Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
IZCJR UILU-ENG-78-2012
1..150
-~ c.2 CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDIES
STRUCTURAL RESEARCH SERIES NO. 450
-,
J
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
at URBANA-CHAMPAIGN
URBANA/ILLINOIS
AUGUST 1978
ii
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA
SHEET
11. Refon No.
U LU-ENG-78-2012
[2. 3. Recipient's Accession No.
16. Abstracts
This report documents the experimental work and presents the response data
obtained in three earthquake simulation tests of a ten-story reinforced
concrete frame. Changes in the dynamic properties of the test structure,
such as apparent frequencies and equivalent damping, are discussed. Observed
maximum lateral displacements are compared with those obtained from modal
spectral analysis.
. ~
~ :'
'_' '>oJ ......:;,.:.._
18. Availability Statement 19. Security Class (This 21. No. of Pages
Report) 122
·UNrl.ASSIFIED
20. Security Class (This 22. Price
Release Unlimited Page
UNCLASSIFIED
FORM NTI5-35 (REV. 10-73) ENDORSED BY ANSI AND UNESCO. THIS FORM MAY BE REPRODUCED USCOMM- DC 8265- P 74
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I NTRODUCTI ON • • . • . •
~
1.1 Object and Scope 1 !j
1.2 Acknowledgment 1
2 TEST STRUCTURE . . • . . 3
3 TEST PROCEDURE 10
4 OBSERVED RESPONSE . . 12
4.1 Introductory Remarks •.• 12
4.2 Earthquake Simulation Tests. 13
5 DISCUSSION OF OBSERVED RESPONSE 17
5. 1 Introductory Remarks . • . • . • 17
5.2 Apparent Frequencies of the Test
Structure • . • . • . . • • • . 17
5.3 Measured Energy Dissipation Indices. 21
5.4 Response during the Design Earthquake. 22
5.5 General Features of Response . • . 24
6 SUt1MARY 28
LIST OF REFERENCES 32
APPENDIX
A DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK 105
A. 1 ~1a teri a 1 Properti es • 105
A.2 Construction •. 107
A.3 Instrumentation. 108
A.4 Data Reduction •. 110
B NOTATION 119
iv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2. 1 Flexural Reinforcing Schedule .• 33
LIST OF FIGURES
Fi gure Page
2. 1 Test Structure. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Figure Page
4.7 Observed Horizontal Accelerations, Run One. • • 59 .
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.2 Acknowledgment
This investigation is part of a continuing study of the effects of
earthquake motions on reinforced concrete systems being carried out at
the Structural Research Laboratory of the Department of Civil Engineering
of the University of Illinois. The work was sponsored by the National
Science Foundation under Grant NSF-ENV-74-22962
The writers wish to thank D. Abrams, B. Algan, H. Cecen, J. Moehle,
D. Schipper, and B. Volkert, research assistants in the Department of
Civil Engineering for their generous advice and assistance. Acknowledgment
2
is also due to R. Fernandes for his help in constructing the test struc-
ture.
Appreciation is due to Professor V. J. MacDonald and Mr. G. Lafenhagen
for their able management of the earthquake simulation and data-acquisition
systems, and to Mr. O. Ray and his staff for fabrication of the hardware
and assistance in casting the specimen. Thanks to t~rs. P. Lane for typing
this report, and to Mr. R. Winburn and his staff for drafting the figures.
The IBM 360/75 and CYBER 175 computer systems of the Digital Computation
Labora to ry of the Un i vers i ty of 111 i noi s wer.e used for the computa ti ons and
data reduction in this report.
This report was prepared in connection with T. J. Healey's graduate
program toward an M.S. degree in Civil Engineering in the Graduate School
of the University of Illinois, Urbana.
3
CHAPTER 2
TEST STRUCTURE
The frames were then placed on the test platform parallel to each
other on opposite sides of the masses. They were positioned so that the
major axis of the test structure was parallel to the direction of the input
motion (Figures 2.3 and 2.4). The frames were bolted to the platform
through vertical holes in the base girder.
The masses were then connected to the frame. The process began at
the tenth level and continued in descending order, one level at a time,
to the first level. The wooden blocks were not removed during this pro-
cedure and were kept in place until the day of the test. The structure
did not carry dead load until then. The connection of the masses to the
frame was designed so that the reactions at the joints were determinate.
Each story mass was supported by two steel channel cross beams. The
cross beams were positioned so that the weight of the mass would be
carried to the centerline of the exterior bay of each frame. Pinned to
each end of the cross beams were a pair of channels which distributed the
reaction equally to an exterior and an interior column (Figures 2.1 and
2.3). Thus, each joint in the frame was designed to carry one eighth
of the weight of the story mass transferred to the joint through a pin
connection.
To provide stability of the test structure about its weak axis and
to provide torsional stiffness about its vertical axis, steel plate
hinges were provided between masses at each level (Fig. 2.1). The light
hinges were well lubricated to minimize restraint in the direction parallel
to the input motion.
5
(E1) .
S1
= (E1) a 1OJ ~ (2-1 )
where (E1) s 1 and (E1) a 1 are flexural stiffnesses of member i for the
° °
the initial stage of design, it was assumed that the ratio of cracked-to-
gross-section moment-of-inertia was 1/3 for beams and columns.
The damage ratio was taken as four for beams (~ = 4) and one for
columns (~ = 1) in the substitute-structure. These damage ratios were
chosen with the intent that energy be dissipated primarily in the beams
during the design earthquake.
A linear dynamic response analysis was made to obtain modal periods,
shapes, and forces for the first three modes of the substitute structure.
For this preliminary analysis, the modal damping was taken as 10% for all
three modes. Motion was considered only in one horizontal direction.
Trial design moments at critical sections were obtained as the square
root of the sum of the squares RSS moments for the beams and 1.2 * RSS
moments for the columns. The column RSS moments were amplified by 1.2
to reduce the risk of inelastic action in the columns.
A steel reinforcement arrangement was selected, and another linear
dynamic response analysis was made. Shapes of the first three modes of
the substitute structure for this final trial are shown in Fig. 2.6.
The substitute modal damping factors were obtained from the following
expressions (Shibata) 1976
EP .*8.
1 S1
(2.2)
EP.
1
where
P. =
L (r.l . 2 + Mbi 2 - t1 . Mb . ) (2.3)
1
6(E1) . al a1 1
Sl
S . =
S1
0.2 (1 - (1/~i)1/2) + 0.02 (2.4)
7
where
The modal forces for the first three modes were then modified using
equation (2.5) according to their respective IIsmearedli damping ratio from
equation (2.2).
The RSS of the modal beam moments were used for design. The
design beam moment per level along with the yield strength provided is
shown in Fig. 2.7.
The RSS of the column shear forces were used for design of the spiral
shear reinforcement. The distribution of those forces are shown in Figure
2.8. All beams and columns had more transverse shear reinforcement than
required by the design forces to minimize the risk of primary failure in
shear.
The design axial forces on columns were taken as the dead weight of
the masses + RSS axial forces. The design column moments were taken as
8
the RSS moments amplified by 1.2, except at the base where the RSS moments
were used. The first story RSS moments were not amplified by 1.2 with the
notion that inelastic action is difficult to avoid at the base. The distri-
bution of the design axial forces and design moments are shown in Figures
2.9 and 2.10.
An interaction diagram for the columns is shown in Fig. 2.11. The
position of the columns are also plotted on the interaction diagram. All
columns fall within the diagram except the exterior column at the base on
the tension side of the frame.
To investigate the effects of an exterior column yielding, a second
linear dynamic response analysis was made with the same assumed section
stiffnesses as before, with the exception that a damage ratio of two
(~ = 2) was assumed for one exterior column at the first level. For the
most part, the results of this analysis were not different from those of
the original analysis. As would be expected, the moments at the base
shifted from the soft column to the other three columns which had reserve
capacity. The new positions for the base moments for this analysis are
shown by arrows in Fig. 2.11. The distribution of moments from this analysis
is shown in Fig. 2.12.
(b) Reinforcing Steel Distribution
The arrangement of the longitudinal reinforcement is schematically
shown in Figures 2.2 and 2.13 and is given by the schedule in Table 2.1.
