Definitions of Terrorism

A. Etymology - The term "terrorism" comes from French terrorisme, from Latin: 'terror',
"great fear", "dread", related to the Latin verb terrere, "to frighten".
B. International Law (United Nations Security Council Resolution 1566) –criminal acts,
including against civilians, committed with the intent to cause death or serious bodily
injury, or taking of hostages, with the purpose to provoke a state of terror in the general
public or in a group of persons or particular persons, intimidate a population or compel a
government or an international organization to do or to abstain from doing any act, which
constitute offences within the scope of and as defined in the international conventions
and protocols relating to terrorism, are under no circumstances justifiable by
considerations of a political, philosophical, ideological, racial, ethnic, religious or other
similar nature.
C. National Law (U.S. Code, Title 22) - The term 'terrorism' means premeditated,
politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational
groups or clandestine agents.
D. Terrorism sprouts from the existence of aggrieved groups. These aggrieved groups
share two essential characteristics: they have specific political objectives, and they
believe that violence is an inevitable means to achieve their political ends. The political
dimension of terrorist violence is the key factor that distinguishes it from other crimes.
(Ali Khan, 1987)
E. Terrorism is : ineluctably political in aims and motives; violent—or, equally important,
threatens violence; designed to have far-reaching psychological repercussions beyond
the immediate victim or target; conducted by an organization with an identifiable chain of
command or conspiratorial cell structure (whose members wear no uniform or identifying
insignia) and perpetrated by a subnational group or non-state entity. (Hoffman, 2004)

Components of Terrorism

A. Acts or threats of violence;

B. The communication of fear to an audience beyond the immediate victim, and;
C. Political, economic, or religious aims by the perpetrator(s).

History of Terrorism

A. 1ST CENTURY BCE-13TH CENTURY: TERRORISM IN THE PRE-MODERN WORLD

 The Sicarii were a first-century Jewish group who murdered enemies and collaborators
in their campaign to oust their Roman rulers from Judea.
 The Hashhashin, whose name gave us the English word "assassins," were a secretive
Islamic sect active in Iran and Syria from the 11th to the 13th century.
 Their dramatically executed assassinations of Abbasid and Seljuk political figures
terrified their contemporaries.
B. 1793: REIGN OF TERROR
 The Reign of Terror (September 5, 1793 – July 28, 1794) or simply The Terror (French:
la Terreur) was a period of eleven months during the French Revolution when the
ruling Jacobins employed violence, including mass executions by guillotine, in order to
intimidate the regime's enemies and compel obedience to the state.
C. 1950S: THE RISE OF NON-STATE TERRORISM
 Terrorism began to be associated with non-governmental groups.
  Powerful, stable, and affordable explosives were developed, global integration reached
unprecedented levels and often radical political movements became widely influential.
D. 1970S: TERRORISM TURNS INTERNATIONAL
 International terrorism became a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking
became a favored tactic.
 In 1968, the popular front for the liberation of palestine hijacked an an el al flight. Twenty
years later, the bombing of a pan am flight over lockerbie, scotland, shocked the world.
 This era also gave us our contemporary sense of terrorism as highly theatrical, symbolic
acts of violence by organized groups with specific political grievances.
 1972 munich olympics were politically motivated.
 Black september ,a palestinian group, kidnapped and killed israeli athletes preparing to
compete. Black september's political goal was negotiating the release of palestinian
prisoners. They used spectacular tactics to bring international attention to their national
cause.

E. 1990S: THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY

 Religiously motivated terrorism became prominent in the 21st Century.

 Groups that justify their violence on islamic grounds: Al Qaeda, Hamas, Hezbollah.

Common Elements among the Majority Definitions of ‘Terrorism’

 Political - A terrorist act is a political act or is committed with the intention to cause a
political effect.
 Psychological - The intended results of terrorist acts cause a psychological effect
("terror"). They are aimed at a target audience (population as a whole, a specific
proportions of which ex. ethnic minorities or the decision-making elites) other than the
actual victims of the act.
 Coercive - Violence and destruction are used in the commission of the act to produce
the desired effect. For example, a successful hostage taking operation may result in all
hostages being freed unharmed after negotiations and bargaining. Regardless of the
outcome, the terrorist bargaining chips were nothing less than the raw threat of applying
violence to maim or kill some or all of the hostages. When the threat of violence is not
credible, or the terrorists are unable to implement violence effectively, terrorism fails.
 Dynamic - Terrorist groups demand change, revolution, or political movement. The
radical worldview that justifies terrorism mandates drastic action to destroy or alter the
status quo. Even if the goals of a movement are reactionary in nature, they require
action to "turn back the clock" or restore some cherished value system that is extinct.
 Deliberate - Terrorism is an activity planned and intended to achieve particular goals. It
is a rationally employed, specifically selected tactic, and is not a random act. Since the
victims of terrorist violence are often of little import, with one being as good for the
terrorists' purposes as another, victim or target selection can appear random or
unprovoked. But the target will contain symbolic value or be capable of eliciting
emotional response according to the terrorists' goals. Remember that the actual target of
terrorism is not the victim of the violence, but the psychological balance.

Media Exploitation
Terrorism's effects are not necessarily aimed at the victims of terrorist violence. Victims
are usually objects to be exploited by the terrorists for their effect on a third party. In order to
produce this effect, information of the attack must reach the target audience. So any terrorist
organization plans for exploitation of available media to get the message to the right audiences.
Victims are simply the first medium that transmits the psychological impact to the larger target
audience. The next step in transmission will depend on what media is available, but it will be
planned, and it will frequently be the responsibility of a specific organization within the terrorist
group to do nothing else but exploit and control the news cycle.
Some organizations can rely on friendly or sympathetic news outlets, but this is not
necessary. News media can be manipulated by planning around the demands of the "news
cycle", and the advantage that control of the initiative gives the terrorist. Pressures to report
quickly, to "scoop" competitors, allow terrorists to present claims or make statements that might
be refuted or critically commented on if time were available. Terrorists often provide names and
details of individual victims to control the news media through its desire to humanize or
personalize a story. For the victims of a terrorist attack, it is a certainty that the impact on the
survivors (if there are any) is of minimal importance to the terrorists. What is important is the
intended psychological impact that the news of their death or suffering will cause in a wider
audience.

