exchange system equipment (e.g.: PABX
or KTS)
- backup battery system
- distribution cables
- technician work room & storage room
- automatic fire extinguisher system
 (1) Main Telephone Equipment
Main Distribution
Frame (MDF)

– a frame which is used for

distributing the telephone cable
into several lines for multi
subscriber with one or more
lines in a single building.

- Lines from incoming cables are

connected to the lines of the
internal telephone wire on
terminal blocks. The terminal
blocks are fixed on a frame.
This frame is Main Distribution
Frame (MDF).
Main Distribution Frame (MDF)

Operation:
i) Cable connected from telephone line
exchange to MDF
ii) MDF consist of Distribution Side and
Exchange side which are located on a
metal frame
iii) Cable comes in from user (Area A)
Distribution side and connected to user
(Area B) Exchange Side
iv) Distribution side is connected to
Exchange side by the jumper wire
v) Earth wire normally located behind D-
side will carry excess electricity charges
to the earth in case of short-circuit etc.
 (1) Main Telephone Equipment
Private Automatic
Branch Exchange
(PABX)

- Is a local private switching system

located at the customer’s premises.

- Switches calls within the building or

between the outside telephone
network and the PABX.

- After the MDF the lines are

connected to the premises. In each
premise the lines are connected to
the PABX or KTS.

- Can goes up to 10,000 extension

Private Automatic Branch Exchange (PABX)
 (1) Main Telephone Equipment
Key Telephone System (KTS)
- An arrangement of telephone equipment located on a premise where
telephone has access to more than 1 trunk line from central office or PABX.

- Each telephone also have access to lines or other telephones on the KTS

- It allows customers to access to more than one outside or internal line and the
telephone set function are including originating a call, answering a call, putting
a call on hold and as intercom device.

- Master key telephone normally designed to screen call to or from other

telephone in the system

- Suitable for office uses where several phone sets

sharing few trunk lines and not suitable for
multiroom premises such as hotels
 (1) Main Telephone Equipment

Backup battery
By having PABX or KTS the backup battery
system has to be fitted in case of electricity
blackout.

Distribution cables
Distribution cables are taken from MDF or
PABX at the lowest floor to other parts or
levels of building. They are placed into a
riser duct.
• i.e. fibre optics – for long distance
communications
Backup battery Key Telephone
 (2) Riser System
 Vertical passage (enclosed by concrete or brick
walls) that carry the telephone cables to various
floors.

 The cable fitted to a cable tray in the riser.

 Riser closet – built-in cupboard type of riser which

has fireproof door, contain IDF (>50 lines) or
distribution box (< lines) which then the cables
split into smaller cables

 Should have extra space for future extension

Riser System
 (3) Floor or zone telephone
equipment system
 Horizontal ducts that laid cables in the floor form
distribution box to either secondary boxes /
junction boxes / terminal points or PABX or KTS.

 Junction boxes contain telephone outlet (telephone

socket or jack; the plug of the telephone set)

 E.g.: Hotel, caters many rooms, thus it use the

branching layout.

 Telephone outlets are found at junction points

which the plug of telephone set can be inserted.
 Duct layout

The duct layout depends on the use of building,

3 types of layout are:

1. Gridlayout
2. Branching layout

3. Perimeter layout
Grid layout

•Suitable for open

plan office floors.
•Junction boxes are
located in the floor
where telephone
outlets can be
found.
•Typical grid spacing
is 3.6m x 3.6m.
•Most flexible layout
arrangement.
•e.g. shopping
complex
 Branching
layout

•Suitable for open

plan offices with
permanent rooms.
•Central feeder duct
with junction boxes
laid on the floor at
the corridor.
•e.g. hotels or
apartments
Perimeter
layout
•Suitable for
partitioned office
with rooms along
the walls.
•A feeder duct
located approx.
450mm from the
outside wall and
has short branch
ducts to junction
boxes.
 (4) Internal telephone/switching
system

 To cater all communication requirements

 Similar provisions are needed

 Types of exchange : PABX, KTS

 PABX (Private Automatic Branch Exchange) depend

on premises size and whether it has single or
multiple occupancy

 Design must be considered all the apparatus such

as; the switchboard, batteries and other apparatus
involved.
Main Cable MDF

TELEPHONE RISER SYSTEM PABX

 CELLULAR
TELECOMMUNICATION
SYSTEM
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
 What is Mobile Communication?
 based on distributing many Base Stations in the country to
assure proper coverage of the mobile communications service
area and offer needed services to available subscribers.
 This kind of mobile service has started late 70s and early 80s and
from that era until now many evolutions have occurred that
changed the face of this service from usability, cost and quality
and quantity of services it offers

 This network was based on the GSM (Global System for

Mobile communication) technology, it had the capability
to carry higher quality of voice calls, basic messaging
service (SMS) and very low speed data connectivity.