The columns at the base and the second level interior columns were
reinforced with three No. 13 gage wires per face for a reinforcement ratio
of 1.32%. All other columns in the frame contained two No. 13 gage wires
per face for a reinforcement ratio of 0.88%.
9
The beams at the first through the seventh levels were reinforced with
three No. 13 gage wires per face for a flexural reinforcement ratio of
1.10%. The beams at the eighth trhough the tenth levels had two No. 13
gage wires per face for a flexural reinforcement ratio of 0.74%.
All beams and columns were reinforced to resist shear forces with
No. 16 gage wire "spirals" (Fig. 2.2 and 2.13). The spirals were continuous
and had a pitch of 3 mm. The joint details are described in Appendix A.
10
CHAPTER 3
TEST PROCEDURE
On the day of the test, the adjustable wooden blocks were removed
from between the masses. At this time all cracks observed on the specimen
were recorded. To locate the cracks, the specimen was coated with "Partek"
Pl-A Fluorescent and black light was applied.
The tightness of all bolts on the test setup was then checked. This
included the connections of the masses to the frames, the specimen base
to the test platform, the instrumentation fixtures, and the A-frame to the
tes t p1a tform (Fi g. 2.3).
Hydrocal was then placed at various locations along the connection of
the base of the frame to the test platform. The hydrocal was used as a
check for slip between the test specimen and the platform during the testing.
The following sequence of operations was performed for each test run:
(1) The tightness of bolts fixing the specimen to the platform was
checked.
(2) The tenth level of the structure was given a small initial displace-
ment to induce a low·amplitude free vibration. This displacement was
obtained by hanging a small weight from the tenth level over a pulley (Fig.
3.1). Free vibration was initiated by cutting the wire supporting the
weight.
(3) The specimen was subjected to the desired earthquake base motion at
the specified acceleration level.
(4) The specimen was coated with "Partek" P-1A Fluorescent and the new
cracks were marked and recorded.
11
(3-1 )
base motion, and w is the "sweeping" driving frequency. These tests will
be referred to as II steady-state tests" throughout this report.
This sequence was followed three times throughout the entire testing
procedure. Table 3.1 summarizes the events of the experiment in chronological
order.
The input motion for the three earthquake simulation tests was the
recorded north-south component of the earthquake motion measured at El Centro,
California (1940). The acceleration level was magnified for each test run.
The maximum recorded base acceleration for the first through the third test
was 0.4 g, 0.95 g and 1.42 g, respectively.
The displacement amplitude, X (Eq. 3.1) was chosen so that ideally
o
no damage would occur during the ste~dy state tests. The driving frequency
was varied throughout each individual run. The value of the driving frequency
was taken as .8 Hz below the estimated first natural frequency initially, and
gradually increased in increments of .2 Hz up to .8 Hz above the frequency at
which maximum response amplitude was observed.
12
CHAPTER 4
OBSERVED RESPONSE
4. 1 Introductory Remarks
(a) General Comments
The results of the earthquake simulation tests previously described
in Chapter 3 are presented in this chapter. The presentation is based
on instrument signals which were recorded during each earthquake test,
and on observed crack patterns of the structure o For a complete descrip-
tion of the data recording procedure, see Appendix A. The process for
marking and recording the crack pattern of the structure is described in
Chapter 3.
(b) Terminology
Certain terms are used throughout this chapter and are defined here
for clarity. Throughout this chapter IItest run" vlill refer to one of
the earthquake simulation tests.
A response spectrum refers to the response of a linear single-degree-
of-freedom system subjected to a given base motion for a given level of
damping. In this chapter the base motion is the base acceleration recorded
during a test run. For each test ruh a response spectrum is presented for
various damping levels.
In describing the base motion, it is sometimes advantageous to use
the spectruD intensity as well as the maximum base acceleration. The
spectrum intensity, as defined by Housner, is the area under the velocity
response spectrum from periods of 0.1 to 2.5. The maximum base accelera-
tion and the spectrum intensity for various damping levels are given for
13
each test run. To fit the time scale (2.5) of the earthquake motions used
in the tests, Housner's Intensity is redefined to include the area under
the velocity-response curve over the period range 0.04 to 1.0 sec.
Table 4.1. Fig. 4.25 shows maximum observed base acceleration versus
spectrum intensity (SI 20 ). As seen in the figure, the relationship is
linear. Thus, the base motion can be described equally well using either
parameter.
(c) Accelerations
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION OF OBSERVED RESPONSE
5. 1 Introductory Remarks
The presentation in this chapter is based on the observed response
of the structure during the earthquake si~ulation tests and on the results
of the free-vibration and steady-state tests. The testing procedure is
described in Chapter 3. The response histories, response maxima, and
response spectra for the earthquake sinulation tests are presented in
Chapter 4. In this chapter an earthquake simulation test will be referred
to as a II run II •
base acceleration of run one with the assumed response spectra used for the
design. The assumed acceleration response was less than the obtained
response in the low frequency region. For comparison, a linear dynamic
response analysis was made of the substitute-structure (Chapter 2) using
the obtained response spectrum. Another analysis was made of the test
structure assuming gross-section stiffnesses for the components of the
structure and using the obtained response spectrum.
(a) Displacements
The maximum single-amplitude displacements and one-half the maximum
double-amplitude displacements observed in run one are provided in Fig.
5.12. These maxi~um displacements occurred simultaneously during run one.
The calculated displacements given by the various linear dynamic response
analyses described above, are also shown in Fig. 5.12.
The calculated displacements given by the gross-section analysis
result in a low estimate of both the single-amplitude and one-half
23
Fig. 5.14 shows the observed and the calculated maximum story shears
and overturning moments. Both the sUbstitute-structure analyses resulted
in forces less than the maximum observed. On the other hand, the gross-
section analysis indicates forces that are much larger than those observed.
It should be noted that the forces developed in the structure are a
function of the actual strength of the structure. Because of the general
trend of the decisions made in going from design requirements to reinforce-
ment, the design forces are likely to be exceeded.
(c) Frequencies
A comparison of the calculated frequencies of the structure with the
observed frequencies, previously discussed in section 5.2, provides insight
into the apparent discrepancy be-tween the observed and calculated forces
in the structure. Table 5.4 summarizes the calculated first-mode fre-
quencies. The apparent first-~ode frequency was 2.0 Hz in run 1. The
calculated first mode frequencies are 1.8 Hz and 3.6 Hz for the substitute-
structure and gross-section analyses, respectively_ The substitute-
structure model was evidently more flexible than the actual test structure
was observed to be. However, the gross-section model is far too stiff,
thus leading to low deflections and very high forces.
2.2).
29
indicated by the elastic analysis are appreciably lower than those observed.
Although the substitute-structure analysis indicates displacements compar-
able to those observed, the calculated displacements at the lower four
stories were exceeded during the design earthquake.
The maximum observed base shear during the first run was 15.6 kN,
or 0.35 W, where W is the weight of the test structure. The elastic
analysis (based on response to measured base motion at a damping factor
of 0.1) described above indicates a maximum base shear of 24 kN, or 0.54 w.
As might be expected, the elastic analysis indicated displacements much
lower and forces much higher than those observed.
The maximum observed base shear versus the maximum tenth-level
displacement in the earthquake simulation test is presented in Fig. 5.20.
The plot suggests that general yielding of the structure was reached
during the "design earthquake. 1I
However, the crack pattern in the structure
after run one (Fig. 4.27) showed little visible damage to the structure.
In fact, most residual crack widths were too small to measure (less than
0.05 mm). The crack pattern in the structure after runs two and three
(Fig. 4.28 and 4.29) showed spalling at the exterior base columns and
substantial cracking throughout the structure.
Based on the little apparent damage incurred to the structure and
the ~aximum observed displacements of the structure during run one, the
structure was well behaved during the "design earthquake". However, the
fact that observed displacements at the lower levels of the structure
exceeded the displacements indicated by the substitute-structure analysis
suggests that modifications need to be incorporated into the design process
at the lower levels of the structure.
