Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
an entangled trilogy
Gerard van Bussel
Oldenburg, 10-October 2012
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012
Wind Energy Chair
Content
• Evolution of rotor blade design
• Conclusions
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 2
Wind Energy Chair
Rotor design: evolution in time
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 3
Wind Energy Chair
Airfoil Design considerations
Airfoil parameters
Aerodynamic
Low max. and benign post stall
Insensitivity to roughness
Low noise
Geometric compatibility
Structural demands
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 4
Wind Energy Chair
Airfoils and Rotor Control
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 5
Wind Energy Chair
The DU airfoil series (DU xx-W-yyy)
TU Delft designed airfoils for use on
wind turbine rotor blades
Airfoil Design considerations
Airfoil parameters
Aerodynamic
Low max. and benign post stall
Insensitivity to roughness
Low noise
Geometric compatibility
Structural demands
Del ft
Uni ve rsi ty of
Te ch no lo g y
DUWIND Rotor aerodyn am ic s 6
Wind E ne rg y C h air
DU 93-W-210
DU 96-W-180
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 6
Wind Energy Chair
The DU airfoil series (DU xx-W-yyy)
TU Delft designed airfoils for use on
wind turbine rotor blades
DU 96-W-180
DU 93-W-210
DU 91-W2-250
DU 97-W-300
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 7
Wind Energy Chair
Airfoils and Rotor Control
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 8
Wind Energy Chair
Airfoils and Rotor Control II
• Ten years later: variable pitch variable speed control
getting mainstream
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 9
Wind Energy Chair
Airfoil Design considerations
Airfoil parameters
Aerodynamic
Low max. and benign post stall
Insensitivity to roughness
Low noise
Geometric compatibility
Structural demands
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 10
Wind Energy Chair
Airfoil Design considerations
Airfoil parameters
Aerodynamic
Increased
Low design
max. and lift post stall
benign
Insensitivity to roughness
Low noise
Geometric compatibility
Structural demands
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 11
Wind Energy Chair
The DU airfoil series (DU xx-W-yyy)
TU Delft designed airfoils for use on
wind turbine rotor blades
DU 96-W-180
DU 93-W-210
DU 91-W2-250
DU 97-W-300
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 12
Wind Energy Chair
The DU airfoil series (DU xx-W-yyy)
TU Delft designed airfoils for use on
wind turbine rotor blades DU 00-W-212
DU 96-W-180
DU 00-W2-350
DU 93-W-210
DU 00-W2-401
DU 91-W2-250
DU 08-W-180
DU 97-W-300
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 13
Wind Energy Chair
Airfoils and Rotor Control II
• Ten years later: variable pitch variable speed control
getting main stream
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 14
Wind Energy Chair
Rotors (so far) did not follow
the square cube law!!
Molly,Gasch M ~ R3
Garrad Hassan M ~ R2.6
Jamieson M ~ R2.4
Ashuri (2012) M ~ R2.1
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 15
Wind Energy Chair
Escapes from R2-R3 law through:
• Thicker airfoils
• Higher cl design
BUT
• Drawback: more pronounced (abrupt) stall behaviour
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 16
Wind Energy Chair
Relation between CP-λ and CP-λ curve
1.2
T 1
CT = 3 2
1
2 ρU π R
0.8
Cp, Ct [-]
0.6
P 0.4
CP = 3 2
1
2 ρU πR
0.2
0
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
ΩR
tip speed ratio [-] TSR = λ =
U
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 17
Wind Energy Chair
More recent airfoil developments
Measurements in Delft
• increase of Reynolds number to 5.0 x 106
(via increase in chord and wind speed)
…… and in Göttingen (op to Re 12 x 106)
DU-A 600-180
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 19
Wind Energy Chair
Root solutions may vary
DU-A 501-100
DU-A 600-180
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 20
Wind Energy Chair
But…..
We don’t know how to validate airfoil
designs!
• Flow around wind turbine blade is extremely complex
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 21
Wind Energy Chair
We don’t know how to validate airfoil
designs!
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 22
Wind Energy Chair
But…..
We don’t know how to validate airfoil
designs!