Operations in Permissive Societies

Terrorists conduct more operations in societies where individual rights and civil legal
protections prevail. While terrorists may base themselves in repressive regimes that are
sympathetic to them, they usually avoid repressive governments when conducting operations
wherever possible. An exception to this case is a repressive regime that does not have the
means to enforce security measures. Governments with effective security forces and few
guaranteed civil liberties have typically suffered much less from terrorism than liberal states with
excellent security forces. Al Qaeda has shown, however, that they will conduct operations
anywhere.

Illegality of Methods
Terrorism is a criminal act. Whether the terrorist chooses to identify himself with military
terminology (as discussed under insurgencies below), or with civilian imagery ("brotherhood",
"committee", etc.), he is a criminal in both spheres. The violations of civil criminal laws are self-
evident in activities such as murder, arson, and kidnapping regardless of the legitimacy of the
government enforcing the laws. Victimizing the innocent is criminal injustice under a dictatorship
or a democracy. If the terrorist claims that he is justified in using such violence as a military
combatant, he is a de facto war criminal under international law and the military justice systems
of most nations.

Preparation and Support

It is important to understand that actual terrorist operations are the result of extensive
preparation and support operations. Media reporting and academic study have mainly focused
on the terrorists' goals and actions, which is precisely what the terrorist intends. This neglects
the vital but less exciting topic of preparation and support operations. Significant effort and
coordination is required to finance group operations, procure or manufacture weapons, conduct
target surveillance and analysis, and deliver trained terrorists to the operational area. While the
time and effort expended by the terrorists may be a drop in the bucket compared to the amounts
spent to defend against them, terrorist operations can still involve large amounts of money and
groups of people. The need for dedicated support activities and resources on simple operations
are significant, and get larger the greater the sophistication of the plan and the complexity of the
target.
The Difference Between Terrorists and Insurgents

Terrorism
 term is defined as politically motivated violence or the threat of violence against non-
combatants by sub-state actors
 Its objectives are, according to Louise Richardson, revenge, renown, and
reaction. Moreover, terrorists plan for their attacks to “have far-reaching psychological
effects beyond the immediate victim(s) or object of the terrorist attack.” Terrorism wants
to spread terror amongst the population. The terrorist’s objective is therefore more about
scaring civil society and making themselves known.
 The terrorist by definition attacks non-combatants. A quick survey of terrorist attacks
shows that their ultimate targets are non-combatants rather than those that fight on the
battlefield. Al-Qaeda chose to target the World Trade Centers as a way to assault people
for specifically being American, not because they were soldiers on the
battlefield. Targets are non-combatants to draw attention to their cause because they
were symbolic of their problem with the current order.
 Terrorists operate either in cells or as individuals (lone wolf).

Insurgency
 Defined as a “struggle between a nonruling group and the ruling authorities in which the
nonruling group uses political resources and violence” and is a “protracted political-
military activity” that uses irregular military forces.
 An insurgent’s tactics will look to wear the enemy down through constant attacks against
the regular forces while acquiring weapons and support from the disenfranchised
population. Eventually, the insurgency tries to establish its own regular forces and fight
the opposing government on equal footing. Furthermore, the insurgency wishes to give
public services to the public while diminishing the government’s ability to do so.
 The primary difference is that insurgents’ primary target are combatants as part of their
overall strategic initiative. They cannot gain recruits if they continually assault the
population they supposedly want to protect from the ruling authority.
 Operate as a paramilitary organization with specific people in command so that they can
achieve success.

State Sponsored Terrorism

There are two broad definitions of "state-sponsored terrorism." One refers to
governments that support or conduct terrorism against other governments. The other refers to
governments that conduct terrorist acts against their own citizens.

Three different ways that states can engage in the use of terror are:
• Governmental or "State" terror
• State involvement in terror
• State sponsorship of terrorism and extremism

1. Governmental or "State" terror

Sometimes referred to as "terror from above", where a government terrorizes its own
population to control or repress them. These actions usually constitute the acknowledged policy
of the government, and make use of official institutions such as the judiciary, police, military,
and other government agencies. Changes to legal codes permit or encourage torture, killing, or
property destruction in pursuit of government policy.

2. State involvement in terror

These are activities where government personnel carry out operations using terror
tactics. These activities may be directed against other nations' interests, its own population, or
private groups or individuals viewed as dangerous to the state.

Another type of these activities is "death squads" or "war veterans” unofficial actions
taken by officials or functionaries of a regime (such as members of police or intelligence
organizations) against their own population to repress or intimidate. While these officials will not
claim such activities, and disguise their participation, it is often made clear that they are acting
for the state. Keeping such activities "unofficial" permits the authorities deniability and avoids
the necessity of changing legal and judicial processes to justify oppression. This is different than
"pro-state" terror, which is conducted by groups or persons with no official standing and without
official encouragement. While pro-state terror may result in positive outcomes for the authorities,
their employment of criminal methods and lack of official standing can result in disavowal and
punishment of the terrorists, depending on the morality of the regime in question.

