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    Physics Chapter 12 Notes (Fsconline - Info) PDF

    Hochgeladen von

    Syed Waqas Ahmed

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    FacOntineinfo| __Chapte a0 cay approach Intermetiate | According Syllabus Of Pun to Available Online @ hitp://www.ficonline info HSSC II tp a Ee ELECTROSTATICS ELECTROSTATICS 1~ Jt‘ the branch of physics which oleals with the study of elechte charges atrest under the action of elictrte forces Kinds OF CHARGES 3 There are tho laird of charges, named poosii've and mregative (Charges. The “charge on an electron is Assuinad) to be megative and charge on préton is pbs'Tve. Therefore a cposhbey charges BBely\ is one satich doses eledrons ard a migatbly harged hody th one which gains electrons’ EvecTRic. CE 1 His the force ole te which charged particles attract Ba Repel each ather, This force ts responsible forthe Slabrlity of the Gloms and the ‘omoleculesmer the matter. The human hedy i's composed evtiirely of olems and motuntes. thus we owe our exirtance to the electric force. Quaurarive NATURE OF ELvecTRic FORCE ~ Like charges repel ack obher ard undtke charges attract each other. Point Charge. :-d,charge whose special abémensions(sig e) is 12.1 @ovLome *s Law eile a 1. Enlroducltion :. Chartes Coulomb ,a French army engieer made oa Lot of research work akoub( the gruantetatve “mature of electric force. On the hasis of the measurement, he porated Ais luo ts ITB4 AD. 2. Stalement 1- Fhe force befween the point charges dis ct hy roportional to the product of the magnitudes’ of charges and * Inver: proportional to the sayuare of Whe diflance Aebdaen them - bus Of Pua le Online @ hit: /nww,iconlneinfo Hsscil 3. MATHEMATICAL FoRM. +. ‘ Accor din: “g- statement ewe Fath 4 o [Pek Phere F ts the magnitude of the Anutual poree that acts each of the tuo charges De, 4, and | ‘r'is the distance Aetween them. @he force. F always ads along the tine goining the port \ charges « ‘ fs the constnt of orttaona lity . dts value depends upon the salir AM melons deduscen tae charges and the systevmvag units pewhich Fy ardr are meagbred. For Free Space :- J the medium between the too pont changes 7 free space, then k =, GRE. where &, 1s ean Blidrical conitart , known as spermitrvity of Pree space. Jn SI onils , ots value 1s B85 10 Cn on, 4 Me NK = te = AKIO nite | ARE» | Thus Coulonnh 1 free space 3 —— @ | 4- Veclor Form 3. As (Covlomb:s force is mutual force , it means | thateit “Gp? exerts aforce on G% , fen gp, abo arts am.equal and opposite force on 4. | Wh ee, clenatel the force” Mlerted om gy, hy 4p | a8, and. that om charge Gr dus to 9, as iz as shown tr Figure () bus Of Pua le Online @ hit: /nww,iconlneinfo Hsscil ‘ ta v Sie megatlia op tothe Bam. Yah e magnitude of both tA ce forees.13.the Same. 7 e ll = IE ay represent the direction of these forces , we 4o w tntreduce Unit vedlrs 4 Jet, is the unit vectr — £19(b) £. fe directed from Y to Yn a vf YF, and fi, ts the unit veclor diredled/ from W bey, then _, 5, and fn Jt canbe seen from figitre k,s—t So 2 —'T 2 ~ The -ve Sign shovss ath the ferces Ore im opposite dérecl’on,. s. Effect Op The Meetium s- (Se wrediunh Dieoeyn a “the charges “s\n 2 insulaler , whheb >is 4 4, alo Knownl as ctelectrre , then experiment at fs obserdeck that , the Coulombes force betweer them (decreases toy oO constant factor E, leno AS dleeledhiee constant or' relative permit as ceriparedk with Ahat in Pree fe Vecuurn / Air (1 atm) Ee Lee Pet Armia asi) nas €, Sele Bis Denore 2284 Thus Coulomb s Force in a meditumd semen auto relative -permsiturly | Mica 375 of dative Prema ty Ee 13 Veaataed per z ie | Pigs 30 a nm Og | Rubber 2.94 | eon 21 Teunfiomer i 2 | wae iad) (Foc Onlineinfo Chapter No. 12 aw eaay approach to Intermediate | According to} Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X11 valle Online € hp iconlninfo HSSC II The reloteve pernitirnrty for ate Ep St fer at % 00@Bi-e athen eledrie forces. — Fete Uy, eo af ama, Ft a A Noré;. Fhe rolio es the force between Meo charges placed in atr-or vacuum to fhe force when they are plied in the jnsulatng healers 's called relalive pecmitiivTy or bectere const. og the meckium, & FE Me Eramece /2.1:- Charges 00 wC anol x SOUC Ore bocated tm Ri - plane ot postitons oa B- og ond ae q.o¢ respectively, where the distances Are peaiureol th metres. Caleulate the force on My «gh Sorurion :- wd Y, = (oon = wx © Gz SExC= Snisice Me 3p Resition veclor of %, re labive z \ ay B= Bay mo fr y= magnitide of dr + (= Bm) roe Sm) me Hes , As we Whave FE, = are, “ot B, = wid Ex 100xtd%C «Sonide x AS Gm)* a Ba = agi reag ———_— Magn? tude of Fi, = F =e AA) + O108)> . Fe Lan Directisnf sg _ (%,)= tax (8 2s ~3F sith According to Syllabus Of Punj Ayailable Online @ ht e HSSC II 12.2 Fietps OF Force 1 he mmagnttade and atrectton of clade forebe.