PUBLIC INTERNATION LAW

Atty. Bernice Piñol

CorJesu Law 2017-2018

WEEK 1 December 6, 2017

CHAPTER I

A. Nature of International Law

B. Theories about International Law
1. Command Theory
2. Consensual Theory
3. Natural Law Theory

C. Public International Law vs. Private International Law

CHAPTER II

A. Kinds of Sources
1. Formal Sources
2. Material Sources

Cases:
1. Nicaragua v. United States, 1986 I.C.J. 14
2. Filartiga v. Peña-Irala, 630 F.2d 876

B. Sources of International Law

a) CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW
 The Martens Clause

Cases:
1. Case of the SS Lotus, PCIJ Ser. A., No. 10 (1927)
2. Paquete Habana Case, 175 U.S. 677
3. Fisheries Case (United Kingdom v. Norway), 1951 I.C.J. 116
4. Nicaragua v. US, supra
5. Kuroda v. Jalandoni, 83 Phil 171
6. Borovsky v. Commissioner, 90 Phil 107
7. Meijoff v. Director of Prisons, 90 Phil 70
8. Haw Pia v. China Banking, 80 Phil. 604

*opinion jurissive necessitates

9. Mijares v. Ranada, 455 SCRA 397 (2005)

b) TREATIES/INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS
 Treaty vs. Custom

Cases:
1. Bayan v. Zamora, GR 138570, October 10, 2000
2. Lim v. Exec. Secretary, GR 151445, April 11, 2002
3. Pimentel v. Executive Secretary, 462 SCRA 622
4. Abaya v. Ebdane, 513 SCRA 720
5. Pharmaceutical v. DOH, GR 173034, October 9, 2007
6. The Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel, GR 183591, October 14, 2008

c) GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF LAW RECOGNIZED BY CIVILIZED NATIONS

Cases:
1. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial (1945-56)
2. Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company (Second Phase) (1962)
3. Case Concerning East Timor (Portugal v. Australia) (1991)
4. Genocide Convention Case (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia) (Preliminary
Objections) (1996)
5. Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v.
Rwanda) (2006)
 d) JUDICIAL DECISIONS
e) TEACHINGS OF HIGHLY QUALIFIED WRITERS AND PUBLICISTS
f) EQUITY
a. Intra legem
b. Praeterlegem
c. Contra legem

Other Supplementary Evidence:

g) UN Resolutions
h) “Soft Law” (vs. “Hard Law”)
Case:
1. Pharmaceutical and Health Care Association of the Philippines v. Duque, 535 SCRA 265
(2007)

WEEK 2 December 13, 2017

CHAPTER III

A. Law of Treaties
B. Functions of Treaties
C. Kinds of Treaties:
1. Multilateral Treaties
2. Collaborative Treaties
3. Bilateral Treaties/ “Contract treaties”

D. Making of Treaties
1. Negotiation
2. Power to Negotiate
3. Authentication of Text
4. Consent to be bound
5. Accession to a Treaty
6. Reservations
7. Entry into Force
8. Application of Treaties
Pactasuntservanda
9. Interpretation of Treaties
a. Objective Approach
b. Teleological Approach
c. Subjective Approach

E. INVALIDITY OF TREATIES
1. Error
2. Fraud
3. Corruption of a Representative of a State
4. Coercion of a Representative of a State
5. Coercion of a State by the threat or use of force
6. Violation of jus cogens

 Amendment vs. Modification

F. TERMINATION OF TREATIES:
1. According to the terms of the treaty or with the consent of the parties
2. Expiration of a treaty with a definite period
3. When the purpose for the treaty has already been achieved
4. Material Breach
5. Impossibility of Performance
6. Change of Fundamental Conditions (rebus sic stantibus)

G. SUCCESSION OF TREATIES
 “Clean Slate” Rule

Cases:
1. Nuclear Tests Case (Australia v. France and New Zealand v. France)(1975)
 2. Texaco v. Libya(1977)
3. Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Project (Hungary v. Slovakia)(1997)
4. Reservations to the Genocide Convention(1951)
5. Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (US v. Iran)
6. Gonzales v. Henchanova, 9 SCRA 230 (1963)
7. Abbas v. COMELEC, 179 SCRA 287
8. Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, 343 SCRA 377
9. Guerrero’s Transport Services v. Blaylock,71 SCRA 621 (1976)
10. Tolentino v. Secretary of Finance, 253 SCRA 630
11. Agustin v. Edu, 88 SCRA 195
12. International School Alliance v. Quisumbing, 333 SCRA 13
13. Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668
14. Mayor Simon v. Commission on Human Rights, 229 SCRA 117
15. Pimentel v. Exec. Secretary, G.R. No. 158088, 462 SCRA 622

