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2. Dead storage:
stored for future use. Mainly it is for longer period of time, and it is also mandatory to
keep a backup of fuel for specified amount of days depending on the reputation of the
company and its connectivity. there are many forms of storage some of which are:
1. Stacking the coal in heaps over available open ground areas.
2. As in (I). But placed under cover or alternatively in bunkers.
3. Allocating special areas & surrounding these with high reinforced concerted retaking
walls.
Air Preheater:
The heat carried out with the flue gases coming out of economiser are further utilized for
preheating the air before supplying to the combustion chamber. It is a necessary equipment
for supply of hot air for drying the coal in pulverized fuel systems to facilitate grinding and
satisfactory combustion of fuel in the furnace.
Reheater:
Power plant furnaces may have a reheater section containing tubes heated by hot flue gases
outside the tubes. Exhaust steam from the high pressure turbine is rerouted to go inside the
reheater tubes to pickup more energy to go drive intermediate or lower pressure turbines.
Steam turbines:
Steam turbines have been used predominantly as prime mover in all thermal power stations.
The steam turbines are mainly divided into two groups:
1) Impulse turbine
2) Impulse-reaction turbine
The turbine generator consists of a series of steam turbines interconnected to each other and a
generator on a common shaft. There is a high pressure turbine at one end, followed by an
intermediate pressure turbine, two low pressure turbines, and the generator. The steam at
high temperature (536 ‘c to 540 ‘c) and pressure (140 to 170 kg/cm2) is expanded in the
turbine.
Condenser:
The condenser condenses the steam from the exhaust of the turbine into liquid to allow it to
be pumped. If the condenser can be made cooler, the pressure of the exhaust steam is reduced
and efficiency of the cycle increases. The functions of a condenser are:
1) To provide lowest economic heat rejection temperature for steam.
2) To convert exhaust steam to water for reserve thus saving on feed water requirement.
3) To introduce make up water.
We normally use surface condenser although there is one direct contact condenser as well. In
direct contact type exhaust steam is mixed with directly with D.M cooling water.
Boiler feed pump:
Boiler feed pump is a multi-stage pump provided for pumping feed water to economiser. BFP
is the biggest auxiliary equipment after Boiler and Turbine. It consumes about 4 to 5 % of
total electricity generation.
Cooling tower:
The cooling tower is a semi-enclosed device for evaporative cooling of water by contact with
air. The hot water coming out from the condenser is fed to the tower on the top and allowed
to tickle in form of thin sheets or drops. The air flows from bottom of the tower or
perpendicular to the direction of water flow and then exhausts to the atmosphere after
effective cooling.
The cooling towers are of four types:
1) Natural Draft cooling tower 2) Forced Draft cooling tower
3) Induced Draft cooling tower 4) Balanced Draft cooling tower
Fan or draught system:
In a boiler it is essential to supply a controlled amount of air to the furnace for effective
combustion of fuel and to evacuate hot gases formed in the furnace through the various heat
transfer area of the boiler. This can be done by using a chimney or mechanical device such as
fans which acts as pump.
1. Natural draught:
When the required flow of air and flue gas through a boiler can be obtained by the stack
(chimney) alone, the system is called natural draught. When the gas within the stack is hot,
its specific weight will be less than the cool air outside; therefore the unit pressure at the base
of stack resulting from weight of the column of hot gas within the stack will be less than the
column of extreme cool air. The difference in the pressure will cause a flow of gas through
opening in base of stack. also the chimney is form of nozzle, so the pressure at top is very
small and gases flow from high pressure to low pressure at the top.
2. Mechanized draught:
There are 3 types of mechanized draught systems:
1) Forced draught system 2) Induced draught system 3) Balanced draught system
Forced draught: In this system a fan called Forced draught fan is installed at the inlet of
the boiler. This fan forces the atmospheric air through the boiler furnace and pushes out the
hot gases from the furnace through superheater, reheater, economiser and air heater to stacks.
Induced draught: Here a fan called ID fan is provided at the outlet of boiler, that is, just
before the chimney. This fan sucks hot gases from the furnace through the superheaters,
economiser, reheater and discharges gas into the chimney. This results in the furnace pressure
lower than atmosphere and affects the flow of air from outside to the furnace.
Balanced draught: In this system both FD fan and ID fan are provided. The FD fan is
utilized to draw control quantity of air from atmosphere and force the same into furnace. The
ID fan sucks the product of combustion from furnace and discharges into chimney. The point
where draught is zero is called balancing point.
Ash handling system:
The disposal of ash from a large capacity power station is of same importance as ash is
produced in large quantities. Ash handling is a major problem.
i) Manual handling: While barrows are used for this. The ash is collected directly
through the ash outlet door from the boiler into the container from manually.
ii) Mechanical handling: Mechanical equipment is used for ash disposal, mainly bucket
elevator, belt conveyer. Ash generated is 20% in the form of bottom ash and next 80%
through flue gases, so called Fly ash and collected in ESP.
iii) Electrostatic precipitator: From air preheater this flue gases (mixed with ash) goes
to ESP. The precipitator has plate banks (A-F) which are insulated from each other between
which the flue gases are made to pass. The dust particles are ionized and attracted by charged
electrodes. The electrodes are maintained at 60KV.Hammering is done to the plates so that
fly ash comes down and collect at the bottom. The fly ash is dry form is used in cement
manufacture.