~ and gravitational ferce canbe. found “with the helt of Covlomb:s faw and Neston’ s ravi Btional Lavo respectively . Now qeeilion artses that (a) What are she origins of these’ forces p Ce) Hew are these forces Transmitted from. one mass to another or frém) one charge to Gnother ? The answer to (a fe silf\ Unknown and These rees Ore Occepled as asic forees oF the natare ous to i Nsiitance. 7% clescrthe the Piechaniim by whieh etch force 7s Transmitted; michael Foro (1241 - 1862) trfroduced( the concept of an elclre pretd . 2. Electric Field... divis an inttinsie property af the naliere that an ebdrec field 2xiste tn the space Around « dn electric charge . his ekedric Freld /s \consrcleread to be a force freld ~ that exerts a force on otter charges paced in that preld. 3. Field". eOhy , he fretd ther, concept — as liroduced” doy Mirchael Fowaday has the exppertménital support. This Theory canbe inednd in fae! Stems , step A. charge gp produces an ekelrre prebd. the ce Laelding Las shown in @)- Ta oe : Foc Ontineinfo Chapter fo. 12 ‘an coay approach fo Stermatiate | According to Syllabus OF Puanjab Text Book Board For Class XI1 Ayailable Online @ ht nlineinfo HSSC II Ve Step-I . 7Ais geld silerach with a test charge Eo. # rg Yo which ts placed init ond prredluces an ebscle goree Foon yas shown th Fraore (b). bn the pigures (ay and (b) the Aensily at cet *% proportional to the strength of the Blectere pretd at the various points. 4. EcectRic Ferd INTENSITY HEIs aleo known as eledric pred Strength . @- Define nt- The Coulordbis foree per unit charge / catled Electric wall Eatelarty. alt ik a veer quonttt, Onepresented sy. E . - ~~ ? poreting in the alerectiom oF F , &). Mathematical Forms. - Je a postive Fest charge ay (which & very small $0 that if may not clitert the pretd whch it has to measure) experiences an electere ree F at an if RJ vithin the fredd », then ekedrre” intensity 7% given as “ Ese ©). Und - She SE unit of ebledlre snlénstly “& N 4 G@)- Ekechie Iefensily clue to a sroint charge Comstdersia) pant charge . gy ludXe) which oe elechrieyprela 1 Preddted . vo eva oak, elettare intenstty, at . ~e te point Pe plan a Tt charge “Got that t.h Then the force 2x, Ay Y in the predd oF charge “g/m Voduun 3 gtven as 1% 6 Fe we, a * etiy Cliredled from the the test Charge Yo - nee here F is thee potrl charge “G Foc Ontineinfo Chapter fo. 12 a easy apyproacts to Intermediate Assoedingte to Sylaous Of Pur Text Book Board For Cl Online @ hitp/wwwefsconlne info HSSC II Therefore. elective srilensily canbe calcu laked.” =f tera a == . 4Ké, F* Ne Nore :- The effect of omedium on Bhe : elect sntenstly itl he the same mas on elachriz force. e Ee © This shows that © clicteic ‘alensitf) plecrenses 4y 2 actor op €, in the paggsence oF a ok Leteic ( trsulale, EXAMPLE 12.2 70 2s! lPre pootht char Y a1epe and Y= 4 UOnore P Sypareted. by bye dilance Of Bm as shocfi™ io Figure « Find the spot oF the kine Amy the two charges where elecrre fred BY pera. Sorurron - a AE ctr mine (44,@——eqe>@ + the states shtengity of Banke Be te a pomt , 0 unit ve Tet charge 1% paced ot ~ that ce BL Pid the dcreclon of ebechie intenstly - So Selective, infensily at pron -'P” clue to charge yp 6 E, Oma dust to charge Yo & B. Sgthe taviieg oppastle oltrections Viarefore .