ELEMELEC

Electrical Charge – a material is said to have an electrical charge when it attracts or

repels another charge material. A material may have positive or negative electrical charge.
Materials with opposite charge attract and the same charge repel.

Protons – positive electrical charge of an atom which attracts electrons.

Neutrons – neutral electrical charge of an atom which can attract positive or negative
charge.

Electrons – negative electrical charge of an atom which attracts protons.

Current – electrons in motion result in an electrical current. It is measured in ampere (A)

using an ammeter (Multitester) which is always connected in series when used in
measuring electrical current of the circuit. “I or i” is used to represent current in the
electrical circuit.

Types of Current

1. Direct Current (DC) – is the movement of electrons in one direction in a conductor.

2. Pulsating Current – is a current in one direction that varies in intensity at a regular

interval of time.

3. Alternating Current (AC) – is a current that changes in direction and intensity at a

regular interval of time.

Voltage – an electrical pressure which causes the electrical current to flow in a close
circuit. “E or V” is used to represent voltage or potential difference in the electrical
circuit. The volt (V) is used to express the quantity of electrical pressure or voltage. It can
be measured using a voltmeter (Multitester) which is connected in parallel to measure the
potential difference of the circuit.

Types of Voltage

1. DC Voltage (Vdc)

2. AC Voltage (Vac)

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ELEMELEC

Resistance – the property of a material to oppose the flow of electron. It is measured in

ohms (Ω) using ohmmeter (Multitester).

1 Kilo (k) = 1 x 1,000 = 1 x 103

1 Mega (M) = 1 x 1,000,000 = 1 x 106
1 Giga (G) = 1 / 1,000,000,000 = 1 x 109

Resistor – an electronic device used to oppose the flow of electrical current in the circuit.
It doesn’t have polarity.

Resistor’s Symbol

Types of Resistors

1. Fixed Resistors
(Carbon Composition Resistor and Metal Film Resistor)
2. Semi-variable/adjustable Resistors
3. Variable Resistors
(Ballast, Rheostat, Potentiometer and Trimmer)

OHMS Law – is used to show the relationship of current, voltage and resistance. It states
that in any electrical circuit the current is directly proportional to the applied voltage to
the circuit and is inversely proportional to the resistance in the circuit.

I=V/R ; V=IxR ; R=V/ I

Where:
I – current in amperes (A)
V – electrical pressure in volts (V)
R – amount of resistance in ohms (Ω)

Electrical Power (P) – rate of using or consuming the electrical energy. It is measured in
watt (W).

P = V2 / R ; P = I2 x R ; P=Vx I

Where:
P – Electrical power in watts (W)
I – current in amperes (A)
V – electrical pressure in volts (V)
R – amount of resistance in ohms (Ω)

Series Circuit – one in which devices are connected so that there is only one path for
current.

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Resistors in Series

RT = R 1 + R 2 ; IT = I 1 = I 2 ; VT = V1 + V2

V T = I T x RT ; V 1 = I1 x R1 ; V 2 = I2 x R2

Resistors in Parallel

RT = (R1 x R2) / (R1 + R2) ; IT = I 1 + I 2 ; VT = V1 = V2

IT = V T / R T ; I1 = V1 / R1 ; I2 = V2 / R2

Capacitor – an electronic device used to store or accumulate electrical energy. Only

electrolytic and tantalum capacitors have polarity.

Capacitor’s Symbol

Capacitance – the amount of electrical charge that a capacitor receives for each volt of
applied potential. The unit for capacitance if Farad (F). Micro Farad (µF) is commonly
use in representing capacitors value.

1 Milli (m) = 1 / 1,000 = 1 x 10-3

1 Micro (µ) = 1 / 1,000,000 = 1 x 10-6
1 Nano (n) = 1 / 1,000,000,000 = 1 x 10-9
1 Pico (p) = 1 / 1,000,000,000,000 = 1 x 10-12

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ELEMELEC

Capacitive Reactance – a capacitor in a circuit limits the current therein just as

resistance.

Xc = 1 / (2 x Π x f x C)

Where: Π = 3.1416
f = Frequency in Hertz (Hz)
C = Capacitance in Farad (F)

Types of Capacitors
-name of capacitors are based on their dielectric insulation placed in between of
the two conductor plates.

1. Molded Mica
2. Tubular Ceramic
3. Molded Paper
4. Ceramic Disc
5. Electrolytic
6. Tantalum

Capacitors in Series

CT = (C1 x C2) / (C1 + C2)

Capacitors in Parallel

CT = C 1 + C 2
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Diode – an electronic device that allows the flow of current in only one direction.

Diode’s Symbol

Types of Diode

1. Signal Diode – commonly used in signal circuits. (Radio Tuner)

2. Rectifier Diode – used in AC to DC conversion.

3. Regulator Diode – used in controlling the voltage in the circuit.

Zener Diode – a diode designed for limiting the voltage across its terminal in reverse
bias. High temperature resistant.

Transistor – a semi conductive device used for amplification and switching applications.

Types of Transistors

1. BJT – Bipolar Junction Transistor, a transistor constructed with three doped

semiconductor regions separated by two PN Junctions.

NPN Junction PNP Junction

2. FET – Field Effect Transistor, a type of unipolar, voltage controlled transistor that
uses
an induced electric filed to control current.

N – Channel P - Channel

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