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Paper 0448
ABSTRACT
PHYSICAL BACKGROUND OF THE
False tripping is frequently blamed on incorrect settings BAUCH’S PARADOX
or poor system models. However in many cases, it may be
attributed to not uncommon phenomena, such as the so This phenomenon appears at a transmission or
called “Bauch’s paradox”. In this paper the physical distribution line operating in a radial configuration. The
background of the Bauch’s paradox phenomena will be strong, in-feed side does not need to be earthed. The
explained. Based on this, a method for the correct second line side is solid earthed, has a weak in-feed and
response of distance protection under these extreme is connected with the other voltage level over a Star-
conditions is presented. Amongst others, this method Delta (Yd) grounding transformer. This configuration is
consists of: the detection of the Bauch’s paradox very popular, especially if renewable dispersed energy
phenomena, optimised loop selection logic and a sources are connected to the power system. The second
modified directional element. Chosen events recorded condition for the phenomenon is the occurrence of the
during distance protection test are used to illustrate the non-symmetrical fault with the earth connection. In figure
effectiveness of this method. 1, the condition for Bauch’s paradox is illustrated. The
current flow direction is marked using arrows. They also
show relations between flowing currents.
INTRODUCTION
The classical power system fault on the transmission/
distribution line is characterised by typical behavior in
currents and voltages. In most cases, the voltages drop
and currents increase in faulty phases/loops as well as the
phase shift between currents and voltages is close to the
angle line impedance ZL. These rather trivial properties
are used successfully by the numerous protection
functions guarantying a selective and reliable protection Figure 1: Equivalent circuit of the line under fault
operation. Nevertheless in some network configurations conditions (phase-to-earth fault during Bauch’s paradox)
combined with common network operation states the
voltages and currents are not significant enough to The configuration of the transformer from figure 1 allows
recognize the faulty phases or loops. As a result the for the propagation of the zero sequence component
reliable operation in the protection function is not (represented as earth current), as presented in the
guaranteed. The extension of protection functions is equivalent circuit in the symmetrical component, based
necessary to recognize such untypical behaviour. on figure 2. Since the very high magnetising, zero
Bauch’s paradox belongs to non classical fault transients. sequence impedance is connected to the leakage
Therefore the recognition of the faulty loops/phases impedance of the secondary side the summarised
cannot be carried out using the traditional current/voltage impedance of the transformer (Yd) in zero sequence is
pattern. In the case of Bauch’s paradox, all currents are in relatively low. Therefore, due to unsymmetrical
the same electric phase and have the same magnitudes. conditions the zero sequence current flows through
Due to this fact, numerous protection algorithms cannot transformer windings. Since the secondary windings are
properly detect the faulty loop. In this paper, attention is connected in Delta, the zero-sequence current cannot
paid to distance protection and its improvement in the propagate outside of the transformer. This current
case of Bauch’s paradox. circulates in secondary transformer windings, inducing
currents on the primary side which are in phase and have
the same magnitudes.
Paper 0448
Paper 0448
X/Ohm
sequence current of the strong, in-feed side A is not
available. Due to the relatively low zero sequence
impedance of the transformer, the fault current
propagates through side B and can be measured there in
zero sequence. The side A sees the fault current in
negative and positive sequence. Because of that, only side
B will recognize the phenomenon of Bauch’s paradox. If
the fault is located outside of the line, in the direction of
the strong, in-feed side, both sides will experience Figure 7: Impedance trajectories during single phase-to-
Bauch’s paradox. In the case of the external fault in the earth fault with Bauch’s paradox.
direction of the transformer, neither side experiences
Bauch’s paradox. Based on figure 5 and 6 it can be
observed that side B does not measure negative or
positive sequence. Due to this fact, only zero sequence
can be used for the detection of the fault.
Paper 0448
iL1/ A 5
0
-5
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 t/s
where ku and ko are the appropriate limits, which test if
typical currents during Bauch’s
iL2/ A 0
5 paradox the currents are in the assumed range, signifying Bauch’s
-5
-10
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 t/s
paradox.