• Flow around wind turbine blade is extremely complex
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 23
Wind Energy Chair
CFD Model comparison NREL rotor
in NASA-Ames
wind tunnel
3D Full Navier-Stokes
Phase VI, 10 m/s
Limited Streamlines
Suction side
ANSYS/ CFX
Transition en k-ω SST
EllipSys3D
Fully turbulent
Unsteady DES
BL: k-ω SST
FLUENT
Fully turbulent
Steady k-ω SST
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 24
Wind Energy Chair
The lift coefficient across the span
NREL rotor in NASA-Ames tunnel
=> α not measured, derived with vortex wake code
=> cl and cd from α, cn and ct
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 25
Wind Energy Chair
Three-dimensional tip flow
• Three-dimensional flow in tip region (pres Guntur)
Wake induction
- - - -
Tip view
+ + + +
Front view
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 26
Wind Energy Chair
Stall delay models (semi empirical)
• Basis: 3D (rotational) boundary layer equations
• Engineering modelshcorrecting Cl:
⎛ c ⎞ n
cl ,3d = cl ,2 d + a ⎜ ⎟ ( cos β ) ( cl ,inv − cl ,2 d )
⎝ r ⎠
• cl,2d : ‘true’ airfoil cl at given α (no rotation)
• cl,inv : inviscid airfoil cl at given α (no rotation)
• c : chord, r: radius, β : airfoil twist
• Tuning parameters (a,n,h)=(3,0,2) Snel et al., 1993
(2.2,4,1) Chaviaropoulos & Hansen, 2000
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 27
Wind Energy Chair
RFOIL demonstration – results
• Airfoil: DU91-W2-250
• Cases:
• Potential flow
• Viscous with Re = 5·106, two-dimensional
• Viscous with Re = 5·106, rotating with c/r = 0.3
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 28
Wind Energy Chair
Stall delay models need
2d input => measurements
• 2d flow beyond stall is not 2d!!
=> stall cells occur above a certain a.o.a. (pres Manolesos)
Flow
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 29
Wind Energy Chair
Stall delay models need
2d input => measurements
• 2d flow beyond stall is not 2d!!
1,0 1,0
DU 97-W-300
0,5 Re = 3.0x106
0,5
0,0 0,0
0,000 0,015 0,030 0,045 -10 0 10 ķ (o) 20
cd
-0,5 smooth
-0,5
zztape 5% u.s. + 20% l.s.
RFOIL, 1% u.s. + 15% l.s.
-1,0 -1,0
2.0
Increase
Cl in
1.5
max.
power
1.0
Rapid drop
=>
0.5 Sharp kink
in P-V curve
VG's at x/c= 0.2
0.0 VG's at x/c= 0.4
DU 93-W-250 VG's at x/c= 0.6
Re = 3.0x106 Clean
-0.5
50.0 100.0 150.0 -5.0 0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0
Cl/Cd Angle (deg.)
• Inboard:
- use 2d measurements
- trust Rfoil for stall behaviour
- and/or tweak stall behaviour using VG’s
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 32
Wind Energy Chair
Blade design through:
• Coupling of RFoil with BEM 3D panel code
- to capture 3D effects from planform and wake
DU-A 600-180
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 33
Wind Energy Chair
Will CFD become a winner in the
end??
• if issues regarding turbulence modeling, transition modeling,
grid issues, numerical dissipation are tackled
• and calculation time is speeded up
• and validation has taken place in more operational cases
• then the answer may become yes
DU-A 400-050
DU-A 501-100
DU-A 600-180
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 34
Wind Energy Chair
Experiments for validation of codes
Rotor experiments in controlled conditions:
• The NASA-Ames experiments DU 91-W2-250
2.25 m
NACA 64-418
• The TU Delft OJF experiments
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 35
Wind Energy Chair
Root flow rotor: Chord wise SPIV experiments
2 bladed rotor, 2 m O
Chord wise measurement set-up
RPM: 0-20 Hz.
λ=7 at Vwind= 17 m/s
Laser 2 cameras
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 37
Wind Energy Chair
Comparison measurements (SPIV)
to calculations (3D panel code)
SPIV
Panel
code
PhD research Busra Akay Together with Carlos Ferreira and Daniele Ragni
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 39
Wind Energy Chair
Details of the tip flow
SPIV
Panel
code
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 40
Wind Energy Chair
LM Alstom Haliade (150m O) blade
VG’s
Gurney flap
(BL fence)
Vortex generators
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 41
Wind Energy Chair
Conclusions
Delft
University of
Technology
Torque from Wind 2012 42
Wind Energy Chair