32
LIST OF REFERENCES
10 2 2 2
II
9 2 "
II
8 2 "
II II
7 3
II II II
6
II II II
5
II
4 " "
II
3 " 2
2 II
3 2
1 3 3 3
34
Table 3~1
1. Free Vi bra ti on
2. Earthquake Motion Run 1
3. Free Vibration
4. Steady State Run
5. Free Vibration
6. Earthquake Motion Run 2
7. Free Vi brati on
8. Steady State Run 2
9. Free Vibration
10. Earthquake Motion Run 3
11 . Free Vibration
12. Steady State Run 3
13. Free Vi bra ti on
35
Story Displacement, mm
Level Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
10 23.6 51.2 68. 1
9 22.8 48.6 66.3
8 21 .3 46.3 60.9
7 20.7 44.5 57.4
6 18.6 40.6 52.2
5 16.7 33.0 40.0
4 14.4 31.0 38.3
3 12.3 25.7 30.0
2 8.3 16.7 20. 1
1 4.8 9.9 11 .9
Story Shear, kN
Level Run 1 Run 2 Run 3
Table 5. 1
Heasured Frequencies of the Test Structure
Table 5.2
Maximum Amplification Ratio and Apparent
Resonance from the Steady-State Tests
Table 5.3
Measur~d Equivalent Damping Factor
from the Free-Vibration Tests
Table 5.4
Calculated First-Mode Frequencies
of the Test Structure
Substitute-structure
Gross-sect; on
39
~
o~
E
E >
~ +-
c:
en 0
'-
I.L.
-
.c
OJ
S-
;:,
~
u
;:,
fI)
Q)
fI)
~
"0
~Q)
~-t/)
oQ)Q)
-
0
Q)
c:
c
~
~
S-
(/')
~E
fI) 0
fI)
0
1:
.- co 0 U')
Q)
evo,- U OJ
:E en a:::UlJ...
t-
N
.
0')
or-
l.1.-
~
CD
>
-
C
40
i..r- Symmet r ic About i
I
:~=::::!-J!==~I---,°0 °
~~=~-===-i----I°O°
Typical JOintlY
Reinforcement:
No.16g Wire
°0° I
r-~~~~~~~~~t:~
Typical Shear
Reinforcement:
No. 16g Wire .~
~r= ~ ~
F
V
I
:0:
0 V Tubing
130.0.
:c~~~~~~~~=~ood TYPical!
Reinforcement: ~ ~
No. 13g Wire ~
r ______
Typical Flexural L v V
I
°0° a.>o
(\J_N
Cut OffFor~
~~~~~~~~::~OOO
Interior Column
Steel --~~----------
~
Cut Off For
Ext e rio r -+,--
-
L
I
/'----,---~:=4_P_---4_4I---~~
°DO
Column /V L 0 ...._------.0
Steel ~ f(')
v
f(')
I I
II I
1I ~ i I
.L...,_L"
1102
-- ~Conduit\ " v
f(') I I 'I
440.0.
~[
U')
II1I \ J (\J
I I I I
1 1 1 1 i i I
1 305 1761
T '"
~ go I. ul-~---n-F--Ie-x-u-~-~-!_--
..~~~.-+I-"':"';::''':'''''='-----------------'l
1372
Re rntorcemenf weld~
To 102 x 51 x 3 Ft
t:i'D, - -
Steel Reference
Fram.~
"':
(\/
.,J:::oo
--'
Hydraulic
Steel Pedestal
o o
N
.
or-
u..
1.0
C'
c:
.2
~
0
II.
CD
CD
/ V ~
w
0
0
<t
\f;i' \,
~:~. - '
-..- Frequency, Hz Per iod, sec.---
(,~ \ '
1,1J
c';'
_.\
\-.j
(!)
~
t;)
..
C,· .f\I
:.:,:J . . .
44
G)
"C
0
::E
"C
~
.s:::.
l-
V)
t:
a
.r-
~
~
r--
~
U
r--
~
U
OJ
U
s-
o
u...
s-
Q) a
4-
"C
0 -c
OJ
::E V)
~
"C V)
C OJ
0 C.
(.) ~
CD .c
en V')
OJ
-c
a
::E
\0
.
.
('\J
0')
.r-
lJ...
CD
"C
o
::E
Level
@) 33
I
1
85
o 47 vstrength Provided
® 58 I
o 80 I
I
vstrength Provided
® 87
+:=0
® 95
1 125
U'1
® 104 I
I
® 112 1
I
® III 1
I
CD 98 I
I I I
o 50 100 150
Fig. 2.7 Design Beam Moments and Strength Provided in the Beams
® -
170 410
® !.-
340
® ~
400
o ..
440
® ..
500
® ... ~
m
560
~
600 1170
® ....
700 1200
® ..
650 1390
CD 930 1130
o 500
IJ
1000 o 500 1000
®
®
CD
® .po
-......J
®
0)
0) o
® 0.2
CD Q3 11.5
--.J.
5 o 5 10 15 o 100 200 300
-4- Tension Compression ------
Moment
Axial Force Exterior Columns (N-m)
Exterior Columns (kN)
Fig. 2.9 Design Axial Forces and Moments for Exterior Columns
Level
® 110.6
37
® 1 11.1
® 1 11.7
0 12.2
® I 2.8
.,J:::o.
® 13.3 ex>
~ 13.9
® I 4.4
®
35
CD
o 5 10 o 100 200 300
Compression ----
Moment
Axial Force
Interior Columns (N-m)
Interior Columns
Fig. 2.10 Design Axial Forces and Moments for Interior Columns
2 # 13g Wire Per Face
Exterior Columns: Levels ® . . . . 0Q1
In ter ior Columns: Levels @]--OQ]
30
t
c::
.2
fI)
CP--..
~~
fI)
CD
Key:
-
~ 10
~ CD
Q.
E Exterior Column +:=0
Z
~
1.0
_
.¥ u0 ,.......~ ~~ ~ Level i
0
~
0
LL 0
200 300
c
<D 400 500
)(
<X c: Moment (N-m)
0
fI)
c:
CD
t- 10
t
Figo 2.11 Interaction Diagram for Columns
Level
®
®
0
® 01
a
®
®
®
®
CD
L
0 100 200 0 100 200 300 o 100 200 300
Moment Moment Moment
Exterior Column (kN-m) Exterior Column (kN-m) Interior Column (kN-m)
(Softened)
Typical
Detail
I-·r-----,.--------------~~--~
I
:'~' .. :
., •• I
:',:':
-'lJ..;'., ' ..
I • • ••
: ., :.,~':
'. ! .. '
:. :~ :-..-':. .
:~.'::.' :, Ii.:' :_,'f.' .:?~~
t'
51 cion "A" ItAII
M-M Section "8"-"8"
(All Dimensions Are In Millimeters)
Free Vibration
I. Weigh t Hung from
W ire to Displace
Structure
2. Wire Cut to Re lease
Structure
01
N
45 kg
5000.0
()
2000.0
1000.0
~ 500.0
"~.
....~ 200.0
~
~ 100.0
so. 0
10. 0 '--~-'--~_~~"""---:Iw'-'---.::IoL.---J
I
3.50 lijO.
i
3.00 120.
I
2.50 i
I
100.
.
(!) j i
is 2.00 ~ 80 •
.....
i
~ 1.50
8 IJ., ~ SO.
..J
01
...f::a
~
.....
~
1.00 J\ ~ \\ f\
Cl
qo.
~
0.50 ---£. ~ !/J $, l
~~ 20.
~ - to... _____
0.00 o.
110 30 20 10 5 11.0 so 20 10 5
0.2 O.Y. 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 D.I! 0.6 0.8 1.0
FAEQUENCY.HZ PERlrD.SEC FfEQl£NCl'• HZ PERlrJO. SEC
2000.0
1000.0
u
ILl
Cf) 500.0
.
"-
:E
:E
.,: 200.0
H-
t-
trl
> 100.0
so. 0
10.0--~~~~~~~--~~~~
3.50 lllO.
3.00 120.
2.50 ~ 100.
C)
~ 2.00 /~ 1
i
~ tTl
~I 1\
I
'\
~ 80. 0)
~
ffi [ \1\
u
~ 1.50 ~ 60.
bJ ~ \~I\
,)l~ ....o
1.00
A -- l\~ '1O.
0.50
\ ~- ~ !'...
~~ ~
,.,,---
20.
-
0.00 o. --
llO 30 20 10 5 llO so 20 10 5
0.2 O.ij 0.6 0.8 1.. 0 0.2 O.ij 0.6 0.8 1.0
FREQL£NCY. HZ PER Im SEC
tI FAEQLENCY tI HZ PEA Itm .. SEC
DAMPING FACTeA = 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.20
srnro.o--~~----~~~-----------
2000.0
1000.0
u
w 500.0
.
