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LARGE SCALE SHEAR ZONE DEFORMATION ON EOCENE – MIOCENE SEQUENCES OF THE

MANGKALIHAT PENINSULA, EAST KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA.
Sarah Karimatunnisa, Syahreza S. Angkasa, Ismawan, Rizky A. Syahrul, Risman Adhitiya, Merza Adeyosfi,
Dicky E. Hehakaya, Faisal Helmi, Aldrin Ramadhian.

Abstract area which may use as a candidate of hydrocarbon

The Mangkalihat Peninsula located in between the Kutai reservoirs (Flugel., 2004) with the evidences of several
and Tarakan Basins, which known as two prolific several gas seepages on the onshore setting of the
hydrocarbon basins in the Eastern Borneo, Indonesia. Mangkalihat Peninsula.
However, the understanding of the structural evolution the In this study, we investigate key field of the structural
Mangkalihat and vicinity still scarce. The brittle geological evidences from the onshore where the selected
deformation styles controlled by three main fault zone, study area located on the eastern part of Mangkalihat
which follows the Palukoro, Maratua and Sangkulirang Peninsula (Fig. 1). We record small scale structural
Fault Zone. These encountered the deformation features of evidences (e.g. shear fractures) and analyzed the kinematic
Mangkalihat Peninsula are different between those two deformation along with the morphological lineament. We
basins.In this study, we present the field observation of aim to improve our understanding of the structural
structural deformation coupled with kinematic analysis on deformation of the study area which may be used to explain
the eastern part of Mangkalihat Peninsula which is focused larger area.
as the study area, where the Eocene – Miocene sediment
and carbonate formations are well exposed.
The observations of fault occurrences are hardly to identify
due to intensive weathering process but we tried to
synthesize some structural evidences within the area. So
then, we used the conjugate shear fracture measurements as
kinematic indicator in order to identify the larger
kinematical deformation. The layered of carbonate
sequences mostly show NW-SE striking direction with a
low angle dipping. Moreover, the structural map
reconstruction suggested that carbonate sequence was form
several small scale syncline and anticline. The fault
occurrence can be classified into two, which follows; 1)
NW – SE direction and 2) NNE – SSW direction. The NW
– SE direction mainly form as a dip slip component fault
which form as thrust fault. However, The NNE – SSW
direction appear as predominantly strike slip component
with some variation of dip slip movement. These structural
evidences represent a typical simple or riedel shear
deformation model with a rotational strain to the NW – SE
direction and its presence as a wrench tectonic regime.