3. State sponsorship of terrorism and extremism

Also known as "state supported" terrorism, when governments provide supplies, training,
and other forms of support to non-state terrorist organizations. One of the most valuable types
of this support is the provision of safe haven or physical basing for the terrorists' organization.
Another crucial service a state sponsor can provide is false documentation, not only for personal
identification (passports, internal identification documents), but also for financial transactions
and weapons purchases. Other means of support are access to training facilities and expertise
not readily available to groups without extensive resources. Finally, the extension of diplomatic
protections and services, such as immunity from extradition, diplomatic passports, use of
embassies and other protected grounds, and diplomatic pouches to transport weapons or
explosives have been significant to some groups.
Goals and Motivations of Terrorism
Understanding the goals of the enemy promotes an active approach to analyzing the
transfer of goals to objectives, and objectives into operational plans and actions. While
prediction is conditional, a terrorist will consider target value and cost required of the terrorist
organization to successfully attack. A terrorist will evaluate what force protection measures are
in effect in the vicinity of a target and determine a cost benefit analysis. From these analyses
and forms of study and surveillance, a terrorist will isolate weaknesses of a target and exploit
these weaknesses.
Goals and objectives of terrorist organizations differ throughout the world and range from
regional single-issue terrorists to the aims of transnational radicalism and terrorism. As the most
prominent democracy and significant economic, military, and political power in the world, the
U.S. is a convenient and appealing target for extremists
Dr. James M. Smith, former Director of the United States Air Force Institute for National
Security Studies (INSS), once said, “Terrorism is a physical attack intended to produce a
psychological effect.” (Smith 2003). On the other hand, Gorski said, “Terrorism intends to
cause a chronic state of psychological vulnerability and instability in the targeted
population. Death and destructions are merely a mean to achieve these ends.” (Gorski 2002).
 A terrorist operation will often have the goal of manipulating popular perceptions, and will
achieve this by controlling or dictating media coverage. This control need not be overt, as
terrorists analyze and exploit the dynamics of major media outlets and the pressure of the news
cycle (Hoffman, 1998). Terrorist strategies will be aimed at publicly causing damage to symbols
or inspiring fear. Timing, location, and method of attacks accommodate mass media
dissemination and optimize current news impact.
By and large, terrorism is a form of psychological warfare that intends to diminish the will
of the people and influence their collective frame of mind against the established government.
Given the preceding, the terrorists seek to cause "political, social and economic disruption, and
for this purpose frequently engage in planned or indiscriminate murder.” (Lacquer 1977).

The Intent of Terrorist Groups

A terrorist group commits acts of violence to -

 Produce wide spread fear

 Obtain worldwide, national, or local recognition for their cause by attracting the attention
of the media
 Harass, weaken, or embarrass government security forces so that the the government
overreacts and appears repressive
 Steal or extort money and equipment, especially weapons and ammunition vital to the
operation of their group
 Destroy facilities or disrupt lines of communication in order to create doubt that the
government can provide for and protect its citizens
 Discourage foreign investments, tourism, or assistance programs that can affect the
target country’s economy and support of the government in power
 Influence government decisions, legislation, or other critical decisions
 Free prisoners
 Satisfy vengeance
 Turn the tide in a guerrilla war by forcing government security forces to concentrate their
efforts in urban areas. This allows the terrorist group to establish itself among the local
populace in rural areas

Motivational Categories
Separatist
Separatist groups reach for a goal of separation from existing entities through
independence, political autonomy, or religious freedom or domination. The ideologies that
separatists promote include social justice or equity, anti-imperialism, a well as the resistance to
conquest or occupation by a foreign power. Categories of ethnicity and nationalism can
crossover in support rationale.
Ethnocentric
Ethnocentric groups see race as the defining characteristic of a society and a basis of
cohesion. Group members promote the attitude that a particular group is superior because of its
ethnic or racial characteristics.
Nationalistic
 The loyalty and devotion to a nation and the national consciousness place one nation’s
culture and interests above those of other nations or groups is the motivating factor behind
these groups. This can aim to create a new nation or to split away part of an existing state in
order to join with another nation that shares the perceived national identity.
Revolutionary
These groups are dedicated to the overthrow of an established order and replacing
governance with a new political or social structure. Often associated with communist political
ideologies, other political movements can advocate revolutionary methods to achieve their
goals.
Ideology Influences
Ideology Influences Groups with secular ideologies and nonreligious goals will often
attempt highly selective and discriminate acts of violence to achieve a specific political aim. This
often requires them to keep casualties at the minimum amount necessary to attain the objective.
The intention is to avoid a backlash that might damage the organization’s acceptability and
maintain the appearance of a rational group that has legitimate grievances. By limiting their
attacks they reduce the risk of undermining external political and economic support. Religiously
oriented and millenarian groups may attempt to inflict as many casualties as possible. An
apocalyptic or theological extremist frame of reference may determine loss of life as irrelevant
and encourage mass casualty producing incidents.
What is the goal of ISIS?
Islamic State of Iraq and Syria most known for ISIS, the militant Islamic group cutting a
violent path through both Iraq and Syria, the stated mission goal of ISIS, as the group voiced
publicly back in June, is to establish a new Islamic caliphate across the Middle East.
ISIS makes no secret of its ultimate ambition: A global caliphate- a successor of past
Islamic empires governed according to Sharia law- secured through a global war. To that end it
speaks of "remaining and expanding" its existing hold over much of Iraq and Syria. It aims to
replace existing, man-made borders, to overcome what it sees as the Shiite "crescent" that has
emerged across the Middle East, to take its war -- Islam's war -- to Europe and America, and
ultimately to lead Muslims toward an apocalyptic battle against the "disbelievers."
Its propaganda relies on a very distinct interpretation of the Quran and other religious
texts to promote these goals -- and most importantly to show its supporters that they are
achievable. ISIS frequently uses its online magazine Dabiq to set out its vision. The title of the
magazine is no accident -- Dabiq is a town in northern Syria currently held by ISIS where,
according to Islamic prophecy, the armies of Rome will mass to meet the armies of Islam.
Prophecy is critical to ISIS, which accepts the word of the Prophet and the hadith, or
sayings, attributed to him literally and without question. Prophecy provides ISIS with the glue of
theological certainty. And according to those prophecies, the Islamic armies will ultimately
conquer Jerusalem and Rome.
That jihad has already begun -- and in the process ISIS supporters point to the prophecy that
declares: "There will come a time when three armies of Islam shall simultaneously rise, one in
the Levant, one in Yemen and one in Iraq." A caliphate can only exist if it holds territory: ISIS'
raison d'etre is to sustain and expand. As Graeme Wood wrote in The Atlantic: "Caliphates
cannot exist as underground movements, because territorial authority is a requirement: Take
away its command of territory, and all those oaths of allegiance are no longer binding."
 So ISIS' first goal is to consolidate control over its holdings in Iraq and Syria, to
demonstrate it can run a state with large towns and cities -- not just occupy desert or mountain
holdouts. But at the same time it is probing elsewhere in the region for more real estate. ISIS
does not recognize the borders of nation states that make up the modern world nor the idea of a
democratic state or citizenship. It sees these as man-made creations at odds with the notion of
a caliphate. So it frequently celebrates its ability to defy the "Sykes-Picot line," the colonial-era
border that divides Iraq and Syria. It even produced a video entitled "The End of Sykes-Picot" in
which a voice-over declared: "This is not the first border we will break. Inshallah, we break other
borders also, but we start with this one."
ISIS' ideology as a militant Sunni group is also fixated with purifying Islam, and that
means eradicating Shia Muslims or expelling them from the caliphate. It has already shown
extreme cruelty toward Shiites -- most notably slaughtering more than 1,500 Iraqi air force
cadets in Tikrit in June 2014.
Despite the enormous firepower, resources and technology that the U.S. and its allies
can bring to the battlefield, ISIS is doing all it can to drag the West into a broader battle. Its
gruesome murder of American hostages was part of this strategy of provocation; so were the
attacks in Paris. here can only be one victor in this struggle, according to ISIS' millenarian
perspective. In September 2014, Adnani said the righteous "are always and forever victorious,
since the battle of Noah and until Allah inherits the earth and those upon it."

