• Fourier optics lecture ECE 5606 Adv.

Optics Lab

Outline

• Motivation
– Spatial frequency
– Fourier transforming w/ lenses
• The Fourier transform
– Properties of the 2D FT
• Applications
– Spatial filtering
– Van der Lugt filter
– Computer generated holograms

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•Motivation ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab

Spatial frequency
Basis of Fourier optics

ẑ r
λ0 n θtrans k trans
n

r r
θinc kt xˆ , yˆ
λ0 k inc
Λ=
sin θ inc
λ0

1 sin θ inc sin θ trans

f ≡ = = Spatial frequency in [1/m]
Λ λ0 λ0 n

2π 2π 2π
k t ≡ 2π f = = sin θ inc = n sin θ trans Wave number in [1/m]
Λ λ0 λ0
r
The electric field of a plane wave with wave-vector k sampled on
a line results in a sinusoidal field with spatial frequency
r
k ⋅ x̂
f =
2π
2
• Motivation ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab

Lenses take Fourier transforms

Physical argument
x F x′

x x′
λ0
F sin θ = F
Λ = λ sin θ Λ
E ( x ) Fourier
→ E ( f )
x′
f =
Fλ 0
E E
 2π   λ 
E = E0 cos  x E = δ  x′ ± F 0 
Λ   Λ
E  + j 2Λπ x −j
2π
x  1
= 0  e + e Λ
 = δ f ± 
2    Λ
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•The Fourier transform ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab

Properties of 2D FTs
∞ ∞

∫ ∫ F(f , f y )e
( ) ( )
f ( x, y ) = F ( x, y ) = ∫ ∫ f ( x, y ) e
j 2π x f x + y f y − j 2π x f x + y f y
Definition x df x df y dx dy
−∞ −∞

Linearity α f ( x, y ) + β g ( x, y ) ↔ α F ( f x , f y ) + β G ( f x , f y )

a b F (a f x , b f y )
x y
Scaling f ,  ↔
a b
f (x − x0 , y − y 0 ) ( )
F (u , v ) e
− j 2 π x0 f x + y 0 f y
Shift ↔

Rotation Rθ { f ( x, y )} ↔ Rθ {F (u , v )}
∞

Convolution ∫ ∫ f (ξ ,η ) g (x − ξ , y − η ) dξ dη ↔ F ( f
−∞
x , f y )G ( f x , f y )

Correlation ∫∫ f (ξ ,η ) g * (ξ − x,η − y ) dξ dη ↔F ( f x , f y )G * ( f x , f y )
−∞

∞ ∞
f ( x, y ) dx dy F ( f x , f y ) df x df y
2
∫∫ ∫∫
2
Parseval’s thm =
−∞ −∞

Projection slice thm ∫ f (x, y ) dy ↔ F ( f x ,0 )

−∞

Real function f ( x ) ∈ Real ↔ F ( f x ) = F ∗ (− f x )

Real
Even/odd function f ( x ) ± f (− x ) ∈ Real ↔ F ( f x )∈
Imaginary

Each of these has a direct physical analog with optics.

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•Applications ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab
• Spatial filtering

Spatial filtering
“4F” processing system:

Collimate Object FT Filter Inverse FT Output

fFT fFT fFT fFT

Prepare input 1
Input mask f ( x, y )
Take FT F( x′
λ FFT
′
, λ FyFT )
F( )G ( )
′ ′
Filter mask x′
λ FFT , λ FyFT x′
λ FFT , λ FyFT
∞

Take inverse FT ∫ ∫ f (ξ ,η ) g (x − ξ , y − η ) dξ dη
−∞

• Thus the 2D object f(x,y) has been filtered with the 2D filter g(x,y).

• Major restriction: G must be a real function if the filter is implemented as

a transmission mask (typical).
• Therefore, g(x,y) must be even function.
• Rules out correlation (filter = G*) for all but simplest objects.
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•Applications ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab
• Spatial filtering

Spatial filtering
Low pass
REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Convolved with Multiplied by

= =

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•Applications ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab
• Spatial filtering

Spatial filtering
High pass
REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Convolved with Multiplied by

= =

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•Applications ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab
• Spatial filtering

Spatial filtering
Line
REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Convolved with Multiplied by

= =

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•Applications ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab
• Correlators

Van der Lugt correlator

“Matched” spatial filter
Collimate BS
M
irr
or

Reference
Obj
e ct
M
irr

FT
or

Hol
ogra
m
Inve
rse
fFT F T
Record hologram Out
θ put
fFT
T ( x′, y′) ∝ G ( x′
λ f FT
′
)
, λ yf FT + e − jk0 x sinθ
2
fFT

2
= G + 1 + G ∗e − jk0 x sinθ + G e jk0 x sinθ fFT
f FT

Real function so can be transmission mask! elat ion

Corr
Insert object
( )
F T ( x′, y′) = G + 1 F + F G ∗e − jk0 x sinθ + F G e jk0 x sinθ
2

At correlation plane we find

∞
E ( x′′, y′′) = ∫ ∫ f (ξ ,η ) g (ξ − x′′,η − y′′) dξ dη
*

−∞

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•Applications ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab
• Correlators

Van der Lugt correlator

Example
REAL SPACE FOURIER SPACE

Correlated with Multiplied by conjugate

= =

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•Applications ECE 5606 Adv. Optics Lab

Computer generated holograms

Lohmann aka detour phase type
cmn

Divide mask into sections (m,n).

Each section contains an aperture.
hmn Aperture size = w by hm,n
Each aperture shifted in x by cm,n
dy
dx w
If all cm,n= 0, diffraction grating: Displaced aperture gives phase:
λ c
λ
d

d
λ c
sin θ =
d
c
2π
d

jφ m , n
To encode a hologram Am ,n e

  φm , n  
 x − n1 − d x 
t ( x, y ) = ∑∑ Π   2π   Π  y − md y 
 
m n  w   d y Am,n 
 
 
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