Introduction
The Mangkalihat Peninsula is located in between two major
prolific hydrocarbon basin in the Eastern Borneo (e.gKutai
and Tarakan Basin) (Adhitiya et al., 2013;
Koeshidayatullah et al., 2013). The structural deformation
of Mangkalihat Peninsula is controlled by three main major
wrench fault; Palukoro, Maratua and Sangkulirang Fault
Zone which is the basis of the Peninsula known as a
‘megashear zone’. However, Theunderstanding of the
structural deformation characteristics on the onshore –
offshore setting and its vicinity, still scarce. These have
many implications to the petroleum exploration of within
the Peninsula and the surrounding areas. Moreover, the
extensive Cenozoic carbonate formations occur within the
Figure 1. The simplified regional geological map of
Borneo Island, which shows the Mangkalihat Peninsula
deformation influenced by three major fault of Palukoro,
Sakulirang and Maratua fault zone. The red square shows
the location of study area which situated on the eastern
part of the Peninsular. Moreover, the inset map displays
the location Mangkalihat peninsula, in between of Kutai
and Maratua – Tarakan Basins, modified after Wilson and
Evans., 2002 and Hall et al., 2007.
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Geological Setting
Mangkalihat Peninsula located on the eastern part of
BorneoIsland and its physiographycally a highland which
separates Kutai and Tarakan basins into southern and
northern area respectively (Fig. 1). Meltcafe, 1996
postulated the Mangkalihat Peninsula is a microcontinent
from Northern Gondwana which was drifted to equator in
Late Jurassic, as an impact of the opening of Cenotethys
Ocean. The other well-known hypothesis suggested this
peninsula originated from Partenoster Terain which is
acreted to the Southeastern segmen ofSunda
Terrain(continental core of Schwaner Microplate) in150-60
Ma (Satyana, 2003).This acretion is marked by the
presenceof Adio Suture or Suikerbrood High inwestern part
of the Peninsula during the Early Cenozoic. Moreover, the
implication of this event is the creation of sedimentary
basin on the eastern part of the peninsula along the
transgressive phase of the water bodies (e.g shallow
marine).
The regional stratigraphy of this study area predominatly
comprised filled by neritic – paludal sedimentary products
(Angkasa pers com., 2012) and regressive phase sediments
during Eocene to Pliocene. The Kuaro Formation comprise
by sandstones and coal deposit. The other formations are
recognized as a part of extensive Cenozoic shallow marine
carbonate formation (Wilson et al., 1999), which follows;
1) Tabalar Formation, 2) Tendehantu Formation, 3)
Lembak Formation and 4) Golok Formation (Fig. 2).
Figure 2. Lithostratigraphy of study area. Modified after
Djamal, 1995 and Angkasa, 2012.
Data and Method
The field works had been conduct on January, 2011 and
allows us to record the presence of the structural
deformation on the study area. However, the structural
evidence on the study area is hardly to recognize due to
the weathering and Ca solution which occur on the
carbonate formations. Moreover, there are several key
sections are inaccessible therefore the measured data
distribution scattered a total 400 of conjugate shear
fractures were recorded from several key sections.
Furthermore, in order to provide acceptable statistical
distribution, we used to measurethe fractures which
situated on 1 x 1 meters of selected areas along the
outcrop section. Then, the measurements are plotted on
the stereograph software for kinematical analysis.
Additionally, the Digital Elevation Model analysis is
used to examine the presence of structural lineaments on
the surface and the azimuthal distribution.
Figure 3. The detailed geological map of the eastern part
of Mangkalihat Peninsula and its combined with regional
geology map from Djamal, 1995. These included new
structural (fault and syncline-anticline) findings on the
study area. The location of fracture measurements shows
scatter on the study area (red squares) because the shear
fractures are hardly too recognized during the field work.
Result
Faults and fractures observation
There are twelve faults in the study area, comprise by
predimantly strike-slip fault system and minor back-thrust
fault. Most of the fault in the study area have NW-SE
striking with steeply dipping toward W direction. Back-
thrust faults were only observed on the east side (Landas
area) with NW-SE striking and NW dipping.
In detail, exactly 10 faults that active and causes
deformation by the reactivated Maratua Faults,
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Sangkurilang Faults and countinously movement by dextral o

faults of Palu Koro from SE of study area.; 1. Gunung
Antu 1 right thrust fault ;2. Sinistral faults Km. 8; 3. Landas
thrust right fault;4. Gunung Antu 1 left thust fault ; 5
Gunung Antu 2 right thrust fault ; 6. Gunung Antu left
thrust fault; 7. KM.11 Sinistral faults; 8. KM.14 Sinistral
Faults; 9. Tonda Tranform Dextral Fault ; 10. Sinistral
Sapokulit