After detection of the phenomenon the faulty loop must
iL3/ A 5
0
-5 be determined. As a result the symmetrical components
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 t/s
for voltage are involved. After considering the figure
20
IE*/ A 0
-20
(double phase-to-earth fault), one can conclude that for
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 t/s this fault type, the negative and positive sequence
uL1/ V
50
0
voltages are equal. In order to determine the faulty loop,
-50
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 t/s the phasor comparison between negative and positive
uL2/ V
50
0
sequences must be carried out. Since in conventional
-50
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 t/s
approach for symmetrical components one phase is
100 considered as the reference phase, the difference between
uL3/ V 0
-100 both phasor components can be 0°, 120° or 240°. For a
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 t/s
Trip L1
Trip L2
simplification in approach, the computed negative
Trip L3
PickUp E
Forward
sequence voltage is rotated additionally by 120° and 240°
Reverse
-0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 t/s degrees. Thus, three differences are created and only one
Figure 10: Response of a classical distance protection corresponds to the faulty loop:
during a forward double phase-to-earth fault with U1 U 2 0
Bauch’s paradox. One can observe that distance (3)
protection detects the single-phase-to-earth fault and does U 1 e j120 U 2 0 U 1 e j 240 U 2 0
not clear disturbance completely. The direction results are where U1 and U2 are positive and negative sequence
not plausible. voltages respectively. The exponential complex
component represents the phase shift.
OPTIMIZATION ON Since measurement errors are possible and load flow
DISTANCE PROTECTION takes place on the line, the difference between positive
After considering the Bauch’s paradox in symmetrical and negative component can deviate from 0. Due to this
components, it can be concluded, that zero sequence fact it is recommended to calculate an adaptive difference
quantity is a basis for detection of a faulty loop, as well limit in dependence from both considered components.
as for determining a fault direction. Firstly, the Bauch’s To this end, we propose the following equation:
paradox effect must be detected. It is proposed that the
zero sequence current is compared with the positive and m max( U 1 , U 2 ) M (4)
negative sequence. If the zero sequence current is
significantly higher than both other components, then the where m and M are a percent factor and constant
Bauch’s paradox can be assumed. Mathematically it can threshold respectively. If the criteria from formula 3 is
be expressed in the following way: not fulfilled the single phase-to-earth fault is detected in
the loop, where the measured phase-to-earth voltage is
3I 0 k 3I 1 , 3I 0 k 3I 2 (1) lowest.
As mentioned during the Bauch’s paradox phenomenon,
where k>>1 is a comparison factor. This factor allows for the directional element cannot operate loop-oriented. For
detection of the Bauch’s paradox even if a load flow at a fault direction determination, the zero sequence current
the considered line takes place. and voltage must be involved. This means that,
In order to confirm Bauch’s paradox definitively, the zero independent from the faulty loop, only one directional
sequence current is compared to the phase currents. The element based on the zero sequence is applied. The
comparison takes place based on the magnitudes only. characteristic for the fault direction is presented in figure
The requirement according to the equaled electric phases 11.
of the flowing currents during Bauch’s paradox is The idea of the zero sequence direction measurement
covered during comparison with the symmetrical consists in analysing the membership of the voltage and
components. Following expressions describe the current phasors on the complex plane. For the forward
comparison process with a zero sequence: fault, it is expected that both phasors are located in the
first quadrant of the complex plane. If the reverse fault
kU I A I 0 k O I A , occurred, the phasors are placed in the third quadrant. A
kU I B I 0 k O I B , (2) low deviation in phasor localisation according to
quadrant membership is allowed.
kU I C I 0 k O I C ,
Paper 0448
Reverse Fault
50
L1E
U1/ V 0
-50
0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 t/s
50
U2/ V 0
-50
0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 t/s
50
U3/ V
0
-50
0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 t/s
0.4
I1/ A -0.0
-0.4
0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 t/s
0.4
I2/ A -0.0
-0.4
0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 t/s
0.4
I3/ A -0.0
-0.4
0.025 0.050 0.075 0.100 0.125 0.150 0.175 0.200 t/s
Trip L1
Trip L2
Figure 11: The directional characteristic with zero- Trip L3
PickUp L1
PickUp L2
sequence component. PickUp L3
PickpUp E
Forward
Reverse
REFERENCES