(f)
"-
x
x:
>=
-
to-
is
.-J
UJ
200.0
100.0
>
50.0
FREQUENCY, HZ.
DAHPING FACTOR = 0.02 0.05 0.10 0.20
7.00 350 ..
I
6.00 300.
5.00 250 ..
.
(.!) ~ . 200.
-ffi
l5 ij.OO
I --
j
~
i / U1
~ 3.00 ~ 150.
0:>
~
~'
u
a:
~
2.00 ~ ~
--...........
~\ ~~ f\ .....
Cl
tOO. Ji /"
1.00
r\~\..
~'" l
~~
~~ - so. C 1c2V
~/
:::.--
W~
,,","-
~~
~
......
0.00 o.
llO 30 20 10 5 1lO 30 20 10 5
0.2 o.q 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0." 0.6 0.8 t.O
FREQUENCY, HZ PERIOD. SEC FP8l.£tCr.Hl PflUm, SEC
DftPlOO FRCT~ - 0.02 0.05 O. to 0.20
0.00
-1.00
NINTH LEVEL ACCELERATION, UNIT = G
1.00
0.00 1
TI
'Ib"
I~.k II
M' f\
'"
._
~
\1
f\ ,.
v v,
II
J1....
, \l>
~.
v vI\.A..
(\ _., . L........
'" 'r'LL'
~ ~J'
"
.
_ "h " A .,...
A
'~vr \V r.~
.f.
f1 \.
.A'\.
.... A.
'T-~
A.
...L
••
~_.- .........
c;s>-n~ accr -
-L • ~
----..........p............- -.,
~
-"--.. • •
,.,...
-A.
~
/'\. _ __
-1.00
EIGHTH LEVEL RCCELERATI~N. UNIT = G
I-.. ~.A
1.00
-1.00
I '. .'
SEVENTH LEVEL RCCELEARTI~N. UNIT = G
1.00
.',~A /\ A.
...... ,-.., 1\,....", A. I'\. ~~"" I'" . "'- __ ........ .- _ ... ~ ......... ,......
0.00 YV'V"\rV ' .f'"' ........... ,
~V~ 'IJ - V .... ...... ... V~ ----
-1.00
I.
SIXTH LEVEL ACCELERATION. UNIT = G
1.00
0.00 0
1
'-""
A.............
.1\ f\J'i.. "\.IV
A':T\Tv .. fo..
~v ~~=- V "'V' V
-"' -....- 'J-~~'-~~
-1.00
T• SEC • 0.0
I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I
Y.O
I
S.O
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
B.O
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
1l LO
I
15.0
I
0.00 1 .~/\(i..
"(~I_'..I:\/"rv.V~ A ...... ~. ;o,.A&",,~
l.....,..~ v ~~v . . . . . . . . . . - - ..--....
.....,.,... '-'_" 'tIQ' ' ''"
'''
-1.00
1
1.00 F~URTH LEVEL RCCELERATI~N. UNIT G
0.00 .J".
c"'~w- ;~
- ~. ·
• • • . ~v A.J.,o. ~
-....r ~~" .~
- .,.FCVty.J.i."".....,.... ... _ "'- ~~""'" -
.....,.L. ~ --
-1.00
THIRD LEVEL ACCELERATI~N. UNIT G
l ,/.
1.00
0.00 1 _ ft~.,~
-~':J'f 'if
iz...
'if,........./"'\.._. --.,...,.,. - ---...t.N-......
""'-"~tI~_ ~.,I.~£ ~
V-'~
J-A...~.~ .............
~ ~
• ~ __ ~
.. n~ . . . . .
_-L.L. _____ ,.~
~.--- • .--~--..,
.-. _____
-1.00 0'\
SECOND LEVEL ACCELERATI~N. UNIT G o
1.00
-1.00
1.00 FIRST LEVEL ACCELERATION. UNIT G
~~A ~.
0.00
-1.00
1.00
I ~!\r~Jzyr~'
'/~ -.,.. ~
• '.t
"s 1j41~l'l"'f
•
~~
,
...aL.. . . . . .",~ v;-....... 1. . . . * ....iIAc' s,
0.00
l.
1 A f\ AM.
~"""V'~"""f V--~·-
b..• Jt 1'1.. _ _ • ~ •• U_""-.M '" _ .........A. _ _ • _ _ _
~T~""'-----'-'---~-'-' ,.-
.~.~
.--~--..
A.A._ • ~ ~.~
v- -
_ l '" A ft.
- .-- .~~~~--
A ._. • ~ _____
-1.00
T SEC O. a
• • I
1. a
I
2. a
I
3. a
I
Ii. a
I
s.I a 6. a
I
7. a
I
8. a
I
9. a
I
1o. a
I
11. a
I
12 . a
I
13. a
I
tl! . a
I
15. a
I
0.00
-1.00
NINTH LEVEL Fl:CELEMTI~. LNIT = G
1.00
0.00 1__~j\.l V V~ A
1 ~
flI.
'1~. v-~~
A A.-vyA Y ..t\.'iT- ~~.
T
.A
.....,. ~-
_ --"- _ . - " - -
~. - "'Tn
.Jot<.
to. .,...
• .AA.. A.
~
-" .• ~
v·· ~
-1.00
I~ ~ h.~
EIGHTH LEVEL ACCELEAATION. UNIT a G
1.00
-1.00
SEVENTH LEVEL ACCElERATION. UNIT = G
-1.00
I .d·~A
SIXTH LEVEL OCCElEA1TI~ .. ~IT a G
1.00
· · ~~ l.a.&
0.00 ~~~..tb. A ' . f'"" ..- ~
.JtA......
....
s,..,
......-- 'I'
•
""'-r.......... ·
_
-1.00
~.O
T• SEC • 0.0
I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
8.0
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
1ij.0
I
i5.0
I
0.00
~ .. A.
r--....-----.·- \fT- '-MT
J,./\,.....Jrn,..
~- - ~
A &.A
-
_~~ ___
~
. _~-........,....--
v-------
-~....
_ _.~. -
T ____ ~
~."..J.A..l.
~T~---.....
L..I. J.........
nr ,
- 1.00
1.00 FOURTH LEVEL ACCELERATlON. ~IT =G
0.00
T t1tA I.
_.I~Ii~...a ~
.,. ~
s-n..
,
.A41. .~.
.11
.J'-... .Js..... . ". .L. _ __ ~'" _ ~ __ ~~_. !!dL. . ___~'t.'!....... ~_
-1.00
1.00 "THIRD LEVEL ACCELERATION. UNIT =G
0.00
-1.00
en
1.00 SEC~D LEva OCCELERATION. ~IT =G N
0.00
-1.00
1.00 FIRST LEVEL ACCELERATION. UNIT a G
0.00
-1.00
1.00 BASE LEVEL ACCELERATI6N. UNIT = G
O. A
00 u . 1- A~~ 11..6 t\. ...............
i .. 1A_"4Ctu *, .v~.., ftAIAM!\ft ..
,,{fA. .\1F,QCI A• eJ.",~. ~ Mo'_v,.- .... ~ .... -.... ~ M -
• •. . . h
.1. . . . ......1J.~,~.:r..•
;lf4tVUcrQ AJ. --- ---
• • 1 '" AL.I~'.W.~
-1.00
T• SEC • 0.0
I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I
~.O
I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
8.0
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
14.0
I
15.0
I
,\ A ~
0.00 • ..6l\i.J, A·~ ::I~_ A'Jwe·~t rl ('+.'-""$4(. .,.......... .... w.o",M., ,.,
lwb ¥' »r". - i
' . " ,. rCFtc>'.-. «
-2.00
NINTH LEVEL ACCELEfJITlrJ.l .. ltIIT = G
2.00 T
~ . !, ~. '
- -"---- ~ ~~- - ~ - ... ~ ----------------
O'l
W
0.00
T__A.. ~
1-~ .-. y ....... _~ . .....-.~
.Ao.- _ _ __
.. -....r . . --_. -
~~ ___ .• _~ ___
.~ ....
~ ~
-2.00
2.00
0.00
I. Wi ~""""""~""''''''
~. "¥'Jp ~' 9 -s+ • ' • •
SIXTH LEVEl
...".« bay
FCCELEffiTI~.