Terrorism Incidents
A terrorist incident is a violent act or an act dangerous to human life, in violation of the
criminal laws of the United States, or of any state, to intimidate or coerce a government, the
civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives.

GLOBAL TERRORISM DATABASE (GTD)

The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an open-source database including information
on terrorist events around the world from 1970 through 2015 (with additional annual updates
planned for the future). Unlike many other event databases, the GTD includes systematic data
on domestic as well as transnational and international terrorist incidents that have occurred
during this time period and now includes more than 150,000 cases. For each GTD incident,
information is available on the date and location of the incident, the weapons used and nature of
the target, the number of casualties, and--when identifiable--the group or individual responsible.

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) – Counterterrorism Division

FBI Policy Guidelines

In accordance with U.S. counterterrorism policy, the FBI considers terrorists to be
criminals. FBI efforts in countering terrorist threats are multifaceted. Information obtained
through FBI investigations is analyzed and used to prevent terrorist activity and, whenever
possible, to effect the arrest and prosecution of potential perpetrators. FBI investigations are
initiated in accordance with the following guidelines:

- Domestic terrorism investigations are conducted in accordance with The Attorney

General’s Guidelines on General Crimes, Racketeering Enterprise, and Terrorism
Enterprise Investigations. These guidelines set forth the predication threshold and limits
for investigations of U.S. persons who reside in the United States, who are not acting on
 behalf of a foreign power, and who may be conducting criminal activities in support of
terrorist objectives.

- International terrorism investigations are conducted in accordance with The Attorney

General Guidelines for FBI Foreign Intelligence Collection and Foreign
Counterintelligence Investigations. These guidelines set forth the predication level and
limits for investigating U.S. persons or foreign nationals in the United States who are
targeting national security interests on behalf of a foreign power.

Types of Terrorism

Domestic Terrorism

Domestic terrorism involves violence against the civilian population or infrastructure of

a nation—often but not always by citizens of that nation and often with the intent to intimidate,
coerce, or influence national policy.

Cyber Terrorism

The cyber space is a growing community where everyone can reach out to one another
regardless of time and distance. It has become a new way of life, but has its negative
repercussions as well. Some individuals use the cyberspace for their own dubious schemes, as
they target unsuspecting individuals, companies, banks and even the military and government
agencies.

Cyber terrorism is a new form of terrorism that is only going to increase in profile as we
rely on computer networks to relay information and provide connectivity to today's modern and
fast-paced world. Cyber terrorism allows terrorists to conduct their operations with little or no
risk to themselves. It also provides terrorists an opportunity to disrupt or destroy networks and
computers. The result is interruption of key government or business-related activities. This type
of terrorism isn't as high profile as other types of terrorist attacks, but its impact cab be very
destructive.

“Cyber terrorism” is a contested term that can erroneously include acts of “hacktivism” and
internet vandalism which do not directly threaten the lives and livelihoods of their victims. The
potential threats posed by cyber terrorism are daunting.

Cyber terrorism, also known as electronic terrorism or information wars, can be

defined as any act of Internet terrorism which includes deliberate and large-scale attacks and
disruptions of computer networks using computer viruses, or physical attacks using malware, to
attack individuals, governments and organizations. While cyber-crime is often motivated by
economic gain, and hacking, or internet vandalism, often is done to satisfy the hacker’s ego,
cyber terror is fuelled by an ideology.

Cyber-Crime and Cyber-Terrorism, January-March 2016

Recent years have seen an increasing number of cyber-attacks on political targets,
critical infrastructure, and the Web sites of commercial corporations. These attacks, which are
also receiving increasing amounts of international attention, are perpetrated by states (which do
not take responsibility for them), groups of hackers (such as Anonymous), criminal
organizations and lone hackers.
The New Era of Cyber Terrorism
Cyber-attacks are on the rise, and government agencies, law enforcement and the
private sector all seem powerless to stop them. The list of recent high-profile victims includes
such well-known names as Target, Sony and Ashley Madison, and it also includes the Joint
Chiefs of Staff and even the White House. Many of the cybercrime attacks are coming from
countries that include China, Iran and North Korea.

The U.S. government has budgeted $14 billion for cyber security for fiscal year 2016, so
clearly, this threat is being taken seriously at the highest levels of government.

Unfortunately, security experts expect cyber-attacks seen in 2015 to continue in the new
year, if only because those most likely to be victimized simply haven't done much to step up
security. In fact, many federal agencies have not even instituted two-factor authentication,
something as simple as requiring both a card and a PIN number.

