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3Prep-FirstTerm-Unit4
Reproduction & Species Continuity
The Reason Behind Creation：
1- To keep the living organism from extinction。
2- Ensure their interaction with environment。
Reproduction= Cell division
Two Types of Cell Divisions：
Mitosis Meiosis
Reproductive division Reduction division
increasing number of Decreasing number of
cells cells
Increase number of Decrease number of
chromosomes to the chromosomes to the
double half
No formation of Formation of gametes
gametes
It occurs through It occurs through
asexual reproduction sexual reproduction
No genetic variation genetic variation takes
takes place place
It leads to growth of It leads to formation of
living organisms and gametes
compensation of
damaged cells
Male gamete；- Sperms & Pollen Grains
Female gamete: Ova=Ovules=Egg Cells
Lesson One： Cell Division
Types of Cells in Multicellular Organisms
Somatic Cells Reproductive Cells
Divide by Mitosis Divide by Meiosis
They contain two sets They contain one of the
Of chromosomes two sets of
chromosomes
They have a diploid They have a haploid
number（2N） number（N）
Function of Gametes:
They are responsible for:
1- Reproduction in living organisms.
2- Transfer of genetic traits from parents to
their offspring.
 The Genetic Material Chemical Structure of
in the cell nucleus chromosomes
Chromosomes Nuclear Acid (DNA)
+ Protein

Chromosome：
A long，thin，and double strings。
Function of chromosomes:
They are responsible for the cell division
General Structure of chromosomes:
Two chromatids + one centromere
Chromatids:
Two threads connected at a central point.
Centromere:
A central point that attaches each two
chromosomes
Function of DNA：
It carries the genetic information of the
organism。
First: Meiotic Division (Mitosis)
Place of Occurrence:
In Somatic Cells
Function:
It leads to the growth of the living
organisms and compensation of damaged
cells.
Interphase:
A phase of some important biological
processes occurs to prepare the cell for
division.
Function of the Interphase：
To duplicate the amount of DNA
1- Prophase：
 Condensation of the chromatin reticulum
 Formation of chromosomes
 Formation of spindle fibers
 Each chromosome is connected with one
spindle fiber by the centromere
  The nucleus and the nuclear membrane
disappear
Spindle fibers：
A network of filamentous fibers that
extend between the two poles of the cell。
The Spindle Fiber The Spindle Fiber
In the animal cell In the plant cell
Formed from the Formed from the
Centrosome。 Cytoplasm at
the cell poles

2- Metaphase：
 Chromosomes are arranged along the cell
equator
 Each chromosome is attached with one of the
spindle fibers at its centromere。
3- Anaphase：
 The centromere splits lengthwise into 2
Halves
 Chromatids separate。
 Spindle fibers begins to shrink
 Two identical group of chromatids are formed
 Each group of chromatids migrate towards one
of the cell poles
4- Telophase:
 Formation of complete set of chromosomes
 Two new cells（2N） are formed
Second：Meiotic Division （Meiosis）
First Meiotic Division：
1-Prophase：
 Chromatin Reticulum intensifies
 Appearance of chromosomes
 Arrangement of chromosomes in homologous
pairs
 The nuclear membrane disappear
 Every 2 homologous pairs of chromosomes
move away from each other
 The spindle appears
 The chromosomes get connected with spindle
Fiber
2-Metaphase:
 Chromosomes pairs arrange on the cell
equator.
3- Anaphase:
 Each 2 homologous chromosomes move
Away From each other
 The spindle fibers shrink
 One of the two chromosomes migrates
towards a cell pole and the other
migrates towards the other pole
4- Telophase:
 A nuclear membrane is formed around the
chromosome
Tetrad:
Every 2 homologous chromosomes
Second Meiotic division:
Telophase(2):
 4cells(1N) are produced
 Formation of Zygote
(Male gamete +female gamete=Zygote)
The Crossing Over Phenomenon:
Place of Occurrence:
 At the end of Prophase (1):
 Some pieces of the 2 inner chromatids of
each tetrad are exchanged
 New genetic material is produced.
Importance of Crossing Over:
1- Distributing of genes randomly in the
gametes.
2- Occurrence of genetic traits variation
among the individuals of the same
spices