J. d
p
':"_
lfjIT - G
-2.00
T• SEC .0.0
,
1.0
,
2.0
,
3.0
,
~.o
,
5.0
,
6.0
,
7.0
I
8.0
,
S.O
,
10.0
I
11.0
,
12.0
I
13.0
I
1~.0
I
15.0
I
-2.00
-2.00
2.00 THlf{) LEVEL ACCELERATION. UNIT = G
1-
0.00 ;" (d
I
·IS·' 'vA,. ..... , p , »4Qi~"
• • 1"I· C ,
-2.00
Q)
2.00 SECtl4D LEVEL FO:ELERATJON. UNIT =G ~
0.00
• ~
''''''''''T~~I
,
I'
-2.00
2.00 ~ FJRST LEVEL ACCELERATION. UNIT • G
~ {I. ,.' • \
0.00 • ~
~~I, v
..... ....a .. " ttY"• ' ' " A+
pi"lt.d-'::;t
A..
y u.*t~ ... r ...
L.
,,-+-er+
,..-- . . . ..,. . vI-¥'
~ ......
- --. •• 4._ W'T~.t..
• " . I..
I f " t t ..
-2.00
2.00 ~ BASE LEVEL ACCEl..Eff:lTI~. UNIT = G
0.00 ~Mr'V
ft .-~vlfF~
.1\1\. if "d~ A.A"
.....J . . . . ~ .. ·.M.).,·~
__
.............6.,. __
-ifWV l V r ~.....
,A-A "
Al
1-t',h --- • •••
• i1r.ri.... ...
-2.00
leSEe,OiO liD 2j O 3j O qjO SiD 6.0
I
7.0
I
B.O
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12I • 0 13I • 0 14I • a 15
.I•
a
0.00
-20.0
20.0 TENTH LEVEL 01 SPLRCEHENT , UNIT = HH
0.00
-20.0
20.0 NINTH LEVEL 01SPLRCEHENT, UNIT = HH
0.00
-20.0 0'1
r
20.0 EIGHTH LEVEL OISPLRCEMENT, UNIT = HM tTl
"
\I
~
\"""""""c/'
A>-<.
J
I \ I \ I \ I \ f \ I
A/',
~
"- /.\ 1\
"",f\ I \Vf\.
I \ "....4C7
_______
,.... _
_._
-20.0
20.0 SEVENTH LEVEL DISPLACEMENT, UNIT = MH
ro~vvv V~VV V V V V
0.00 ~ 1 \ I \ I \ I \ I \ I \.~ ~ r"'>... ......~~ \07
J \I
-20.0
20.0 ] - , SIXTH LEVEL OJSFLRCEHENT. UNIT = HH
o 00
•
-~ difI
o. •
A!\fV1\..-\ J~''\Ii\Vf\VVVV
V VV
!\ !\ f\ f\
V
Q '"
~
r.. -
~....
~ t\f\
\IV""'
A ,...
J \
-20.0
T SEC 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
, • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Fig. 4.13 Observed Base Overturning Moment and Horizontal Displacements, Run One
FIFTH LEVEL OrSFLRCEHENT. UNIT = HH
f ",j1Vl/lJ
20.0
- 20.0
20.0 1f THIRD LEVEL OISPLRCEHENT. UNIT = HH
.
O 00 ~ A 1\ f\ 1\... !\ ~
~'VVV\)\TV' ,.......... 1\ f\ - A " /'\ "- -~~
.. ~VVV~V ~'V-""""""VV""'"
_,../"\6
-20.0 0'1
20.0 SEC~O LEVEL OISFLRCEMENT. UNIT = HM 0'1
0.00
-20.0
-20.0
0.50 BASE LEVEL RCCELERRTIeN. UNIT = G
0.00
1 ,' " "
-~ .......~"V'
'"'"
BASE LEVEL HCJNENT. UNIT = KN-M
/"\"""V..........~~
./"'0.. ....... ..,A.......,......
\, V"-
-30.0
50.0
o 00
1. " . ~ f\cxr?'L f\ !\ f\ f\ 1\ --
TENTH LEVEL DISPLRCEMENT. UNIT ~ HM
~
·
-
"VlJ \/ V\} \)
A /'- /\ r\. A
<;?---
I' . .
A
~
-50.0
50.0 NINTH LEVEL DISPLRCEMENT. UNIT = HM
0.00 ~f\
, . ~f\\T\T~~~
1\ - r.. /"\. ........... ro..
V~
0,
~
'" "
<;;;?
......
--
-50.0
C)
50.0 EIGHTH LEVEL DISPLACEHENT. UNIT = MH '-J
IJ\~!\
-50.0
50.0 SEVENTH LEVEL DISPLACEMENT. UNIT = MH
a 00
· . \TV f\ 1\ 1\ =
\jVVVVV- f\
~
A -'""' --=V ro.. /'..
~V
A '"
.......
....
-50.0
1
50.0 SIXTH LEVEL DISPLACEMENT, UNIT = HM
000
·
.1\/\ ~
-- V ~V\J\J"'\}VV""
f\ !\ I\. f\ /\ _
~
A /"'0. ~ C\ .r....~
~----
'"' ......
-50.0
T• SEC • 0.0
I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I
4.0
I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
8.0
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
14.0
I
15.0
I
Fig. 4.15 Observed Base Overturning Moment and Horizontal Displacements, Run Two
so.O FIFTH LEVEL DISPLACEMENT, UNIT = HM
0.00 1 I\f\~
~ \ 1\ / \
(\
I~)
f\ \ A
~,
f\
/\
A
7~ 7'
_,..,
"-J c;;;r
""' ~ == /"'.
\
~- ~~
7~'>wif~=r'='
-so.o
50.0 FOURTH LEVEL DISPLACEMENT, UNIT = MM
0.00 1_I ~
1\
vf\v ,...,.......,V!\v A
V
A 1\ /\.
'V v ~
~ r--..
-......... "'--'" .~. ""V7
.........--"..
~~'T~
~
-50.0
SO.O 1" THIRD LEVEL DISPLACEMENT, UNIT ~ MH
-50.0
0"\
-50.0
-50.0
1.00 BASE LEVEL ACCELERATI~, UNIT = G
O, 00 AA~u.d"" V·
..- -1IV1jV""
1" .-.rV~r'1I1{V ~
. . rtrVA'".. IwI.AA..I'
A.IaM& ..
tqnv 'II
Ul.1 ..... ~ ..... A -IA ......
~ .V'~""V.ovr if0' v
A,,,.6111 An A _. ~
n.·,v," Q~h'" "'0"
-1.00
T SEC 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
, • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
~ ~
= KN-H
'id'V\J~V ~V
e-z
0.00
V' ... =-
-30.0
I
" .
I,
0.00
T_ /\
I '>d
A !\
V Vv
A
v
/\
V f'--....
'(:;::;7
___ . ../'...
""''(7
/\ L'-.._A __ _
V ---v~-v- ----
I
-60.0 "
60.0 NINTH LEVEL OlSPLRCEHENT. UNIT = HH
o 00
. j\
,. v A V!\ " /\ r-...
VVV~
-v
'(7
,0.
V\JV
/\ r--. /\
V -
I VV\j
-60.0 .... "
0)
60.0 EIGHTH LEVEL OlSPLRCEMENT. UNIT ~ HM ~
0.00
1\ A (\\J\./V~ ~ /\~V'
" 1\ f"-..,..,.V''C7~ r-.. L\
V
-60.0 " .
60.0
0.00
-60.0
I VVV
/\ A !\ f'--,. ~ ~ / \ "
f\~~~'C7~~
I'\ ./\
~
V
SEVENTH LEVEL DISPLACEMENT. UNIT = MH
1 1\
60.0 SIXTH LEVEL DISPLRCEMENT. UNIT = HH
0.00
-60.0
'id~~vc-=
A f\ A /\ f'--,. =-
.. "C?
C'-. /\ "
'J~""'"
./\
\V
T SEC 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 B.O 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
• • I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
Fig. 4.17 Observed Base Overturning Moment and Horizontal Displacements, Run Three
F1FTH LEVEL DISPLACEMENT. UNIT = HM
GO.D
0.00
-60.0
60.0
rr ...Av~C>~
V 'J V c:::::=;;> = ....... """'"c-.. '\\J'" /'.