\ for resubtan Wiese inlensily ge Leoth sehonid have Lhe Cam qnagnttices ie a oy, a " Foc Onlineinfe. Chapter No. 12 approach te Intermediate } According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X11 aang ® aa ionine howe ficonlncinfs HSSC II right of both the charges where a ACLs, of EP and EF Ore equnt Aut Wir ectany are same. In this case SS Fr and EF olo not’ © © Sy cancel oot at v w % Tits ppc. Fhe sve volus corresponds to ithe fecallon Shown in figure Ond i Bere pid focalion. .,.... Hence. i A= +l Om Answer 12.3. ELECTRIC FIELD LINES 1 Inkroduetion;.. The concert of eledere etd Lines or elechtc fines of forces was tntradveed by Michael Fayaday. Shere gi've the visual “represestakion of the etectere field. Eledrre frtd fines canbe theught o, \ a Pama ™ that ierovides inpormailien about | diredion And Steingih of the eledrre preld at Various places: dlectrre preld Lines provides informettion abat the elechic force exerted on a chargd, the Lies Ore ro called hints of (farce. 2 Definition: An -elechre fine of force & considaredltd tbe the faath followed Joya unit jostle charge in ‘an elechte piekd. 3. Bxplarction s 7% tnlroluce electere freld Nhy" Lines , 20 place +ve fest Charges each of —% @ po Peer Siceet ce te ey 9 (a) ab 2qpual adimees from (Fac Onkineingo Chapter No. 12 lal F Punja ext yard For Class X11 nicmteemcmmneel > oe Ato Sorter lal msc a posilive charge +908 shown 1 This Aituallion gives tase tngormations about gield, — @. Informolian Aboot Direction of Elucte Froth tn the above. case ei fest charge a experience a repulsive force As indtiotedll j Arrows tn Figure @). Therefore, the elechie Freld crested oy the charge rq is clérecty radia Ly autward. Figure (b) shous the correspondiin reld fines which show the elecrte Fu rection , Figure (c) shotus the eladete geld ines ih the! vitinvtysor a nepalive cha Y In this case the Likes Ore direded radially” inward” because the force > on posilivve test charge 1 Yaa aliracton, trdicdling. the eladrtc preld peoits inward. $19 Cb) Fig(e) The ppeces.t Aad (Cc) represerit ts climensic if retires of the icld Lines. However, the electrre. fredd lithe. emerge. from the charges in three. climbnsions dad an vinginita number of the Likes Could be ran . Informaltan About Strength of Elche Add, The dade. gid Liz mags” also pprowiles information About the strength of the electra quild, As + canke.meen from the Bgees & amd (2) that the. Fuld Lines Ore Closer to each othr near the charger ohare the ital da st whele Ahey cortimususly spread aud sada ng According to Syllabus Of Pury walable Online @ hitp:/wwwfeconlineinfo HSSC II a, corbimaes olecrease tn preld alrength . The numberof bres fee unit area poeising perpendtanlarly _thre 4h On, rea th Atomnal to the ‘magnitude of Ane tledtnc Bild + ? 4. Some Typitat Patterns @)- For teteat spherical charges sn case of two identical “Tri T charges equal tude , the A Lins Are carved, as, Ahan ts Pay re wl Uk canbe seen rom pipure that the ined (Tr Zhe region bebanen tsa = v5 : re é each athe, Ne 7 m, iq The behavicur of i } MM me qotively charges will be eractly jthe same sonly Get, oF electrre preld ines will be invarol. Aevtral Zone, he regon where resublant hdc as Neral Aone as py ca). aha alse known reld 3 Zero 4 kno th tthe Vniddke region Os, Fare freld pot. &&). Fer Two opposite charges « w. Spherical Charges. The eladere pretd fruillérn of toe oppostle charges of same magnitide 1's shown in Figure (e). The getd Aes start from positive omal end ‘on a megalte chacge, Zhe elecirte gud HSSC II at points such as 12,3 fs the resutfant of _ fields created the tuo charges at these oii. — The dtrections of the resutlant infinsi Tes (73 ven by olrawiing the tangerts ab that points Gi). Oppositely Charged Sheefs Zhe paltern o| iat ld ob Gy -Y Lines tn. case a Tike f opposttely charg ec Yolates “ i por plate capacitor is shousr Through “tt at shown th Fp) > @)- Ma@xtmum Flux — Tp a certain area A i's 7 ne held perpendiculor to ithe a F'9-Ca), . electric geld Lines, the maniomum alectrte fed Anes well ofoass Ahroagie ety As we teeta No. of puild Aineimpross through unt area Rorma a & No. of pid Lives pass Brough cera area normally = EA Thon fu in Ths case where / Ag es abe —, Qrea (Bf held perpendi ‘i to The pela Ba aA Aho | th Cpigare (c). _- GQ) Minimum Flix Ln this case ar2a A hdd parallel to the field tines as shown He pasre h - 1 geld Ave cross this area, Ao fee Bow E EA, — yo > a £9 CG), > — Fee Onlineinfo. Chapter {No. 12 cay ayproactoSrtermate } According to Alabus Of Punjab Text Book Boare ile eines he hia karl Pec nlineinfo HSSC