CHAPTER IV

A. International Law and Municipal Law

Case:Tañada v. Angara, 272 SCRA 18

B. Dualism vs. Monism

1. Dualist or Pluralist Theory
2. Monistic Theory or Monism

C. International Law in Domestic Law

1. Doctrine of Incorporation
Case:Gonzales v. Henchanova, 9 SCRA 230 (1963)

2. Doctrine of Transformation

Cases:
1. Trajano v. Marcos, 978 F 2nd 493 (1992) (Court of Appeal, Ninth Circuit)
2. Nicolas v. Romulo, G.R. No 175888, Feb. 11, 2009
3. Pimentel v. Exec. Secretary, supra.
4. Bayan Muna v. Secretary Romulo, G.R. No. 159618, February 1, 2011

WEEK 3 December 20, 2017

CHAPTER V

A. Subjects of International Law - State

B. ELEMENTS OF A STATE
1. People or Population
2. Territory
3. National Government
4. Sovereignty
5. Self—determination

C. RECOGNITION OF STATES
1. Declaration Theory
2. Constitutive Theory

D. FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS OF STATE

1. Independence
2. Equality
3. Peaceful Co-existence

E. Some Incomplete Subjects:

1. Protectorates
2. Federal State
3. Mandated and Trust Territories
4. Taiwan
5. The Sovereign Order of Malta
6. The Holy See and Vatican City
 CHAPTER VI

A. Other Subjects of International Law

1. International Organizations
 Principle of Specialty
 The UNITED NATIONS
o International Constitutional Supremacy Clause
o Principal Organs of the UN
2. Insurgents
3. National Liberation Movements
4. Individuals

Case:The Province of North Cotabato v. GRP Peace Panel, GR 183591, October 14, 2008

WEEK 4& 5 January 10 & 17,2018

CHAPTER VII - VIII

A. TERRITORY
B. Modes of Acquisition of Sovereignty over Territory
1. Discovery and Occupation
2. Prescription
3. Cession
4. Conquest
5. Accretion and Avulsion

 Intertemporal Law

C. Airspace and Outer Space

D. Territorial Sea
 Baseline
 “Normal” Baseline
 “Straight” Baseline

 Right of Innocent Passage

 Internal Waters
 Archipelagic Waters
 Bay
 Contiguous Zone
 Exclusive Economic Zone or “Patrimonial Sea”
 Continental (Archipelagic) Shelf
 Deep Seabed: “Common Heritage of Mankind”
 Islands
 High Seas
 6 Freedoms of the High Seas
 Hot Pursuit

Cases:
1. The Island of Las Palmas (Or Miangas), supra.
2. The Clipperton Island Case
3. Case Concerning the Legal Status of Eastern Greenland
4. Case Concerning the Frontier Dispute (Burkina Faso /Mali)
5. Land and Maritime Boundary (Cameroon v. Nigeria)
6. Sovereignty over PulauLigitan and PulauSipadan (Indonesia/Malaysia)
7. Eritrea v. Yemen
8. Anglo-Norwegian Fisheries Case, supra.
9. Magallona et al. vs. Executive Secretary Ermita et al, G.R No. 187167, Aug. 16, 2011
WEEK 6 January 24, 2018

CHAPTER IX

A. JURISDICTION OF STATES
B. Principles of Jurisdiction of States
1. TERRITORIALITY PRINCIPLE
 Thalweg Doctrine
 Effects Doctrine
 Subjective territorial principle
 Objective territorial principle
2. NATIONALITY PRINCIPLE
 Effective Nationality Link
 Stateless Persons
 De jure
 De facto

3. PROTECTIVE PRINCIPLE
4. UNIVERSALITY PRINCIPLE
 Piracy in International Law
 Genocide
 Crimes against Humanity
 War Crimes
5. PASSIVE PERSONALITY PRINCIPLE

C. Traditional Bases of Jurisdiction over Extraterritorial Crimes under International Law

1. Territorial
2. National
3. Protective
4. Universal
5. Passive Personal

D. Conflicts of Jurisdiction
1. The Balancing Test
2. International Comity
3. Forum non conveniens

E. EXTRADITION
 Extradition Proceeding vs. Criminal Proceeding
Cases:
1. Government of U.S.A. v. Hon. Purganan, GR 148571 Sept. 24, 2002
2. Government of Hongkong v. Olalia, GR153675, April 19, 2007

 Double Criminality
 Attentat Clause
 Principle of Specialty
 Distinguished from Deportation
 Predominance or Proportionality test
Cases:
1. Cleugh v. Strakosch, 109 F2d 330
2. Wright v. Court of Appeals, 235 SCRA 341
3. Secretary of Justice v. Lantion, supra.