~c--,.~ ...0
~
r
C"", :;/'.
~~ ~\ J\ 7 ~~\ ~~ ...... ~~ 7 """"" ~ " 7
-60.0
60.0 THIRD LEVEL DISPLACEMENT. UNIT = HM
0.00 ~.....p..r----...
~
- ~
,.-...... . . . .
'""""'""~
-=- ~..........\(7"
-60.0
GO.Or .--~~~~~~~~~--~~~--~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~--------~~~~~~~~~~~--~~
SECOND LEVEL DISPLACEMENT. UNIT = MM '"
o
r
A 00
-6~.0 ~ '7 ,,~......,.~ 7- ~==~..... ~ -=-.........
000
•
.............. "'C7
~,....-.....
-...:0:7 ----- ........ ...............'C7
.. ",- ...
.. .. • • .... #' "V-W.. '" ,\I'iV"i "1f1~-
-1.50
1.0 2.0 3.0 ILO 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0
T.S EC •0.0
I-- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
0.00 ' ~c/o... J\., ..... ".,...- ..... "'-........ =-,'-" .. -- -.-,
-20.0
o• 00 hoP.&!II~
.... '" ~~
A A~..,...
f'. .....
_ • ~
.............. A ~~.....
-A... ~
...., c'tn ..,.. It 4 • . . . . , . , . . .........
-20.0
%::1'
EIGHTH STllRY SHEm. UNIT • KN
. . . . . . . . . .. . . , . . . .. , - - , .... rc=:Ptc:>..,..,., ........
--'
-20.0
-20.0
20.0 1 ~ 1\.
SIXTH STfFll SHER'I. ltIIT - lIN
0.00 "1'" f\
.., ~-W\j /\-"'. .~t+
\jI\.V~ -r A 1\ 1'\V'C>"'\/'
·~V-V
..
A ... .+ ............,...
'*- - ... ~ ~-
A ~ -
-20.0
T• SEC • 0.0
I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I
~.O
I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
B.O
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
lij.O
I
15.0
I
0.00 I. dV\ A. /\
V VAV~\.l -..., ~ i\ A A. ...... A
FIFTH STMY SHERR. UNIT = KN
I
"~\f
A. • . . . , S •
-20.0
20.0 F~URTH STeRY St£AR. UNlT ~ KN
o.oo-""~\./'"'-",,
'"'i,
.... s
~V~
A. /\ r\ A A A _
~
<> _
"'"..... -~
__ A '"
.... ....~~-
~ .
-20.0
20.0 THIRD ST~RY SHERR, UNIT = KN
-20.0
-.s
20.0 ~ ," 1\ • SEC~IO STORY St£AR. UNIT = KN N
1 '~AI\'
a
20.0
0.00 _~
.\ f\ • ~'ti\J\
I\.A...
r\/~ r\/
l\ I1\\
_..A..A.
]
1\ "
\/ V1\\~-,.
A
....,..
-.,.........
V
~.-
- - - -"'-1 \:~~-
f) /'\. _
I· ~~. '~IAtv..,;.
-20.0
0.50 BASE LEVEL RCCELERATION, UNIT - G
·
O 00 AA
"11 '" A
If "*'11" I
1\ ..
V"''' ~Jo.At
1 .." •• "
.. "'Y"'•",1',IL •• ~ A... .M\""if
... if.......M.'"...-9 A Ash .-. •... '"
....- .. n
V ....
-0.50
T, SEC • 0.0
I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I
~.O
I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
8.0
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
14.0
I
15.0
I
-20.0
-20.0
EIGHTH SreR'Y SHERR. UNIT • KN
20.0 T
O 00
. 1 .A
o/W '@f"
\!
V"
"-
.- -.~
,.,.~(""
y~
,
-
~"<iV
~
'" --~
y •
"L ~ ,'-- ~
~
.
~
A
.. -
_~_
eft::::,_ _
• ..
-_
- L_
..-
-
_~
~
_~_.
.!.Lt,
•••
_____
....
.. ....
____
.... .--.
-.J
W
-20.0
~
J\ ~ .Po.. A.
I!
~...
:\
~ .... dz .......,...
0.00
WV
~. . ~~
. '
A F\
V'40 -~
.A.
_..............
.........
-
.. -
-20.0
20.0 f ~ .
SIXTH STIfIY SHEIII. lJIlT • KN
0.00 ~A.At.
. ttl V A.
~~~VV1\ A -en
.......~
.A.. «"'>
so v~
- V~ ~'V........ ,...
'. \
-20.0
T• SEC • 0.0
I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I
~.O
I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
8.0
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
1~.0
I
15.0
I
1 ."
-20.0
20.0 1 ~ .
FOURTH STIlRY SHEAR. UNIT = KN
I'
,..... _ ,...,..
-20.0
20.0 ~THIffJ STORY SHERR. UNIT = KN .
.
o 00
VV _~
~
A~ V-vy"\!
J\ I\. 1\
VV
A ..... ....
..........
..0. ~
..........~
..... -- -
........~ - -
,...
:__
-20 .. 0
A /\ A
-20.0
20.0
~OO
I ~
b_~~~~
FIRST STeRY St£RR. UNIT = KN
-20 .. 0
1.00 BASE LEVEL ACcaEPATIeIN. UNIT Ia G
-1.00
~.O
T SEC 0.0
• • I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
8.0
I
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
14.0
I
15.0
I
.
_::~ 1~--~~W~~'~~~~~~-~'~fl~fc~~~~&L~~~_4~,y.,••~~~~~~_·~.,~~__~__~________~,_____-~.~~~~~«~,~.'~•.------
Ir- '
20.0
II " •
___ &.f'v.--l ~~ ~ --l.... __ ~ •• ~ __ ~~~~~ ___ ~~_ ~_ _---"----~
0.00 r~-'Y ~~. -y - - - ~- .. ~ - - ------r--- ~-~,~-~--.----,,-~~
-20.0
20.0 T EIGHTH STMY SHERR. UNIT 1:1 KN
;'_.. n
.• f. ....
- ~- - -- ..........~ -- ~~ ~ ._ ......~ ------.- ---- -.J
()1
1- ' . y
=a
20.0
, n •
_~ _,,~..... ~! ~ ...-'t... .-A.. _ ~~ _~---. __- _____ _ ~ --'- ~-v-
0.00 -~ \~V ~ -,. ~~~v - ----------...-----..........--- -"'""':"
r~.....-..- -~
-20.0 1 ~ '"
Ia
SIXTH ST~Y SHEfI'. lJUT - KN
20.0
0.00 """~'k~. ~
~".-A.. .f\.. ~'" ~ · 'Y'''' -
_.-....
~......... ~.,"Av
~ ~
-20.0
T• SEC • 0.0
I
1.0
I
2.0
I
3.0
I
~.O
I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
B.O
I -
9.0
I
10.0
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
1~.0
I
15.0
I
0.00
r
1~ A-v~VJ\ ~ 1\V~----
~
________ ~__ --"'" ~._~
- V-."W' ~ --.yr -~---..... V'
I
-20.0
20.0 THIfIl STORY StERR. UNIT = KN
I.
VI" "V\I~vy V
-20.0
-....J
20.0 SECIlNO STORY St£AR. ltIlT • KN en
!\~ ,
0.00 ~~
~/\
~
J\.~
v - .... + ~ ----'.
.q~ ... ,..........."
n~ e
-20.0
20.0
0.00
I A
WVVVV~
I ~
"
/\
'..
.. / \ "
i
'!:_
- ~~~
F1RST S'TORY S/£Afl. UNlT • KN .
~.-"". _ • 't'"Hn
I' I'~6 r
-20.0
2.00 BASE LEVEL ACCELERRlI~. UNIT III G
O.00 A
WV'"
It ~ ~y 'Y/II.. ..... - •• \14; .. " # """Y'''''. . . -
r"~""Vv'''''' \1/ ...... y
~'., ----v - .... ~ .. ~.,
V
A
'1"Y'V.,v....