 EDGE technology by the late 90s of the last century

brings higher speed of data reaching up to 384 kbit/s
with the introduction of this development
 MOBILE COMMUNICATION
 3rd generation (3G) mobile telecommunication standard
(UMTS) introduction of the using this service internet
connection speed can reach up to 14.4 Mbit/s a faster and
higher quality network to support better services like video
calling, video streaming, mobile gaming and fast internet
browsing.

 This can offer broad band services for mobile users

allowing them be ALWAYS CONNECTED while on the
move.

 The next evolution that is expected to be released soon is

the 4th generation (4G) which is based on LTE (Long Term
Evolution) and WiMax technologies that are promising an
internet speed that reaches 233 Mbit/s for mobile users.
 MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

 A cellular mobile communications system uses a large number

of low-power wireless transmitters to create cells—the
basic geographic service area of a wireless communications
system.

 Variable power levels allow cells to be sized according to the

subscriber density and demand within a particular region.

 As mobile users travel from cell to cell, their conversations are

handed off between cells to maintain seamless service.

 Channels (frequencies) used in one cell can be reused in

another cell some distance away.

 Cells can be added to accommodate growth, creating new

cells in unserved areas or overlaying cells in existing areas.
Mobile Communications Principles

 Each mobile uses a separate, temporary radio channel to

talk to the cell site.

 The cell site talks to many mobiles at once, using one

channel per mobile.

 Channels use a pair of frequencies for communication—

one frequency (the forward link) for transmitting from the
cell site and one frequency (the reverse link) for the cell
site to receive calls from the users.

 Radio energy dissipates over distance, so mobiles must

stay near the base station to maintain communications.
EVOLUTION OF CELLPHONE SYSTEM

ANTIQUES MARINE RADIO

MOTOROLA CAR CELLULAR
TELEPHONE - 1941
TELEPHONE - 1964 TELEPHONE
PROTOTYPE
- 1973

MINIATURIZATION-2006 CAMERA&TELEPHONE-
1997

CELLULAR PHONE WITH

CAMERA-1997
Figure : Basic Mobile Telephone Service Network
 Figure :The interconnection between the three basic
components in a mobile communication system, and the
public switching telephone network (PSTN)
 MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
Mobile Telephone System

The wireless network connects mobile radios to each other or the public switched
telephone network (PSTN) by using radio towers (base stations) that are
connected to a mobile switching center (MSC). The mobile switching center can
transfer calls to the PSTN.
 MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Mobile Telephone System
Basic components of a mobile telephone system are :-

Mobile set (Handset):

 The handset acts as a small radio station equipment

with transmitter ; and receiver (transceiver ) which
has an antenna and push button set to enable the
subscriber to make or receive a call through public
network.

 This mobile or cellular telephone is connected to

cellular network via radio antennas and free space.

 There are three types of mobile telephones available:

Car phones, transportable and handhelds.
 MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Radio base station (RBS):
 RBS handles the exchange between
subscriber and the respected area.

 It serves as a central node for all users.

 Each user communicates with the base
station, which acts as a higher-powered relay
station.
 RBS receives a signal and rebroadcasts it at
higher power (often with a higher and more
effective antenna).
 In other words, RBS provides the
communication link between the cellular
phones, and the Mobile telephone switching.
 MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
Mobile switching centre ( MSC ):

 MSC consists of Mobile Telephone Switching (MTS) and telephone

exchange.
 It handles the exchange from (RBS) radio base station to public switching
telephone networks (PSTN).
 Its functions include cellular network management, network diagnostics and
hand-off control between cell sites.
 The links from MTS to the cell site
may be analog or digital, and may
use metallic or coaxial cable,
microwave, or fibre optic
cable, or in any combinations.
 MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM
COMPONENTS
PUBLIC SWITCHING TELEPHONE NETWORK
(PSTN)
 The PSTN is made up of local networks, the exchange area
networks, and the long-haul network that interconnect telephones
and other communication devices on a worldwide basis.

 Switching centre for

wired telephone
 MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM

Basically there are 2 types of cellular system

:

1) Analog cellular system

2) Digital cellular system
MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM USING
CELLULAR CONCEPT

 Interference problems caused by mobile units using

the same channel in adjacent areas proved that all
channels could not be reused in every cell.

 Areas had to be skipped before the same channel

could be reused.

 Even though this affected the efficiency of the original

concept, frequency reuse was still a viable solution to
the problems of mobile telephony systems.
MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM USING
CELLULAR CONCEPT
 The cellular concept employs variable low-power levels,
which allow cells to be sized according to the subscriber
density and demand of a given area.

 As the population grows, cells can be added to

accommodate that growth.

 Frequencies used in one cell cluster can be reused in other

cells.

 Conversations can be handed off from cell to cell to

maintain constant phone service as the user moves
between cells (see Figure ).
Figure : Cellular area
MOBILE TELEPHONE SYSTEM USING
CELLULAR CONCEPT
 The cellular radio equipment (base station) can
communicate with mobiles as long as they are within
range.