II case wth ke ncintmum om ah given as ———ie toe 522 where Ay im Ads i? Add parattel Lo the gietd ines, as Ahown in Fyre ' Giv). For Any Orientation Fig a tha case Oren Os placed tn Auch wa thet it makes an angle'a” with the gid Lines Bel Sie tn fig (ey. Ie the caste dave 1m he projection the Area Which 1s perpends— fi He Ge oo rp Projection of A perpendiculn GE = A Case. AS We know pos of aLitheie pield Lines Passing = f\ normally through unt arga = ——* So 10.4 ekechrie 1d Lis -p0rrssng——> thragh Aue entlf fies a he Glan Ba irya the case Ee MFA Gs Aso Usually the, elec of area 25 representecl dy a vweelor are AY chose magnitude 4 eyusl to He Aurface area A af the elbemed Gnd edhase diredtion ismateng norma! #8 the plane area A. VPhererone electrre thon throvgh a patch 4 4H Arugace interes op © ana xB R= EACse = ELA WAM Be He angle between the Feld Lines and the mormal to the area. Eladere plum hung A salar pre Avalor avant Ce) Unk? ti Si unit 4 Ne’. = Ao HSSC II 1 12.6 EtecrRic Fiux THRovGH A_SURFACE ENCLOSING A CHARGE Consider a closed Surpace , in shape OF A, Spkere af radius ‘c'. Let a front charge a7 & plated ok the certie of sphere as showm th To colextale the elechrir. flux the formula Pa EA is appliad whee Aurzack amen Eyl. For Lhe reason , the total Aurpoce aren. of the aphere 45 oliviced into “n* swoll fpatches with areas of magmitidle: DAL AA, AAS, Figure ¢ = aa AA, - AW ver Large ebth path worl he o flat element! of Grea, Ir vector form vector oreas Ore AA, , AA, BA,,.-----, BA, b crawing mormal urtt vectors on the palthes . Tharefere the ol'rection ap each vedlor area is along perpendicular td the corresponding path. She ecko Meniitizs ot the certres oF vecdér Areas BA, AA, AAS, . 20+ BA, are 4, NED, Es, 0 Eq respectively So by applying formula Ge 2. AR’, the wial glam paring through the closed surface (sphere) =f re +G+ -- +@ be GOA, +E, OA,+ Ey AA, +. +e tb OA, Jincanbe seen from the figure that elective inlently ind trea vector are in he tame clivechon. Thus angle betuscer Wlenstly with Lhe Carretpordirg Oreo veiler js Bere B= ESA Qsd + & AA, Wse4 &, AA, Caidt... +E AA sd. oO Due to Apheri'cal Agomery , ot Ahe Autface of mn QB = EAA + EB eAg ee ER AAne Foc Ontineinfo Chapter fo. 12 au cay appreachs to. Intermediate According to Syllabus: Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X11 Available Online @ hitp://www.ficonline info HSSC II sphere the magnitude of eleclive intercity. will he Same foe (6) = /B) =/B) =. . 2-1 €- = LM. putting hese values in ey @. Agar B = ESA, + COA, +EAAy=- - oh BAA, , = E (AA +BALH AAS +. - -- + BAL) = Ex( Tetal sphentead surface ards g Y , Fer Factors Noo fmagine that a closed Surface SS enclosing this sphere - Lt canbe Seen from fiqure that the elux through the closed surpace “S’ Li the Same as that through the sphere. So it 4 concluded that Totad Ales’ through a closed surface aloes not. olepend cyron™ the shape or comely op closed eurface. ot digas epaon athe “medium ard the charge enclosed 12.7: GAUSS" S LAW }- Statememt x. “Zhe flex through any closed Surface \/'s Ye times the total charge enclosed ware 2. Explanation t. Suppose pomt charges V4, Ks» - “2 Gn Gre Arbitrarit distr bouted inh an arbitrary shapeot closed Surpace.as Shown th Figure, Draw Aphere orouhd each ond every alt charger such thet the surface of sphere Lies tuhelly inle “Surface S's Stace eleclere pluw thraugh & cdoseal surface bus Of Pua line @ http! www fSconline info HSSC II as aU) 4 independent. of. “te shape , Ae each point charge will oct 03. independert source of Flux. The electere flux through sphere 8) is grven & Sinnitarly, Eat eather spheres fn he R- MA, Rh The total Clechrre plux passiig. through the closed F 0 ‘a surface i's - eH = Pe Pa Peo mP > ENUM HBG... +4) = arf Total (charge enclosed boy te ete = £2 where QE DeGieGr- td. =\ Total charge énelused by clesed ¥ Surfoce. 