WEEK 7 _______________, 2018

CHAPTER X

A. IMMUNITY FROM JURISDICTION

1. Immunity rationemateriae
2. State Immunity
 Absolute immunity and Restrictive immunity
Cases:
 1. Holy See v. Rosario, 238 SCRA 524
2. United States v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487
 Waiver
3. Froilan vs. Pan Oriental Shipping Co., 95 Phil. 905
 Execution
4. Dexter & Carpenter v. Kunglig, 43 F2d 705

3. Diplomatic and Consular Immunity

Cases:
1. Sanders v. Veridiano, 162 SCRA 88
2. U.S. v. Guinto, 182 SCRA 644
3. Republic of Indonesia v. Vinzon, 405 SCRA 126
4. Minucher v. Court of Appeals, 214 SCRA 242
5. Nicolas v. Romulo, GR 175888, February 11, 2009
6. World Health Organization v. Aquino, 48 SCRA 242 (1972)

4. The Act of State Doctrine

Case:
1. U.S. v. Ruiz, 136 SCRA 487

5. Right of Legation

WEEK 8 _______________, 2018

CHAPTER XI

A. DOCTRINE OF STATE RESPONSIBILITY

B. Protection of Aliens
1. Doctrine of National Treatment or Equality of Treatment
2. Minimum International Standard

C. Internationally Wrongful Act

Cases:
1. Corfu Channel Case, ICJ Reports
2. United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, ICJ Reports
3. Nottebohm (Liechtenstein v. Guatemala), ICJ Reports
4. Barcelona Traction, Light and Power Company, supra
5. Case Concerning East Timor, supra
6. Velasquez-Rodriguez v. Honduras, Inter-American Court of Human Rights
7. Asian Agricultural Products v. Sri Lanka, 30 ILM 577 (1991), ICSID
8. Dames and Moore v. Regan, supra.

 Reparation
 Calvo Clause

WEEK 9 _______________, 2018

CHAPTER XII

A. INTERNATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS LAW

 Human Rights
 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

Cases:
1. Marcos v. Manglapus, 177 SCRA 668; 178 SCRA 760
2. International School v. Quisumbing, GR 128845, June 1, 2000

B. Substantive Rights
C. Civil and Political Rights
D. Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
E. International Criminal Court (ICC)
 Principle of Complimentarity
 Cases:
1. Justice Robert Jackson’s Opening Statement before the International Military Tribunal
2. The International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Tribunal), Judgment, supra.
3. The International Military Tribunal for the Far East (Tokyo War Crimes Tribunal), Indictment
4. Yamashita v. Styer
5. U.S. v. William M. Calley, Jr.
6. Attorney-General of Israel v. Adolf Eichmann (summary)
7. Prosecutor v. Kanyabashi

WEEK 10 _______________, 2018

CHAPTER XIII

A. PEACEFUL SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL DISPUTES

B. METHODS OF SETTLING DISPUTES

1. Non-judicial or Diplomatic Methods
a. Negotiation
b. Mediation
c. Inquiry
d. Conciliation

2. Quasi-judicial Methods:
a. Arbitration
1) Arbitration Clause
2) Treaties
3) Ad Hoc Arbitral Agreements

b. Arbitral Decisions

3. Judicial Method: The International Court of Justice (ICJ)

a. Contentious Jurisdiction
Cases:
1. LaGrand (Germany v. United States)
2. Lockerbie Case (Request for the Indication of Provisional Measures)(1992)

b. Advisory Jurisdiction
Advisory Opinions:
1. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian
Territory
2. Unilateral Declaration of Independence by Kosovo(2010)
3. Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons

WEEK 11 _______________, 2018

CHAPTER XIV

A. USE OF FORCE SHORT OF WAR

Case: Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua
(1986 ICJ Rep. 14)

B. Threat of Force
C. Individual and Collective Self-Defense
 Self-defense vis-à-vis non-State actors
1. Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory
(Advisory Opinion)
 War
2. The International Military Tribunal (Nuremberg Tribunal), Judgment
 Aggression
3. UNGA Resolution 3314
 4. The International Criminal Tribunal for Yugoslavia: The Decision of the Appeals
Chamber on Tadic Case, 45 ICLQ 691
 Neutralization
 Neutrality

D. Traditionally Allowable Coercive Measures

1. Severance of diplomatic relations
2. Retorsion
3. Reprisal
4. Embargo
5. Boycott
6. Non-intercourse
7. Pacific blockade

Case:Hamdi v. Rumsfeld

WEEK 12 _______________, 2018

CHAPTER XV

A. LAW OF WAR
B. International Humanitarian Law
C. Methods of Warfare: Jus in Bello
D. Non-international Conflicts
1. Civil Wars
2. Common Article 3
3. Protocol II

Case:United States v. Manuel Antonio Noriega

WEEK 13 _______________, 2018

CHAPTER XVI

A. INTERNATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL LAW

Cases:
1. Oposa vs. Factoran
2. Trail Smelter Case
 “No harm” rule

B. Sustainable Development
1. Stockholm Declaration
2. Rio Declaration
3. Treaties
1. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer
2. UN Conference on Environment and Development
3. Kyoto Protocol

WEEK 14 _______________, 2018

CHAPTER XVII

A. INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC LAW

a. Definition
b. Characteristics

B. Key Principles of International Trade Law

1. Agreed Tariff Levels
2. Most Favored Nation Principle (MFN)
3. Principle of National Treatment
4. Principle of Tariffication