TYPES OF TERRORISM INCIDENTS

The most common types of terrorist incidents include:

Bombings
Bombings are the most common type of terrorist act. Typically, improvised explosive
devices are inexpensive and easy to make. Modern devices are smaller and are harder to
detect and sometimes use common, non-military components. Both type of explosive devices
can contain very destructive capabilities; for example, on February 23, 1993 the World Trade
Centre (North Tower) was hit by a massive terrorst bomb that exploded in the basement of
WTC's North Tower. Terrorists can also use materials that are readily available to the average
consumer to construct a bomb.

Kidnappings and Hostage taking

Terrorists use kidnapping and hostage taking to establish a bargaining position and to
elicit publicity. Kidnapping is one of the most difficult acts for a terrorist group to accomplish, but,
if a kidnapping is successful, it can gain terrorists money, release of jailed comrades, and
publicity for an extended period. Hostage taking involves the seizure of a facility or location and
the taking of hostages. Unlike a kidnapping, hostage taking provokes a confrontation with
authorities. It forces authorities to either make dramatic decisions or to comply with the
terrorist's demands. It is overt and designed to attract and hold media attention. The terrorist's
intended target is the audience affected by the hostage's confinement, not the hostage.

Armed Attacks and Assassinations

Armed attacks include raids and ambushes. Assassinations are the killing of a selected
victim,usually by bombings or small arms. Drive by shootings is a common technique employed
by unsophisticated or loosely organized terrorist groups. Historically, terrorists have
assassinated specific individuals for psychological effect.

Arson and Firebombings

Incendiary devices are cheap and easy to hide. Arson and firebombings are easily
conducted by terrorist groups that may not be as well organized, equipped, or trained as a major
terrorist organization. An arson or fire-bombing against a utility, hotel, government building, or
industrial centre portrays an image that the ruling government is incapable of maintaining order.
Hijackings and Skyjackings
Hijacking is the seizure by force of a surface vehicle, its passengers, and/or its cargo.
Skyjacking is the taking of an aircraft, which creates a mobile, hostage barricade situation. It
provides terrorists with hostages from many nations and draws heavy media attention.
Skyjacking also provides mobility for the terrorists to relocate the aircraft to a country that
supports their cause and provides them with a human shield, making retaliation difficult.

Nuclear / Radiological / Biological / Chemical terrorist attacks

Historically, terrorist attacks using nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) weapons
have been rare. Due the extremely high number of casualties that NBC weapons produce, they
are also referred to as weapons of mass destruction (WMD). However, a number of nations are
involved in arms races with neighboring countries because they view the development of WMD
as a key deterrent of attack by hostile neighbors. The increased development of WMD also
increases the potential for terrorist groups to gain access to WMD. It is believed that in the
future terrorists will have greater access to WMD because unstable nations or states may fail to
safeguard their stockpiles of WMD from accidental losses, illicit sales, or outright theft or
seizure. Determined terrorist groups can also gain access to WMD through covert independent
research efforts or by hiring technically skilled professionals to construct the WMD. Though not
technically weapons of mass destruction, but terrorists could also use non-weapons grade
radioative nuclear material (like that from medical use or waste from energy production) to
create a "dirty bomb" which, though not destructive on a nuclear scale would render the
impacted areas uninhabitable due to radiation.

Other Types of Terrorist Incidents

In addition to the acts of violence discussed above, there are also numerous other types
of violence that can exist under the framework of terrorism. Terrorist groups conduct maiming
against their own people as a form of punishment for security violations, defections, or
informing. Terrorist organizations also conduct robberies and extortion when they need to
finance their acts and they don't have sponsorship from sympathetic nations.

TERRORISM ATTACKS

September 11th Attack

The most horrifying terrorist attack on our list is not only one that forever changed the
world, but is one that no one in the United States will ever forget. Taking place on the morning
of September 11, 2001, four commercial airliners were hijacked shortly after departing from the
East Coast. One plane crashed into a field near Shanksville, Pennsylvania as passengers
overcame the attackers while another plane hit the Pentagon in Washington, D.C. The other two
planes crashed into the twin towers of the World Trade Center in New York City.

With 2,996 people killed and 6,000 others injured from the debris that fell onto the
streets of New York City as well as the rescue efforts in the months that followed, the
September 11th attacks were the mastermind of al-Qaeda who sent 19 militants to hijack the
planes. Launching the War on Terror, the American military invaded Afghanistan as al-Qaeda
leader, Osama bin Laden, finally took responsibility for the attacks in 2004. Evading capture for
nearly a decade, the United States military finally located and killed bin Laden in May 2011.
Paris attacks: November 13 2015

A series of terrifying attacks in Paris killed 130 victims and injured hundreds of others. It
was the most deadly assault on French soil since World War II. In a series of suicide bombings,
shootings and hostage situations, the City of Lights and its northern suburb of Saint-Denis were
devastated as 130 people were killed and nearly 400 others were injured with the most
casualties occurring at the Bataclan Theatre when ISIS members opened fire on the audience.

Bombings shut down city traffic, buildings were on strict lockdown and the nearby
stadium filled with soccer players and fans was under high alert as the Paris attacks became the
deadliest seen in France since the second World War. As ISIS openly took responsibility for the
attack as retaliation on France for their attacks on members in Syria and Iraq, Francoise
Hollande said that the Paris attacks were an act of war by ISS that would never be forgotten or
forgiven.

A suicide bombing at the Stade de France stadium were followed by more explosions
and shootings at popular bars and restaurants in Paris.

Brussels bombings: March 22 2016

The Brussels bombings killed 32 people and wounded more than 300 other victims in a
day of terror.

There were two suicide bombings at Brussels Airport and another bombing at a Metro
station in the Belgium capital.

Three gunmen also opened fire at Bataclan concert hall and killed spectators who were
watching the Eagles of Death Metal perform.

March 24, 2015 Abu Matariq district, Sudan

03/24/2015: Assailants attacked and killed a Rizeigat trader on Firdous-Sunta Road in Abu
Matariq district, South Darfur state, Sudan. No group claimed responsibility; however, sources
attributed the attack to tribesmen.