12.8 APPLICATIONS OF GaAuss *s LAW Gavss‘s lao i's applied te cafeulo’ the electnnc Tateneity clue to cizgerent charge configurations. tn all Wick cases om _tnaginary closed “surface i consicléred which passes rea the _pairt which the eldrre tilensity & % be eyalualed. Aa closed surface (3 known As Gaussian Surface. a) Intensity of Fretd Inside a Hollow Cha: Sphere + Suppose sthat a fallow corductng sphere of radius Rs giver o puslive charge 4GL. We wrsh to coteulate the preld intensity pet af cording to S of Ayailable Online @ ht HSSC II — - = 1 o paiot jnsitde the sphere . m+ ‘lou nag , ie te law fmagine @_ sphere of radius se - RR te be thsertbed within the Rolla charged sphere as ¥ Shown tr figure. The surgace + of this sphere ts the Gaussian + surgace. Let h be los through thi closed surpoce . Jt can be seen in the figure that the eharge enclosed by the Gaussian surface (3 gera. ire Yao Applying Gauss's laws a As we have ° Pz F.A=ag Since Area af Gaussion surrace A ho E20 Thus the ivterior of Aullow charged metal . sphere ts. a. freld.creewrepian. As a resudt, any apparatis placed ith in” a qetal enclosure ’s) * Shrelded” from electrre pretds. b) Electere. Lritensity Dve to an Infinite Shee of Charge: Consider aplane sheet of inginite extent, on which positive charges Ore vnigornly olithtbled . Let the vnitform Aurgace charge density oS. Charge per urd area p= Y _ A & ww =" As; —O —_ A Finke port of this. qe Bite A sheet 7s) shown th Fire, Jo cakeulate dhe elector Tntenstty £ at 0 dint 'P'y toe close to the sheet, imagine Foc Onkineinfo Chapter No. 12 science] Mavingeetea oe ae HSSC II wwe closed Gaussian Airfoce tn the form of bh ithe sheet, uohore one Flot face. contains point P! the eteete(Lhes force deave the sheet normal stdes (ndicatin: tntenstty Eads parallel to the curved “Surtace mor-mall cylinder. -passing.| thro undfoath the the cltrectiion ap EB’ The eledrie oF the cylinder ou! at right Angles ta the end facesdirected away fram (he , sheet, For calculating elechre flux , wid eonsitler the end facess,,5, faving arta. A and “the curved Aurface of cylinder y+ then total plum ts =) +a Ad, (€ “AL +(E fA), +E -A),, = EAGso 4A Cosa + EA Gs oo si LA seA ie ~2EA)|) @ whert ATs the saps Grea ef each flat sunface. According to Gases law @ = FE 2 Fkcosise tba) Yo EA he -ve Sign) needed because F aust {be applied opposite to YE for ut hi boetms, os = ~Wwbd © pereay = Se 2 - Fat &é-2- 4 i the plules A and & are separotect by ingiitestmally small olistance Ar , then 04/6) canbe written as Foc Ontineinfo Chapter fo. 12 an coay approach fo Sntermatiae | — According to Syl Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X11 le Online @ http /wwwefsconlne info HSSC II t Ayal © £0 Potential Gracionti.-7he quanitety BY gives. rr the mantmum volue af the rote ap @harge of potential with respect te aldsplace ment foecause the charge has been maved along Ma frredd fine along which the alislance between the plates ts minimum. St i lenawn as qpolenttalgraciant. Thus E = — gradkan! of / potenteal. or = grad. V, The negative sign sndiicates that. the olirection oF Et along the decreasing potential, Ge potential increaser To olérection opposite to 46 a A, ELEC ere PorenTiAL Ar A Pomr DuE__ 7. OInT CHARGE Consider an electrre piald € due to a pont(charge +4» bn order dentve an exprelsion for the peténtiabvat a certain point 1m the $d a vit posite charge (3? qloved . from infinity to that asin by kebping of in eayurttbor funy» by setiaey ws “ vars inwerely as the square * cred eleetere rnfer of distance from the charge Ge Exl;) , i oloca nat remain constant . So take tw points A and & iinginitestmally cleeto each ether , Jo thet & remains : Almmest contart between them . The chitinee oF poirts A and @ from gr ave ta ard te respectively. The distance of midywint of space trterval between A and B isr'from y. As prom figure A = % r= %-%_ ——____-@ (Foc Online info. Chapter No. 12 According to Syllabus: Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X11 HSSC I aang ® Available Online @ hitp://www.ficonline info ea ae 29 The mik paaint between A and & I's given as at 2 ; ett. iWenatly ot his point mo The magnitude of Ese E Re, “rh, As the posts A Gnd "B are very “eles? then hee oer ros RR gq this value in above equation. FeolLiy AXE, Yat As we knows that Av = - EfAy GF a unt posiPre charges moved from B to A, the werk clone is equal’ te the potential olipgerense between. A and 6 he ~ Mo Bue - E(a- m) ) / YD = £ (wen Potting valve Of.E “from e¢ © te above eay, L% 2 (e- 4 >% = are, [3S] Vee ie Mee id an ra tential at A” caked." absotute pactenttal or To point Bs assumed to be tnfinity paint so that Ye =0 and ence oben hs elle om BS wW oO ~ Thee gives # “&. 