SKULL

SKULL
SKULL
SKULL
VISCEROCRANIUM
NEUROCRANIUM  NASAL BONE (2)
 FRONTAL  LACRIMAL BONE (2)
 PARIETAL (2)  VOMER
 TEMPORAL (2)  MANDIBLE
 SPHENOD  MAXILLAE (2)
 ETHMOID  INFERIOR CONCHAE (2)
 OCCIPITAL  ZYGOMATIC (2)
 PALATINE (2) – ROOF OF THE MOUTH
NASAL

PARIETAL
FRONTAL
LACRIMAL

ETHMOID
SPHENOID
TEMPORAL
OCCIPITAL
ZYGOMATIC

INFERIOR CONCHA
MAXILLA
VOMER

MANDIBLE
SKULL

BONY LANDMARKS WHICH DEMARCATE THE 3 CRANIAL FOSSAE

 ANTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

content: frontal lobe of cerebrum
landmark:
• anterior:: frontal bone
• medial: cribriform plate
• posterior: sphenoidal sinuses
• floor: orbital plate

 MIDDLE CRANIAL FOSSA

contents: temporal lobe of cerebrum, auditory cortex & vestibular
pathways
landmarks:
• anterior:: lesser wing of sphenoid
• lateral: squamous part of temporal
• posterior: petrous pat of temporal
• floor: greater wings of sphenoid

 POSTERIOR CRANIAL FOSSA

contents: cerebellum, pons & medulla oblongata
landmarks:
• anterior: petrous part of temporal bone
• posterior: ridge of cruciate eminence
SCALP

 SKIN
- thin epidermis and thick dermis
- Hair follicles and sebaceous glands
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
 sebaceous cysts
- ducts are prone to infection, desquamation of cells causing blockage

 SUBCUTANEOUS
- contains blood vessels & nerves
- binds dermis to epicranial layer
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE:
 profused bleeding
- walls of blood vessels cannot rectract because it is attached to a fibrous septa
 APONEUROSIS/GALEA APONEUROTICA/EPICRANIAL APONEUROSIS
- unites occipital and frontal bellies of occipitofrontalis muscle
 gaping wounds

 LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE

- in the subaponeurotic space loosely connecting epicranial aponeurosis to periosteum
- with small arteries, emissary veins connects  diploeic vein  dural sinus cavernous
sinus
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 dangerous layer of the scalp (cavernous sinus thrombosis)

 PERICRANIUM
- periosteal covering loosely attached except at sutural joints
- limited or absent osteogenic capabilities
CLNICAL SIGNIFICANCE
 pus and blood is limited to one area
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NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY

BLOOD SUPPLY
 OPTHALMIC ARTERY

 SUPRAORBITAL ARTERY
 anterior surface of forehead
- terminal branch of ophthalmic artery
- passes superiorly from supratrochlear foramen

SUPRATROCHLEAR ARTERY
 anterior surface of forehead
- terminal branch od ophthalmic artery

 EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY

 POSTERIOR AURICULAR ARTERY
 posterior of ear

SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL ARTERY

 greater area of scalp (entire lateral)

OCCIPITAL ARTERY
 posterior part of skull

VENOUS DRAINAGE
 SUPRATROCHLEAR & SUPRAORBITAL VEINS
- unite to form facial vein
 SUPERFICIAL TEMPORAL VEIN
- +maxillary forming retromandibular vein
 POSTERIOR AURICULAR VEINS
- drain to external jugular vein
 OCCIPITAL VEINS
- drains to suboccipital venous plexus
SCALP

NEUROVASCULAR SUPPLY

NERVE SUPPLY
 SUPRATROCHLEAR (CNV1:OPTHALMIC)
 scalp

 SUPRAORBITAL (CNV1:OPTHALMIC)
 superior orbital ascends over head

 ZYGOMATICOTEMPORAL (CNV2:MAXILLARY)
 scalp over temple

 AURICULO-TEMPORAL (CNV3:MANDIBULAR)
 skin over temporal region

 GREATER OCCIPITAL (POSTERIOR RAMUS OF C2)

 skin over occipital region

 LESSER OCCIPITAL (CERVICAL PLEXUS, C2)

 lateral part of occipital region
 skin over medial surface of auricle
SCALP

TEMPORALIS MUSCLE

ORIGIN Floor of temporal fossa

INSERTION Coronoid processes of mandible
NERVE SUPPLY Mandibular division of trigeminal nerve
ACTION anterior & superior fibers
 elevate the mandible
posterior fibers
 retract mandible

OCCIPITAL BELLY OF OCCIPITO-FRONTALIS MUSCLE

ORIGIN Highest nuchal line of occipital bone
INSERTION Epicranial Aponeurosis
NERVE SUPPLY Posterior auricular branch of facial nerve
ACTION Raises the eyebrows

FRONTAL BELLY of OCCIPITO-FRONTALIS MUSCLE

ORIGIN Skin And Superficial Fossa Of Eyebrows
INSERTION Epicranial aponeurosis
NERVE SUPPLY Temporal branch of Facial Nerve
ACTION Raises the eyebrows