 Radio energy dissipates over distance, so the mobiles must

be within the operating range of the base station.

 Like the early mobile radio system, the base station

communicates with mobiles via a channel.

 The channel is made of two frequencies, one for

transmitting to the base station and one to receive
information from the base station
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

 Increases in demand and the poor quality of

existing service led mobile service providers to
research ways to improve the quality of service
and to support more users in their systems.

 Because the amount of frequency spectrum

available for mobile cellular use was limited,
efficient use of the required frequencies was
needed for mobile cellular coverage.
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
 In modern cellular telephony, rural and urban
regions are divided into areas according to
specific provisioning guidelines.

 Provisioning for each region is planned according

to an engineering plan that includes:

 cells
 clusters
 frequency reuse, and
 handovers
 CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
i) Cells

 A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system.

 The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape

of the areas into which a coverage region is divided.

 Provide by a cell site can be from 1 mile to 20 mile in

dia. depend on terrain & transmission power

Why hexagon and not circular?

CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
i) Cells

 Transmitter facility called the cell site

 Several coordinated cell site are called cell system

 Cells are base stations transmitting over small

geographic areas that are represented as hexagons.

 Each cell size varies depending on the landscape.

 Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and

man-made structures, the true shape of cells is not a
perfect hexagon.
That’s how cellular phone gets its name…
Figure : cells
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
ii) Clusters
 A cluster is a
group of cells.
 No channels
are reused
within a
cluster.
 The figure
illustrates a
seven-cell
cluster.
Figure : A Seven-Cell Cluster
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
iii) Frequency Reuse

 Because only a small number of radio channel

frequencies were available for mobile systems,
engineers had to find a way to reuse radio channels to
carry more than one conversation at a time.

 The solution the industry adopted was called

frequency planning or frequency reuse.

 Frequency reuse was implemented by restructuring

the mobile telephone system architecture into
the cellular concept
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
iii) Frequency Reuse (cont’d)

 The concept of frequency reuse is based on assigning to

each cell a group of radio channels used within a small
geographic area.

 Cells are assigned a group of channels that is completely

different from neighboring cells.

 The coverage area of cells is called the footprint.

 This footprint is limited by a boundary so that the same

group of channels can be used in different cells that are far
enough away from each other so that their frequencies do
not interfere
(see Figure )
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Figure : Frequency Reuse

 CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
iv) Handoff/handover

 The final obstacle in the development of the cellular network

involved the problem when a mobile subscriber traveled from
one cell to another (crossing cell boundaries) during a call.

 As adjacent areas do not use the same radio channels, a call

must either be dropped or transferred from one radio channel to
another when a user crosses the line between adjacent cells.

 Because dropping the call is unacceptable, the process of

handoff was created.

 Handoff occurs when the mobile telephone network

automatically transfers a call from radio channel to radio channel
as a mobile crosses adjacent cells (see Figure ).
Figure 7 : Handoff between Adjacent Cells
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
iv) Handoff/handover (cont’d)

 During a call, two parties are on one voice channel.

 When the mobile unit moves out of the coverage area of

a given cell site, the reception becomes weak.

 At this point, the cell site in use requests a handoff.

 The system switches the call to a stronger-frequency

channel in a new site without interrupting the call or
alerting the user.

 The call continues as long as the user is talking, and the

user does not notice the handoff at all.
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
iv) Handoff/handover (cont’d)

 As the cellular device user moves from one cell or area

of coverage to another, the MSC senses that the signal
is becoming weak and automatically hands-off the call
to the Base station in the next cell into which the user
is traveling (see Figure).

 The purpose of this division of the geographic region

into cells is to make the most out of a limited number
of transmission frequencies.
CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

iv) Handoff/handover (cont’d)

 Cellular systems, allocate a set number of frequencies

for each cell.

 Two cells can use the same frequency for different

conversations as long as the cells are NOT adjacent to
each other.

 Typically, within a cellular network, every seventh cell

uses the same set of channels or frequencies.
 CONCLUSION
The concept of a cellular are:

1. A cellular system allows frequency reused in the

same area by splitting the entire region into many
smaller cells.

2. Each cell has a base station.

3. Because of low power of base station, the same

frequency can be used.

4. For another cell, which is not adjacent (i.e. adjacent

cells have different frequency groups).
 CONCLUSION (cont’d)
The concept of a cellular (cont’d) :

4. Each mobile user is initially assigned a frequency

and communicates with the closest base stations

5. When the mobile user crosses to some other cell,

it is given a new base station, i.e. the cellular
phone exchanges from one channel to another as
it crosses cell boundaries, even while the
conversation is in progress.

6.The RBS are linked together so that a

conversation can pass from one cell to another.
This will link the users in any two cells regardless
of their channel assignments.
THE END