1 = ARE. tm The general expression fer electric potential Ve at a distince “r’ from gs is \Y cording to Syllabus Of Pua Available Online @ hitp://www.ficonline info HSSC II Example s¢2.2 Tivo opposite point charges each of magnitide 4 are separated by a olistance 2h. What is the electric potertial ot ao point P mid. way between them 2 Soluton +- The general expression g oh. +<—_2_ > __, —-—.— a9 for electric pstential *Y Po oor at a poirt Pk vist & 4xE, ¥ The elechic polertial al plat dus to ay woot & GRE. A The eluchic potential abvyptiP ola to -y 1s Vsti} al xe 4KE. a 4K. The electric potential” af P olue to opposite charges as YS YaVeV o - te ~ axe. “oh ARE. oh Via Kero 12.10° ELECTRON VoLT As wérknow that when a particle of charge Y moves from point ‘A’ with potential Ya to a park B with potential Me » Keeps elidrostatte. efpuilibriom , the change th polential energy oF the particle rs - = V(wm-%) = VAY When ‘this particle is moved freely an the eledtere gretd , then mo eflermat force acts on the charge to maiwlaie equrbelortum « (Fac Onkineingo Chapter No. 12 ‘an coay approach fo Stermatiate | According to Syllabus OF Puanjab Text Book Board For Class XI1 Available Online @ hitp://www.ficonline info HSSC II then ik will movefrom a point of higher piterival “ete a paint ot a tower yaclential Ye, which gradually increases its velocity. % im This case tts change in RE appears inthe germ of ehange . th KE). Therefore according to Law of conservation of energy Uu = AKE =H 4vV Jy the particle under considerctlion is eliclton then ARE = 2 AV « oxofcjay Let OV = Ivett . Aence AKE Ge «16'7C) x (ymyett) 46 *10"T (Cimyy nono 't Tule, . The amount of energy equalio end TF i's called one electron -vottMand ts olenoted toy Jev. nowt AKE Detiniton t. *The amount of energy acquired o Tet by an. election as .Ueronsverses oligference of one vot.” Thus - teM/E/Leénio Example 12.4: A parltcle carrying & charge oF Le falls through ‘a yrelenfial clipgerence OF 3.0%. Cateulale the fenergy acquired by it, Solufian 1. eas a pottittral Y=2e » OV=3.0Vv The energy acquired hoy the particle 1% AKE = Y AV = (2e)3.0V) =6.0ev As, we ave te = LeniatT e AE = 60K Len 7S Energy Peyuired by the _ gg site prarticle Answer do Chapte Ayailable Online @ ht (22 UL According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X11 Jw fsconline info No. 12 HSSC II —A_ Comparison BaTWEEN E£cEcTRIC AND GRAVITATIONAL ke fLEcTRic Force te The electric force between two charges is Fat UH et ARE, Ths hows that FANN Fax fe The electere constant has a value ke Ls Qn e ane. 3. The eledhoslakie force could be atttracteve ? repulsive . 4. Elechre fore is mediums dependant and (torn be shielded S. The electrostatic Yporce ik a conservatile force and 2 t- Fhe gravitalional force bo the twe point masses vs Fe qm = TAA Shows that Fo ow mm ard pera Ly 2. Zhe grovitabional consth « das a vole =! it G2 G.G7KIO Nm f 3. The gravitational foree A, only altiacttw , 4. The gravitational force doer nat clepend on the medtum, Se he gravitational force rs also a conservative ferce. G- FAIS fore 13 weak as Compared te the electric force + 12.12, CHARGE On Ay ELECTROW MittiKAN ‘Ss MEeTHOD 1. Introduction Zn 1909 & technique that resulted an of the charge on R.A mrllikan devised in pagecise measurement elctron . 2+ Diagrawe yA schematic dkagram of the mare ot drop experiment (3 Shown in Fy. Alabus Of Punj le Online @ hitp:/Amww,fsconlineinfo 3- Construction and Wor King Tove parallel plates PP ave placed inside a conlatner C to avoid alittarbance clus to aur eurrants. The separeiton between the plolés is '. The upper pla P’ has a small Aole H as Shown in Pipsre. A vollapge i's applied to the plalis clus to which the ehchre puld between the polates 44 Aetna. The magnitude of “at valet fa An atomizer A sh bgt fer spraying afl olrops mto the container through x nogate . The of Arep gets charg Aecause of frrefian between walls OF Atomizer’ and eh creas, hese oil al are very Small, and\are) actually in the form op mist, Some of these\drépi happen to poais through the fole in the wpper plate. The prath o¢ motion af. these olrepss cam be carefully Observed by meant