A••
".~
.• , ... A.A
..., .... ,.411,.,....,-_. .....-
-
-2.00
~.O
T• SEC • 0.0
I
t.O
I
2.0
I
3.0
I I
5.0
I
6.0
I
7.0
I
8.0
I
9.0
I
to.O
I
11.0
I
12.0
I
13.0
I
14.0
I
15.0
I
/
-Ol
/
i
c
....c0 1.0
t-
CD
/
CD
()
()
«
/
CD ~
I/)
~
c
m
E
:::J
1/
E
-
)(
c
~
OIL__________~--------~----------~--------~----------~--------~
o 100 200 300 400 500 600
SIlO (mm)
Fig. 4.25 Maximum Observed Base Acceleration Versus Spectrum Intensity, S = 20%
78
~ . ~ J
(Not to Scale)
\
,
r.--
... ,. , ,
000
DOD
DOD
ODD .
uDD,
.000
DOD
DOD
n (Not to Scale)
I'
~
I
I
"
,
... I J
,.
~ "\00--/ , _
, . \\
,
\\1
(Not to Scale)
~ J
.1
~
,
'7
, I ~
(Not to Scale)
c
E
~
r--
o
U
S-
o
or-
S-
OJ
~
X
l..LJ
C
to
4-
o
OJ
"'C
or-
a
M
.
o:::t
or-
L1-
83
0)
0)
>-
..c
I--
s:::
;:,
0::
s:::
E
;:,
r--
o
U
S-
o
or-
S-
O)
of->
X
W
s:::
co
4-
o
0)
""C
til
of->
;:,
o
0)
..c
of->
of->
co
en
s:::
1. I.
5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. fPEQ. QilJ 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. fPEQ. IHll
1. 1.
5. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 35. fPEQ. IHll 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. fPEQ. om
1. 1.
ex:>
+=:-
5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. FPED. am 5. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 315. FlIED. am
1. 1.
s. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 315. RED. om 5. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 315. FfB. am
1. 1.
s. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. !is. AG. om S. 10. 15.. 20. 25. 30. 35. fPEQ. om
5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. FP£Q. IHZl 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. FPfll. IHll
1.
5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. FPfll. IHll O. 5. 10. 15. 20. '25. SO. 35. FPfll. 1HZ)
1.1n- 1.
b ex>
U1
1. 1.
S. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 3S. FREQ. IHll 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. FPfll. IHll
I,r;
?.I)7
Fig. 5.2 Fourier Amplitude Spectra, Run One ,(,'I 'c:
I c ,II ~ $((>'
1. 1.
S. 10. 15. 20. 25. !Q. !Ii. F?flI. S. 10. 15. 20. 25. 90. !IS. FP£Q. 1HZ)
1. 1.
S. 10. 15. 20. 26. 30. !16. flIEIl. om 5. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 35. fIG. 1HZ)
1. 1.
1HI"D LEVEL "CCELERRT U" PUt 2 EIGHTH LEVEL ACCELERRT 111M fUf 2
co
-.....J
S. 10. 15. 20. 2S. 30. 35. fIG. 1HZ) S. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 35. fIG. om
1. I.
S. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 36. FIB. 1HZ) S. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 36. FIG. IfZJ
1. 1.
s. 10. 15. 20. 21. 30. 35. FIG. am S. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 36. flIED. om
s. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 315. FIG. om 5. 10. IS. 20. 25 •. so. 35. FIG. om
1. 1.
S. 10. IS. 20. 25. so. 35. FIG. om 5. 10. IS. 20. 2&. 30. 36. FIG. lit!)
1. t.
co
S. 10. IS. 20. 25. so. 36. FIG. om S. 10. IS. 20. 2&. 30. SS. FlU. OlD
CO
1. I.
s. 10. 15. 20. 2&. 30. 3&. FIB. om 5. 10. IS. 20. 2&. 30. •• flIED. am
I.
S. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 36. flIED. om 5. 10. 15. 20. 2&. 30. !IS. FIB. IHIl
5. 10. IS. 20. ~. ~. ~. fmI. om 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 36. FIB. QfZ)
1. 1.
SECtlMD LEVEL ACCElEMT 111M FIJI 9 SEVENTH LEVEL RCCELERAT ItlN FIJI 3
~~~ . +,-. ~
5. to. 15. 20, 25. 30.- 36:-FiG. om S. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. FIB. QfZ)
1. 1.
1. 1.
5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. FRED. QfZ) 5. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 36. FRED. IJtZ)
1. t•
5. 10. 16. 20. 25. 30. 35. FlB. QfZ) 5. 10. 16. 20. 25. 30. 36. Fl£D. IJtZ)
0.00 I~-----JJ5"~U~~WMo~~~~vnL--------
WI'I
-0.015
30. 35. fPIEQ. om
0.00 ~ I - t4fftd"i!l.u""v"'~-. M _ we
-0.015
Tn£.E. 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 35. FJIIEQ. om
0.0 1.0 2.0 '.0 ".0 S.O
0.00 . . . . llW··~iJl'\r";jI""'''''''''''''''''''''-''''''' 4 SC
-0.05
5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 10. 3S. fREQ. IMZI
I
0.00 ~ . . , ,. lIMY l. J "\. 'lc~ NJI
fPIE£ VIlIA. PAIl.. 111 fUM 3
~
---t
-0.05
5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. 3S. FPIEQ. om
0.00~"4''''1; ~:MI"w.¥~"""".""" rt
-0.05
litE:, SEC. 5. 10. IS. 20. 25. 30. 3S • FPlEQ. 1HZ)
0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 16.0 S.O
Run I
4
0
+- Run 3
,
c
0::
£:
"
U)
0
+-
:3 L- "
'\.. N
C
(.)
~
Q.
e
« 2
Ol~----------------~----------------~~----------------*-------------
o 2 :3
Input Frequency t f (H z)
Fig. 5.9 Amplification Ratio Versus Input Frequency, Steady State Tests
4~1------~--------~------~------~---------------------------------
3L 0
-
N
:J:
~
0 0
C
t-
Q)
::J O
tT
"V
Q)
~
0 1 ~
w
LL
"1J 0
Q)
~
:J
(/)
0 'V 0
Q)
~
I~
'V
01 I
o 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Fig. 5.10 Apparent First-Mode Frequency Versus One-Half the Maximum Observed Double Amplitude
Tenth Level Displacement
1.0
DeSign~
Ot
c
r -
/ \
.2
....
c....
CD
/ \ ,
«
~
o
0.5
// " ", ~
.p.
","-
//
" "-,
-....."'" ...............
........ -- ---- --- ------
.
o·~----------~--------------------------------------------~----------~----------~----------~--------~
40 30 20 10 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 o.S 0.7
0.1
Fig. 5.11 Comparison of Design Response Spectrum with Obtained Response Spectrum, Run One
95
Level
10 o
9 o \J
8 o '0
7 o
6 o
5 o
4 o
:3
Base
o 10 20 30
5
\.0
en
It
Fig. 5.13 Maximum Observed Displacements, Lateral Forces, Story Shears and Overturning Moments,
Run One
Level
10
- Observed
9 o Substitute Structure 1 Design Spectrum
'0 Subst i tute St ruct ure, Observed Spectr urn
o Gross Section, Observed Spectrum
8
7 ~ o \l '--. 0
6 -I o \I '-1 0 o
5 o \I 0 o
\.0
-.......J
4 o '0 0 0'0" 0
3 o '0 0 o '0" 0
2 0 o '0" 0
Base
o 10 20 30 o 10 20 30 40
Fig. 5.14 Comparison of Maximum Observed Story Shears and Overturning Moment with Calculated Values,
Run One
70.
0
/
60t- /
...c:
.r; /
t!- 50 /J
Q)
E
E
/
~-
....- ....c 40
/
-e.Q)
E E
/
«
I
Q)
U
0
/ lD
0:>
-
Q)
0."
0.
C .-
-
30 /
00 0
0/
E -.,
:::J > 20
E~
)I(
0
~
1:[
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Fig. 5.15 Maximum Observed Single-Amplitude Tenth-Level Displacement Versus Spectrum Intensity,
f3 = 20%
0.0 50.0 0.0 S.O 0.0 20.0 0.0 30.0
LEVEL ~ I t I I I I I
10
5 \.0
\.0
l!
--'
o
5 o
ij
5 -..J
o-..J
L!