2011, Yadupur, India

03/24/2011: On Thursday night, in Yadupur village in Aurangabad, Bihar, India, police

recovered and defused an explosive device planted by unidentified militants in a school, causing
no casualties or damages. No group claimed responsibility for this incident, but it was suspected
that Communist Party of India-Maoist (CPI-M) militants were responsible. The assailants fled
the incident shouting pro-Maoist slogans.

Top Terrorist Groups

1. Islamic State (ISIS)

Officially known as ISIL or ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and al Sham -- the Levant/Syria) or
DAESH, the Islamic State controls northern parts of Iraq and the Western parts of Syria,
within which it has formed its own brutal government that enacts sharia law. Founded by
Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, the Islamic State has carried out acts of barbarism so brutal that
even Al Qaeda has condemned it. It is also the richest terrorist group. The IS accepts
fighters from all over the world, and encourages them to emigrate to "al Sham" or heaven on
earth. The group has an apocalyptic vision wherein they believe that by capturing certain
physical territory in the region they will usher in paradise. They encourage terrorist attacks
within Western countries and will accept the allegiance of anyone who swears to them. The
group funds itself through the selling of artifacts, oil, drugs, and slaves. They have promoted
themselves heavily through social media via slickly produced videos of gruesome activities
like beheadings.
Annual turnover: $2 billion
Main funding sources: oil trade, kidnapping and ransom, collection of protection and taxes,
bank robberies and looting.
Goal: the establishment of an Islamic State in Iraq, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Palestine,
the Muslim holy war against the infidels, Crusaders (i.e. Christians) and the Jews .
2. Al-Qaeda

The biggest “brand name” among all terrorist groups in the world, thanks to 9-11, this
extremist Islamic group was established in 1989 by Osama Bin Laden, the brains behind the
terrorist network and son to one of Saudi Arabia’s wealthiest families. It is the sixth richest
terrorist group. Under his leadership, Al-Qaeda carried out the 9/11 attacks on US, which led
to the Afghan war culminating with the death of bin Laden in Pakistan in May 2012. Now
headed by Ayman al-Zawahiri, Al-Qaeda is notorious for its integrated network and powerful
strategies. Al-Qaeda constitutes thousands of individuals who have accomplished proper
military training.

Al-Qaeda is one of the most lethal terror organizations, and brought about a profound
change in the Western’s world attitude to Islam.

Annual turnover: $ 150 million.

Main sources of finance: financial assistance and donations, kidnapping, ransom and
drug trafficking.
Purpose: global jihad against the Christians and Jews and the formulation of a unified
Islamic front against Western-secular forces

3. Taliban (partnered with al-Qaeda)

Derived from the Pashto word for “students”, Taliban is well-known for being one of the
few militant organizations to have been in charge of a country – Afghanistan from 1996
to 2001. Founded by Mullah Mohammed Omar, the Taliban took Afghanistan back into
the middle ages with their strict imposition of Sharia and Islamic laws. They blew up
ancient artifacts and statues and forced women to be covered from head to toe. It is the
fifth richest terror organization.

The Taliban was mobilized by the USA (and trained by ISI) in order to liberate
Afghanistan from the clutches of the Soviet Union. Alleged to have been the perpetrator
to some of the most heinous human rights violations (ranging from ethnic cleansing,
raping women, etc) in Afghanistan (while in power) the Taliban are certainly one of the
most deadly terror groups in the world at present.

Annual turnover : $ 400 million

 Main funding sources: drug trafficking (mainly production of opium and heroin),
sponsorship fees and taxes, financial assistance and donations.
Goal: the establishment of an Islamic theocracy in Afghanistan

4. Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan
Located in the federally administered tribal areas along the Pakistan-Afghan border, this
terrorist organization comprises several Islamist militant groups. Tehrik-i-Taliban
Pakistan (also called the Pakistani Taliban), was established in December 2007 by
Baitullah Mehsud, a notorious Pakistani militant who died on August 23, 2009. Pakistani
Taliban, however, targets elements of the state of Pakistan. However, according to
several intelligence agencies, it thinks of top cities in the United States as its main target.
It famously attacked a school in Peshawar, killing children as young as nine.

Their objectives include overthrowing the Pakistani government, battling the NATO
forces in Afghanistan and enforcing the Sharia law. Led by Maulana Fazlullah, the TTP
is not directly affiliated with the Taliban (in Afghanistan). The 2010 Times Square car
bombing attempt was an alleged undertaking of the TTP. The TTP has claimed
responsibility for numerous attacks that include suicide bombings, bombing of UN offices
in Pakistan, attacks in naval and army stations of Pakistan, etc.

5. Boko Haram (now pledged to ISIS)

This Nigerian terror group is actually the deadliest of the groups listed here, and has
killed more people than ISIS. Its leader is the mysterious Abubakar Shekau, who has
several times been reported dead, only to emerge with a new, threatening video. Boko
Haram received Western attention when it abducted over 250 Nigerian schoolgirls, but it
has been responsible for many killings, abductions, and a pseudo-state in northeastern
Nigeria. Haram means forbidden in Arabic, and Boko Haram translates to ‘Western
education is forbidden.' They follow the same toxic ideology as the Islamic State, and
have brutally raped and tortured their victims. In fact, ISIS borrowed the idea of sex
slaves from Boko Haram, who practiced this first.

The founder of the sect, Mohammed Yusuf, had said in an interview that the theory
about the Earth being round should be rejected as it had been propagated by the west.