of (Memineitien produced ey souree ar Light ‘s focusseal dey a dens L and a midreseope M 4- Theory A gives droplet between the twa plates Raye could Le suspended in autr it the qrovitation gorce R=m@g acting on the OW drop croplet i egual ts the elietrre force R= YE as shown in figure @. few The B canbe ‘adgusted equt toh by =mg HSSC II (Foc Onlineinfo Chapter No. 12 approach to Intermediate } According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book For Cl aang ® eal ionine Jiwwnefsconlne info HSSC II by adjustng..the voltage (ie Ex Yy) Jn this case fea ohn we YE = mg jr Vis the value of pid. hetweentathe slates fo this setting , then above egrwalion An be coritten a: v Y mg or iy = 79a Vv O Determination ar the mass 4 jn erden to oliferonine the omass\ ri of the olroplet the eluctrie freld between the plates is seurtthed off. Vhe droplt falls uncler'the cclion of gravity -throug, air, tt attains feremival wspted ve almodt of Lhe thstant the elechire Fleld 1s seotthed off. dts terminal speed ye ts olelermined fy tiring the fall of the dropldt_over a measured aadtaice. Since the drag forte F due ta air acting upon thes dreput, then it Fe enn, & Pally oth Dor atond terminal » speed 3 eq vate iG weight. ork alroy By using Stokes law Pe Ox7 ry ™q Wa mg where reidthe radius of the alropld and 7 fs then Goetzicrent of viteosrty for aur. + P is the density of the olroplet , then mass = volume x clensity ™ = A439 Wing thts vatse of mass?in eqrdton @) Aw eqs oxTr% or me 17% 2f9 By knowing the value ofr from above equation, the mass Gn’ canbe calculated Ay wing eg @, bus Of Pua rarer Mere HSSC IL his valve of ms substituted th eg o 2° get the value og charge 9 on the olropleh, S- Conclusions milickan measured the charge on many drops ond feund that each charge was an intigral multiole ap minimum value of eharge ' eqgul te Wexio%c, He dtherepore » cane lubed this minimum valve of the charge isthe charge on an ekedlron. Example 2/2. Zn Millikan 67k. olrop expertment on oil olrop..mass 4.9.x 10 kg i \balarceat anal feld stationary by the eléelidpield between Two parallel plates, Jp the poientialekijference between the plales “ 750 V and the pacing between them 15 5.0 mom, calculate the charge ‘on the droplet, Assume g = 9-837 Solution :- a Mass of the drop me 4.9x10 kg Patertial oligferences Ve -750V ; Spacing bdween Wplales wm» d= S.Omme S.onlom Using the equation Y x = mg ae mga y = He -5, fh cp nd = ATO kg x98 mix SOKO Tow “J as ave Meck Te veel Jee /Zoutemb Les = joule a, Tle nnmetre © Goolombl male” Bulame mate R. HSSC II 1. DefiniWlon yA device used for staring eledtric charge i called a capaciter or condenser + 2. Construction :- Asmpk paralll plate foo conducting plates separated Joy Vacuum, axxo any ather insulator | called clielechric When the plates of such a capadter are connected to a baitfery of voltage Vivolts, prodices a potestral ety arene cf Vivott between the five platis, ahe baitery places a charge + onthe plate whrdh i's ‘wmnerled with h positive terminal and “@ charge 6 or ihe athe plate, connected to ity megalirve ferminal, Mt 7s experimently observed that a charge @ stored by @ capieccter 's alrectty paroperlienad to the potertiaS, obipperence between the prlater. re aay or 6 = tv Cm ayy, wheren © /s the conitant “ay proprortiona lity colle copadiance of the capoacitér . 4- Capscilance Utis measure of the ab'lity of capacitor te store charge. (@)- Definition s- Fe amount of charge on one plate. necessary to ruse the prefertial. a thet plate by ame volt with respedt to the eter is called Capaectance aif capacifir, or, Chapter fo. 12 According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class X11 Available Online @ hitp://www.ficonline info HSSC II (b). Unit s- The SLumit of capacctance 15 Farad (F) after the Englith serertitt Faraday, Forad:-Jhe capacitines af a capacitor /% one farad if a charge of one coulomb, g/ven te one of the plates a parallel plate rot produces a Potential difference af One vott between them. As ce & fo Farad” = Coulomb of) fee & ts sub-mmubtiple unk are given below Il miero-farad x (yh = 1O*F | pico - farad mw lpF eid F, (C)- Factérs 1. Capacitance Vaepends upren GC). geometry of the plates oy Gir. the meclium eteigen the plata, Gi)~ separation between plates. 