5 --'
o
N
ij
Z
.liC
"-
/~ __ - - D -
0 15
Q)
L:
en
/
/0
Q)
f/)
c
en
'"'C
Q)
>
"-
10
/ --i
0
w
CD
f/)
.Q
0
/ 0
0
Run I
Run 2
E
::s 5 0
1 {j. Run 3
~
)(
0
/
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Fig. 5.20 Maximum Observed Base Shear Versus Maximum Tenth Level Displacement
'8
16 L~ ~ObSerVed
14
I '\c
-Z O»
.3IC .!: 12
-"'0
... 0
o 0 L Calculated
CD-I
.s:::. 10
C/) ...
0
CD::;
(/)0»
Oc::
r T T
CDo 8 --'
o
CD'" ~
..... t-
0
EO
:;:
-0
... 6
::::>'t-
2 ..
l ,;., ~ j
0' 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Fig. 5.21 Maximum Base Shear Versus Collapse Mechanism for a Triangular Lateral Loading Condition
lOS
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK
A.2 Construction
(a) Fabrication of Steel Reinforcing Cages
For protection during shipping, the reinforcing steel was covered with
heavy oil by the supplier. To remove the oil, the wire was soaked in a
petroleum-based solvent. The wire was then cleaned with acetone to remove
any residual film.
The reinforcing cages for both frames of the test specimen were fabri-
cated by tying the flexural reinforcement to the transverse spiral
reinforcement with a ductile .912-mm dia. wire. First the column reinforce-
ment was assembled with continuous transverse spiral reinforcement. Then the
beam flexural reinforcement was slipped through the column cages and tied
to the transverse spiral beam reinforcement (Fig. 2.13).
The reinforcing cages were then sprinkled with a 10% solution of
hydrochloric acid and placed in a fog room for 35 hours. This process
induced slight rusting of the steel to improve bond with the concrete in
the test specimen. Upon removal from the fog room, the cages
were brushed and rinsed with water to remove excess rust.
The day before the specimen was cast, the reinforcing cages were placed
in the forms. The spiral reinforcement was then placed at the joints. To
provide imbedment at the base of each frame, a 102 x 51 x 3.2-mm steel
plate was welded to the flexural reinforcing of each column 102 ~m below
the top of the base girder.
108
(b) Casting and Curing
The two frames and the control specimens were cast using concrete from
the same batch. The frames were cast monolithically. Proper placement of
the concrete was insured by use of a mechanical stud vibrator. Approximately
one half hour after placement, the concrete was struck off and finished with
a metal trowel. The frames were then covered with plastic sheet.
Approximately ten hours later, the side forms. were carefully removed.
The frames were then covered with wet burlap, and plastic sheet was placed
over the burlap. The frames were left this way for two weeks and allowed
to cure. The plastic and burlap were then removed, and the frames were
stored in the lab. The cylinders and prisms received the same treatment.
Table A.4. gives the chronology for the test frame.
(c) Measured Dimensions
Before the specimen was tested, the length, depth and width of all
beams and columns in the test frame were measured. Within the accuracy of
a tape measure, the length of every beam and column in the test frame was
found to match the nominal length.
After the specimen was tested, the concrete cover was chipped off in
30 locations near joints in the structure. The cover thickness was measured
to determine the depth to the flexural steel in the beams and columns in
the test frame. All measurements taken of the test frame are summarized in
Table A.3.
A.3 Instrumentation
Two types of gages were used to measure the response of the specimen.
Twenty-seven accelerometers were installed to measure accelerations, and 21
linear voltage differential transformers (LVDT) were installed to measure
displacements.
109
For each frame, one accelerometer was fastened to the longitudinal
connections of the weights along the centerlines of the beams at each level
and at the top of the base girder (Fig. A.3). Also an accelerometer was
installed on the centerline of the tenth level mass between the two frames.
These accelerometers were positioned to measure horizontal acceleration
parallel to the imposed direction of motion.
One accelerometer was installed on the top of each frame and posi-
tioned to measure vertical acceleration. Two accelerometers were installed
on the tenth level mass. These accelerometers were situated in such a way
as to measure horizontal acceleration perpendicular to the imposed direction
of motion.
Eighteen of the accelerometers were Endevco Model 2262C Accelerometers
with a range of ~ 50 g. The other nine accelerometers were Endevco Model
AQ-116-l5 Accelerometers with a range of ~ l5g. Both models measure
absolute acceleration.
Twenty-one LVOT's were used to measure relative displacements of the
test specimen. Twenty of the gages were mounted on a steel A frame (Fig. A.3)
which had a natural frequency of 48 Hz. These gages were mounted with their
axis parallel to the direction of the imposed motion along the center-line
of the beam of each floor level on both frames. One LVOT was also mounted
on the ram of the earthquake simulator to measure the input motion during
the experiment.
The LVDT's used in this experiment were Schaevitz AC-type differential
transformers. The travel limit for the gages ranged from + 3 in. at the
top floor levels to + 1 in. at the first level.
110
A.4 Data Reduction
The voltage output of the LVDT's and accelerometers was continuously
recorded in an analog format on magnetic tape. Four tape recorders were
used, each having the capability to record thirteen voltage signals and one
audio signal. The input earthquake acceleration waveform was recorded on
one channel of each of the four recording units. In this way the data on all
four tapes could be synchronized.
In order to facilitate conversion from voltage units on the tape to
physical units of the actual test specimen response, calibrations were
performed on both the accelerometers and the linear voltage differential
transformers prior to this experiment. The accelerometers were calibrated
to the earth's gravity (~g) by changing the direction of the axis of the
gage from horizontal to vertical. The LVDT's were calibrated using metal
blocks machined to specific dimensions. The voltage outputs corresponding
to these known physical response levels were recorded on the analog
magnetic tape.
The analog records of the tests were converted into digital records
using the Spiras-65 computer of the Department of Civil Engineering. The
digitization rate was 1000 points per second, and these records were also
placed on magnetic tape. These tapes were then copied on the Burroughs
6700 computer of the Department of Civil Engineering to make them compa-
tible with the reading device on the IBM 360-75 computer of the Digital Com-
puter Laboratory at the University of Illinois.
A computer program was used to read the calibration factors and zero
levels recorded on the tapes in voltage units. The approximate calibration
factors could then be computed by comparing the known physical response
level to the voltage output for each gage. By reading a portion of the
111
tape immediately prior to the onset of a test, the same computer program
obtained zero levels for each gage.
Another computer program was used to process the data into its final
form for permanent storage on magnetic tape. The previously obtained
calibration factors and zero levels were applied to the data, and the data
was processed into the form of a series of response-time relations.
Various other computer programs were used to plot the response-time
relations, shear force and overturning moment records, Fourier Sepctra,
and Response Spectra for the recorded base accelerations. The overturning
effect of gravity load acting through the lateral displacements of the
specimen was included in calculating the overturning moment relations.
Also, a computer program was utilized to separate certain harmonic components
of the wave forms.
Table A.l Measured Properties of Concrete Control Specimens*
r~ean Standard
Deviation
•
• •
h
• •
L ,...._____• •
Beam Section Column Section
115
Table A.4
Chronology For Test Structure
Date
Reinforcement fabrication 23 t·1ay 1977
Casting 26 Hay 1977
Si de forms struck 26 May 1977
Wet burl ap cover removed 9 June 1977
Lifted off 9 June 1977
Mounted on the earthquake simulator 15 June 1977
Tested 29 June 1977
45
1
40
35
0
a.
~
25
It)
.
It)
G)
+-
en 20
/
--'
--'
m
0
)(
« 15
4
5
Strain x 10
4001-- -
3001-- ,
0
Q.
:E
.,
U)
...en
Q)
'-
200t-. -. ~
~
.......
...en
Q)
Q)
IOO~ -
O~I--------------~----------------~--------------~------~
o 0.01 0.02 OD3
Steel Strain
Typical Accelerometer
Measures Minor Direct ion
Horizontal Acceleration
Typica.1 Accelerometer
Measures Major Direct ion
Horizontal Accelerat ion
Typical L VDT
Measures Major Direct ion
Horizontal Displacement
DO
~DD
t:::I---i-.
----...........DD
~DD
~DD
~ DO
~DD
. . . . . . . . DD
c::J---~
..--.....-DD
5I = spectrum i ntens i ty
t = time
~ = damage ratio
~.
1
= damage ratio for member i
w = driving frequency of the base motion of the steady-state tests