Annual turnover: $ 25 million

Main funding sources: kidnappings and ransom, fees and taxes, protection, bank
robberies and looting
Objective: To fight secularism and Western influences, overthrow of Christian-secular
and the establishment of Islamic law in Nigeria

6. al-Nusra
Front (a branch of al-Qaeda) al-Nusra Front, or Jabhat al-Nusra, which means “The
Support Front for the People of Al-Sham” in Arabic, and was originally operating as a
branch of al-Qaeda in Syria and Lebanon. Headed by Abu Mohammad al-Julani, the
significance of this terror group lies in it being the strongest supporter of Syrian rebels
fighting the regime of Bashar al-Assad in the Syrian Civil War. This is one of the Syrian
rebel groups that received U.S. assisted weapons, because it opposes the Islamic State
and Assad. The group is designated as a terrorist organization by the UN, Australia,
Canada, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia, the United Kingdom, the United States, and
Turkey.
7. Hezbollah
Backed up by Iran and Syria, this Lebanese terror group emerged from the Lebanese
civil war of 1982, and is considered the biggest foe of Israel and Sunni Arab countries.
According to a CIA report, this organization boasts the support of 41 percent of the
Lebanese population, and is involved in multiple humanitarian and social activities within
the country.

Established as a militant group fighting for the Shi’ite population in Lebanon and against
Israel, Hezbollah, like Hamas, has a strong political arm that became one of the major
powers in Lebanon. Hezbollah has a network of nursing institutes, which provides relief,
welfare, education and livelihood to large segments of the Shi’ite population in need.
Over the years, Hezbollah became a dominant factor in southern Lebanon, the ongoing
effect is the creation of a state within a state, a major force in national politics, and a key
component in the government and military force.
Annual turnover: $500 million
Main sources of income: financial assistance and donations (especially Iran),
production and trafficking of drugs
Purpose: militant struggle against the state of Israel and establishing an Islamic state in
Lebanon

8. Hamas (a sub-group from the Muslim Brotherhood)

Acronym for “Harakat Al-Muqawama Al-Islamia”, Hamas is a socio-political terrorist
group of Palestine, which was founded in 1987 as an offshoot of the Muslim
Brotherhood. This organization was established with the aim of carrying out jihad against
Israel, and to secure the freedom of Palestine from Israeli ‘occupation’. Known for its
suicide bombers, this terrorist group is significantly supported by Hezbollah in its
operations against Israeli government and civilians. A top EU court has recently ruled
that Hamas be removed from terror group lists of EU countries.

Contrary to common belief, Hamas does not make money from the smuggling tunnels
underneath the Egyptian border. Those were dried out quite effectively by the army of
Egypt’s General al-Sisi. The donations from Qatar and Iran are also as not as significant
as they used to be. Hamas makes most of it money from a sophisticated tax system,
aimed at, among other things, pocketing large portions of the international aid that flows
into Gaza. For example, Hamas taxes money changers that convert foreign currency to
shekels, and gains tens of millions by doing so.

Annual turnover: $1 billion

Main funding sources: taxes and fees, financial aid and donations (especially Qatar).
Purpose: militant struggle against the state of Israel and the establishment of a
Palestinian Islamic state from the Mediterranean Sea to the Jordan River

9. Kurdistan Worker’s Party (PKK)

Known by its Kurdish initials, PKK, this group was established on November 27, 1978 in
Turkey and has since been fighting to establish an independent Kurdish state. Officially
designated as an international terror group, PKK’s working region constitutes Turkey,
Iran, Syria and Iraq. The PKK is currently the biggest belligerent in the world’s battle
against the Islamic State, and is viewed positively in Western media. However, they are
still officially a rebel, terrorist organization and are receiving money from Iran. They also
have several well placed lobbying firms in D.C. that assist with their positive media
portrayal in the U.S.
 10. Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (the FARC)
This Marxist-Leninist terrorist group of Colombia, better known by its acronym – FARC,
has engaged in a bloody civil war with the government of Columbia that has killed
hundreds of thousands. FARC signed a cease-fire and disarmament agreement on June
23, 2016 with the government. They were considered the kingpin of illegal drug trade
across the world and terrorist activities included political kidnappings, drug deals, and
extortion of money from multinational corporations. They are made up of approximately
12 thousand combatants with thousands of supporters in the rural areas. Although it lost
some of its power in recent years, due to a series of assassination and arrests of senior
activists, it is still considered the largest underground organization and strongest in
Colombia. Another way in which the Colombian guerrilla organization finances its
activities is kidnapping and ransom collection, mainly of wealthy businessmen and public
figures.

Annual turnover: $ 600 million.

Main funding sources: drug production and drug trafficking, kidnapping and ransom,
mining of minerals (especially gold), fees and taxes.
Purpose: elimination of the capitalist regime and the establishment of a Marxist-socialist
welfare
Evolution and Future of Terrorism
States as well as non-state bodies have used fear as their weapon of choice for a very
long time, and as a historical process the use of fear nay have its own dynamics and
regularities.

David Rapport his outlined four major waves of international terrorism in his seminal work on
the history of international terrorism.
1st. Anarchist wave of modern terrorism began in Russia in the 1880s and lasted until the
1920s. The ‘anarchist’ wave of terrorism grew out of the deep dissatisfaction of anarchists with
the slow reforms of societies and a realization that the attempts of revolutionaries to ignite
uprisings (and thereby launch changes of the social order) through various writings were
inefficient.
Goal: force those defending governments to respond to terror in ways that would undermine the
rules which governments claimed to respect. In order to achieve the disproportional response of
governments, terrorists targeted various high-ranking officials and even heads of state.
 Golden Age of Assassinations- one major European minister or had of states was
assassinated every 18 months.
2nd. Anticolonial wave began in the 1920s and ended in the 1960s. The ‘anticolonial’ wave
began with signing the Treaty of Versailles ending the First World War. The principle of self-
determination used to break-up defeated empires provided a foundation for aspirations of a new
kind of terrorist organizations, for example, The Irish republican Army and various Jewish
organizations that operated against British forces in the Palestine.
The terror campaigns of the 2nd wave were fought mainly in territories where special political
problems made the withdrawal of forces by the colonial power a less attractive option.
Goal: elimination of the local police force and achieving its substitution by occupying military
forces that were expected to be too clumsy in dealing with terrorists, but powerful enough to
cause grievance among the population through their disproportionate responses to the actions
of terrorists.
3rd. New Left wave began in the 1960s and continued through to the 1980s. The occurrence of
‘new left’ was stimulated by Vietnam War, which was seen to prove that modern states were
vulnerable to relatively unsophisticated weapons and tactics. Many young people became
deeply dissatisfied with the existing system and they gave rise to terror organizations such as
the Red Army Faction in the West Germany, Italian Red Brigades and French Action
Directe.
Goal: similar to 1st wave. Produced 700 hijackings, there were 409 international kidnapping
incidents involving 951 hostages from 1968-1982, assassinated high-ranking officials included
the prime ministers of Spain and Jordan, the former prime minister of Italy Aldo Moro and
others. The ‘new left’ rather ‘punished’ their targets for various reasons. It is significant that 1/3
of all targets of the 3rd wave were US targets.
4th. Religious wave emerged in 1979 and continues until today. The ‘religious’ wave of
terrorism has Islam at its heart. It began in 1979 when three events occurred: The Iranian
Revolution, the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and a new Islamic century began. Iran
called the US the “Great Satan” and the war in Afghanistan helped to create a training and
Islamic indoctrination system for volunteers from all over the Arab world.
The ‘religious’ wave has given prominence to suicide terrorism and witnessed an attempt to
cause mass casualties by the use of chemical weapons by the Aum Shinrikyo sect in Tokyo in
1995.
 Andrew Kydd and Barbara Walter:

Five goals pursued through terrorist activity through time have had enduring importance. They
are:
1. regime change
2. territorial change
3. policy change
4. social control
5. statues quo maintenance

These objectives have been pursued through five general strategies:

1. attrition
2. intimidation
3. provocation
4. spoiling
5. outbidding

THE NEW AGE OF TERRORISM

 TERRORISM HAS BECOME BLOODIER. The most striking development is that
terrorism has become bloodier, in terms of what acts are committed and how many
victims are involved. In the 1970s the bloodiest incidents caused fatalities in the tens. In
 the 1980s, fatalities from the worst incidents were in the hundreds; by the 1990s, attacks
on this scale had become more frequent. On 9/11 there were thousands of fatalities, and
there could have been far more.

Terrorists had a sense of morality, a self-image, operational codes, and practical

concerns- they wanted to maintain group cohesion, avoid alienating perceived constituents, and
avoid provoking public outrage, which could lead to crackdowns. But these constraints gave
way to large-scale indiscriminate violence as terrorists engaged in protracted, brutal conflicts; as
the more squeamish dropped out; as terrorism became commonplace and the need for
headlines demanded higher body counts; and as ethnic hatred and religious fanaticism replaced
political agendas.
 TERRORISTS HAVE DEVELOPED NEW WAYS OF FINANCING THEIR
OPERATIONS. Since terrorists are outlaws, unable to hold territory and openly collect
taxes, their finances are necessarily clandestine and often depend on criminal activity.
Terrorist organizations that have survived for long periods have developed various
financial resources. In the 1960s, rival superpowers and their local allies were willing to
finance terrorism.

One innovation of south American urban guerrillas in the early 1990s was kidnapping for
ransom. Some groups engaged in extortion and protection rackets, gradually adding fraud and
even legitimate investments. Drug trafficking also offered large-scale returns that benefited
groups in South America, central Asia and the Middle East.

Ethnic diasporas, émigré communities, and coreligionists could also be a source of

contributions, especially when charity was presumably ordered by a religion. Some terrorists
organizations are skilled at moving money from charitable organizations and criminal operations
through informal banking systems, money order and cash wire services, and regular banks.

 TERRORISTS HAVE BECOME LESS DEPENDENT ON STATE SPONSORS. Even

during the Cold War, there was less and less enthusiasm for backing guerillas as to
wage surrogate warfare. The Soviet Union became disenchanted with national liberation
movements and especially with the Palestinians: by the mid 1980s, Europe’s colonial
empires have been dismantled; the Americans had been driven from Indochina; Cuba
was bankrupt; Marxist guerillas in Latin America seemed stalled.

With the departure of the Soviet Union fro Afghanistan and the end of the Cold War,
local conflicts no longer had strategic significance. This development facilitated the resolution of
a few armed struggles-guerillas and governments made peace. Others in the field were left to
their own devices.

 TERRORISTS HAVE EVOLVED NEW MODELS OF ORGANIZATION. Guerrilla

groups, governments and armies differ fro urban guerilla gangs and from groups like
Germany’s Red Army Faction, Italy’s red Brigades, or the Japanese red Army for which
terrorism was the primary (or only) activity. The guiding principle of all terrorist
 organization is survival, which depends on maintaining secret membership and
operational security, preventing infiltrations, punishing betrayal, and limiting damage.

Larger organizations and more ambitious operations have functional specialization, with
individuals devoted to recruiting, training, intelligence, reconnaissance, planning, logistics,
finance, propaganda and social services (e.g., support for widows, orphans, and families of
suicide attackers). Functional specialization would normally lead to hierarchy and bureaucracy,
as in al-Qaida before 9/11. Some groups are organized as miniature armies with general staffs,
brigades, and battalions.

 TERRORISTS ARE ABLE TO MOUNT GLOBAL CAMPAIGNS. Contemporary

terrorism transcends national frontiers; in fact this is what initially made it a subject of
international concern. There are two ways in which terrorism can be international.

First, terrorists can attack foreign targets: foreign airliners, embassies, and local offices
and employees of multinational corporations- a growing body of entities whose activities in a
country, inadvertently or by design, make them participants (and thereby targets) in local
conflicts.
Second, terrorists can cross national frontiers to carry out attacks abroad, again to gain
international attention, or to isolate their foes from their hosts- or simply because distant targets
are not as well guarded as targets at home.

 TERRORISTS HAVE EFFECTIVELY EXPLOITED NEW COMMUNICATIONS

TECHNOLOGIES. For terrorists, the most significant technology is not weapons but
direct communication with their multiple audiences. Technological developments in the
1960s and 1970s- the ubiquity of television, more portables television cameras,
communications satellites, uplinks to remote news crews, global news networks-allowed
terrorists to reach audiences worldwide almost instantaneously.
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