12.14 CapaciTancg Oc A PARAbbaL PLATE | CAPACITOR Constder a paral flat capacitor consistin, of two plane cages each of area a. oe Separated toy a cliilance Gl’ as shown in figure, he distomce G's small so that the elechre Freld E between the plates is uniperm and conpined almost entinely,m the region between the plates, Case (a). When air er Vacuum ties Jes Lebar wally he meclinn oetuween e palais he at dn vaevum. Ip ts the charge on the capacitor and Vrs the puitenlial obfperence betweenthe para tte plates then C= & ee 0 The magnitude of ebechtc intinstly “£' 1s relate with the oliitince ol’ as fe x As Q sh the charge on Hither gy the plates of area A Chapter No. 12 According to Syllabus Of Punjab Text Book Board For Class XI to Ayailable Online @ ht linen HSSC II 38 the surface chacge denstliy op charge on the plat. b 6a ——_. As we know that elec lerurly sbeliween five oppositely charged slat t4 green as = & a @ Y Vv f Potting the vatue sé From ep te @ +8 &£-4£ © Rotting this value ine: _ ® aeiv¥ Ae, A Vv = Be AGs Using this value in eg G) or Ab, ® Case Cb). Whitn “insulating material When an insulating mack'ium. +a Of relative, Perm'tivity &, + is placed. toetuicen the plat [~~—]t then potential oligzerence m between the plales 6 reduced olut to olerease Po ing eltcln'e ietensity , Yn hit case aw 3 Cred. = x mee VV v The chebie inlenstty E” hitween the pleads for the same amount of charge is _£ ag “s R. 5 = i, & AEE, The meus potential digperenee — Avecarnes Chapter No. 12 According to Syllab ext Book Board For Cl line @ http! www fSconline info HSSC II So capacitance hrecomes c _2 QA‘ Er med, yo 7 Ba @ or Coed = & C This Ahows that capacitance of (Papactbr 13 enhanced (increased) by the factor by. Sei: Soman Cree. Def. of Dieluctrve Coit, or Penal ient (t,) * The ratte of the capacituvee of a parallel pa capacdsr with an insulating substance as rmedim between the palates to it casmeilince with vacuum (or air) as) medium docween them * BIS: ELECTRIC POLARIZATION OF DIELECTRICS Zp an Insulating medium ( acaluch'cs) Auch as glass, mica, cdeod or plastic. ete“ placed fefween the’ plats of a capacifir the capmeitance of Capacitor increases clud to electra prolarigatzan of dtelucteeae, Dielectries/:- The dclictre constits of dloms anal molecilis which are ebectrrcally neutral on the (Average ie they covittsm egyual amourts of negative amd spostinve charges» The aladiri*bution af these charges th atoms and moleula 1h such that the cevitte of the poosrthve charge coin erdes with the cemlre of negate charge e As shown th Figure Abeer Cred. = a Pip-cay € Chapter fo. 12 According to Syllab ext Book Board For Cl line @ http! www fSconline info HSSC II 40 Effect of electrre fields. When olvelchite medtume t placed between the plates ap oa tapaciter , then elachitc freld between the plated egpects on the molecutes of the olvelichics asthe ne: charges (cheitrons) Are attron lect fndarnds’ the posttrely charged plale af capiacilir and the positive charges (mucler) towarals othe negative, charged pli. The chectrons in Nhe oltelechrre. are vot free to move hut itis prorathle That the eludtrons and nucle! Stan umeler go sleght displacement sthen subjreled to dn eludors field. As a resutt of Ahir sa clisplacemert the ceniie ey ‘ve and negeitivercharpes Too. damper eine chek each ath and on® end of motiasles showra negative ES charge and thevether end, An equal amourt of pposttive charge hut the molecule as evhole is ste neiitrabas shown in Fg: C4). Dipole i+ Tae eyeat and opposite charges Separated by a Sagat oléstance are sacd te constetste’ a cliprole,

    ™ The charge +4 on ‘ the Let plate can t flow avitt - clockwise aa ‘through the (resistaned fomane And neta bize the Sat charge Sa"on the | right par . alba Fig. Fy” ‘ The graph Shows that olusc har, ing hegins at teo when Y= Cv And olecreases gradually b. zero. Smaller values of thme constt. Rc had tb a more rapid ahs irge- Chapter fo. 12 According to Syllab ext Book Board For CI mnline @ http! www,feconline.info HSSC II Example 12.6:-The time const af a series RCO ctrevit is ta Ro. Vervey that On ohm times farad. is equivalent te second. Soliitien 1- — Ohm

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