Lineament analysis

According to result analysis morphological lineament data

of the observation area 0o57’29,52’’ NL / 118o 59’21,4’’
EL to 1o 03’3,6’’ NL/118o 59’2,04’’ it can be seen from
these data using a rosette diagram of the analytical results
on analysis based on Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
SRTM. The rosette diagram of the lineament distribution
from the azimuthal of slope shader using globalmapper
software with direction 0◦, 45◦, 90◦, and 270◦. At 0◦
azimuthal slope the lineament intensity come from NW to
SE and has another lower intensity from N to S and angle
of the higher intensity lineament is 40o from the North.
And at 45o azimuthal slope the highest lineament intensity
comes from NW to SE and SE) from the North is 30 o . At
the 90o Azimuthal slope of the data can be known that
lineament intensity comes still from NW to SE but there are
significant differences from other lineament which
indicates the direction toward lineament has almost the
same intensity and the angle formed by the lineament
highest intensity is 10o from North . At the 270o Azimuthal Figure4 . A) The analysis of morphological lineament and
slope there are other variations of this rosette diagram water drainage system (e.g. rivers) analysis based on
overview, as based on the intensity of the lineament can be Digital Elevation Model (DEM) SRTM. B) The rosette
seen toward the main lineament come from NW to SE but diagram of the lineament distribution from the azimuthal of
there is another lineament direction with a lower intensity slope shader using global mapper software with direction
are coming from NE to SW. While the angle formed at the 0◦, 45◦, 90◦, and 270◦. The results show NW – SE direction
main lineament direction towards the north is 50o. of the morphological lineament with some variation on
NNE – SSW direction.

Discussion

The fault occurrence can be classified into two, which

follows; 1) NW – SE direction and 2) NNE – SSW
direction. The NW – SE direction mainly form as a dip slip
component fault which form as thrust fault. However, The
NNE – SSW direction appear as predominantly strike slip
component with some variation of dip slip movement. . The
simple shear models by Riedel, 1978 can be explained the
structural deformation on the study area, where the main
stress field presence along northwest – southeast striking
direction. Moreover, the principal stress (1) expressed in
plunge / trend (lineation) is 50 , N 133 E and its
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controlled the two main fault (e.g. Maratatua and
Sangkulirang Fault). However, there are some irrelevant
structural record of the study area with the Riedel Shear
model as the second order of the fault system.
Figure5. Determining PDZ riedl concept with shear system
with large scale of structural direction.
Discuss about the geological history in study area, Can not
be separated from the tectonic setting of this research area.
Microplate of Patenoster that one of forming plate
Mangkalihat started crashing and punding Schwarner plate
forming plate of Kalimantan in the late cretacceus, uplifting
keeps going until early tertiary the deep marine deposited
can not be found. In tertiary exactly at Paleocene can be
interpreted that uplifting of basin contionously happens and
accomodation basin formed in the early eocene. In this
phase sandstones material deposited with shallow marine
deposite such as; white bioclastic limestones in the back
reef depositional environment.
In the late Eocene to Oligocene white boiclastic limestones
sedimented in the west with directional accomodation to
the east. With the assumption that it was probably fore reef
depositional environment.
Despite of the effect of fluctuative sea level the uplifting
happens also because the tectonic itself, from Pliocene the
tectonic more active and it caused deformation.
Conclusion
It can be interpreted that in Plistocene that were 10 faults
that active and affect to the study area formationit caused
by reactivation of Maratua Fault, Sangkurilang Fault and
the contionously dextral movements of Palu Koro fault in
the SE of study area.
From those analysis the study area is shear zone in the
tectonical corridors that relatively directed to NW- SE and
NNE- SSW. Riedl system developed by 2 direction that
reflected by the existence of 2 main transformal faults that
with direction of minor faults that relative similar. This
determinaton is refers to there’s no place displacement zone
(PDZ) in the study srea. Dominantly tectonical regime that
happened to the study area are Strike-Slip Right and Riedel
shear concept with dextral direction that completely
suitable to be applied in the study area.
Acknowledgement
We would like to thank for the excellent funding from
Salamander Energy Ltd (now, Ophir Energy) during the
field work and analysis on 2011 during SA, RS, RA, MA
and DH undergraduate thesis. Moreover, we thank Robby
Nurzaman, Parvita Siregar, Anom Prasetya and Krishna
Pratama Laya for constructive comments of our thesis.
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