Generator:
Generator or Alternator is the electrical end of a turbo-generator set. It is generally known as
the piece of equipment that converts the mechanical energy of turbine into electricity. The
generation of electricity is based on the principle of electromagnetic induction.
2. The steam is kept on heating till it becomes superheated. (A steam can only attain a
particular temperature at a particular pressure. Heating it above that temperature but
keeping the pressure constant is called superheating the steam)
3. The superheated steam has a lot of energy and it is allowed to pass through the blades of a
turbine
4. The pressure exerted by the steam on the turbine rotates the turbine. This makes the steam
lose its energy and expand as the pressure drops rapidly and volume expands.
5. The steam, after expanding is cooled down at a constant pressure to water and then
pumped back into the boiler for use again.
6. The turbine which was rotating was coupled with the generator. The generator rotates
along with the turbine. And thus produces electricity by the principle of Lenz’s Law (the
current induced in a circuit due to a change or a motion in a magnetic field is so directed
as to oppose the change in flux and to exert a mechanical force opposing the motion.)
This one is the most basic thermal power station block diagram herein coal and
water are the input to the block, the output is power from the generator and the
wastes are ash and flue gases.
: Drum
وعاء البخار steam drumهو أحد مكونات غالية أنابيب المياه التي تعمل عند درجة حرارة تبلغ 390
درجة مئوية وضغط يصل إلى 4و 2ميجا باسكال ,يتجمع الماء الساخن القادم من أنابيب التسخين في وعاء
البخار حيث ينفصل البخار عن الماء .ويُوجّه البخار إلى توربين بغرض تشغيله ويمكن بواسطته إنتاج
الكهرباء .
طريقة عمل الغالية:
تتكون الغالية عادة من وعائين أحدهما وعاء البخار steam drumوهو يحتوي على الماء الساخن والبخار ،وهو
يوجد في أعلى الغالية [أو المرجل] والوعاء اآلخر يوجد في أسفل المرجل ويمد المرجل بالماء البارد .ويوصل بين
الوعائين مجموعة أنابيب يصل طولها نحو 5متر ،يدخلها الماء من وعاء الماء البارد بواسطة مضخات ويحيط بها
الهواء الساخن الناتج عن الشعالت التي تعمل بالغاز أو الزيت ،فترتفع درجة حرارة الماء في األنابيب ثم تدخل وعاء
البخار .يتوزع الماء الساخن داخل وعاء البخار وبعد انفصال البخار منه يبدأ في النزول عن طريق أنابيب الماء النازل
down comersإلى وعاء الماء البارد ( )feed water drumالموجود أسفل المرجل .
شكل توضيحي يبين طريقة عمل السخان الذي تحوي على غرفة للماء البارد وغرفة للماء
الساخن تخرج منها أنابيب تعمل على رفع درجة حرارة المياه فيها.
ويوجد أعلى وعاء البخار صمام للتنفيس حيث يتم عن طريقه تفريغ أنابيب المرجل والوعاء من الفقاعات
الهوائية عند بداية التشغيل ويغلق الصمام عند وصول الضغط إلى , kg/cm2 1.5كما يوجد أيضا
صمامات أمان ( )safty valveتعمل على تفريغ الضغط الزائد في حالة ارتفاع الضغط داخل وعاء البخار
لحماية المرجل .
ويوجد على جانبي وعاء البخار صمامان أخران لتنظيم الضغط :
الصمام األول Rv-1359يفتح في حالة وصول الضغط إلى kg/cm2 29ويغلق في حالة وصول الضغط
إلى . kg/cm2 27.8
أما الصمام الثاني Rv-1360والذي يفتح في حالة وصول الضغط إلى kg/cm2 29.8ويغلق في حالة
وصول الضغط إلى kg/cm2 28.6كما توجد مقاييس لقياس مستوى الماء في وعاء البخار.
ويوجد داخل وعاء البخار أنبوب إلضافة المواد الكيمياوية التي يمكن إضافتها لمنع التكلس ,إضافة إلى ذلك
يوجد مجموعة مصفاة السايكلون cyclone – tube separatorوالتي تقوم بالتقاط قطرات الماء
الموجودة في البخار ومنعها من الخروج إلى المحمصة . Superheater
بذلك يصبح البخار الداخل في المحمصة جافا وخالي من الرطوبة .
كما توجد أيضا مصفاة للفصل الميكانيكي ) (scrubberحيث تتكون من عدة طبقات ) (bafflesتسمح
بمرور البخار وتمنع مرور الماء .بذلك تتجمع قطرات الماء المفصولة ويخرج البخار من المصفاة مشبعا
وجافا )(saturated vapor
يتعرض البخار المشبع قبل خروجة إلدارة التوربين إلى حرارة الغاز العادم فيكتسب منها حرارة إضافية
وبرتفع ضغطه .
يساعد على زيادة كفاءة تشغيل الغالية و خفض فى أستهالك الوقود الالزم لتسخين
مياة التغذية و بالتالى خفض فى التكاليف التشغيلية لذلك سمية بهذا
األسم ECONOMIZERأى الموفر .