Decimal Fraction:

 A decimal fraction is a fraction in which denominator is an integer power of ten. (The

term decimals are commonly used to refer decimal fractions). Generally, a decimal
fraction is expressed using decimal notation and its denominator is not mentioned
explicitly

Examples: 1/10 = .1, 1/100 = .01

 Conversion of a Decimal into Common Fraction: Put 1 in the denominator under the
decimal point and annex with it as many zeros as is the number of digits after the decimal
point. Now, remove the decimal point and reduce the fraction to its lowest terms.

Examples: 0.5 = 5/10=1/2

 Some Basic Formulas:

1. (a + b)(a – b) = (a2 – b2)

2. (a + b)2 = (a2 + b2 + 2ab)
3. (a – b)2 = (a2 + b2 – 2ab)
4. (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
5. (a3 + b3) = (a + b)(a2 – ab + b2)
6. (a3 – b3) = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)
7. (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc) = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ac)
8. When a + b + c = 0, then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc.

Simplification:

 Rule of ‗BODMAS‘: This BODMAS rule depicts the correct sequence in which the
operations are to be executed, so as to find out the value of given expression. Full form of
BODMAS is B – Bracket, O – of, D – Division, M – Multiplication, A – Addition and S
– Subtraction. Thus, while solving or simplifying a problem, first remove all brackets,
strictly in the order (), {} and ||. After removing the brackets, we will use the following
operations strictly in the following order: (i) of (ii) Division (iii) Multiplication (iv)
Addition (v) Subtraction.

Average:

 Average = (Sum of observations/Number of observations)

 Suppose a train covers a certain distance at x kmph and an equal distance at y kmph.
Then, the average speed of train during the whole journey is kmph (2xy/x+y)kmph.

Percentage:

 By a certain percent, we mean that many hundredths. Thus, x percent means x

hundredths, written as x%. To express x% as a fraction: We have, x% = x/100
  To express a/b as a percent: We have, a/b = (a/b x 100)%
 Percentage Increase/Decrease: If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the
reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure is: [(R/(100+R)) x
100]%. If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption
so as not to decrease the expenditure is: [(R/(100-R)) x 100]%.
 Result on Population: Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at
the rate of R% per annum, then: population after n years = P (1+(R/100)) n Population n
years ago= P/ (1+(R/100))n
 Result on Depreciation: Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at
the rate of R% per annum. Then: Value of the machine after n years = P (1-(R/100)n ,
Value of the machine n years ago = P/ (1-(R/100)n, If A is R% more than B, then B is less
than A by [(R/(100+R)) x 100] %, If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by
[(R/(100-R)) x 100] %

Ratio:

 The ratio of two quantities a and b in the same units, is the fraction and we write it as a :
b. In the ratio a : b, we call a as the first term or antecedent and b, the second term or
consequent. Eg. The ratio 5 : 9 represents 5/9 with antecedent = 5, consequent = 9.
 Rule: The multiplication or division of each term of a ratio by the same non-zero number
does not affect the ratio. Eg. 4 : 5 = 8 : 10 = 12 : 15. Also, 4 : 6 = 2 : 3.

Proportion:

 The equality of two ratios is called proportion. If a : b = c : d, we write a : b :: c : d and

we say that a, b, c, d are in proportion. Here a and d are called extremes, while b and c are
called mean terms. Product of means = Product of extremes. Thus, a : b :: c : d (b x c) =
(a x d).

Simple Interest:

 Principal: The money borrowed or lent out for a certain period is called the principal or
the sum.
 Interest: Extra money paid for using other‘s money is called interest.
 Simple Interest (S.I.): If the interest on a sum borrowed for certain period is reckoned
uniformly, then it is called simple interest.

Let Principal = P, Rate = R% per annum (p.a.) and Time = T years. Then Simple Interest
= (P x R x T)/100

Profit and Loss:

 Cost Price: The price, at which an article is purchased, is called its cost price, abbreviated
as C.P.
  Selling Price: The price, at which an article is sold, is called its selling prices, abbreviated
as S.P.
 Profit or Gain: If S.P. is greater than C.P., the seller is said to have a profit or gain.
 Loss: If S.P. is less than C.P., the seller is said to have incurred a loss.
 Gain = (S.P.) – (C.P.)
 Loss = (C.P.) – (S.P.)
 Loss or gain is always reckoned on C.P.
 Gain Percentage: (Gain %) = (Gain x 100) / C.P.
 Loss Percentage: (Loss %) = (Loss x 100) / C.P.
 Selling Price: (S.P.) = [ ((100 + Gain %)/100) x C.P.]
 Selling Price: (S.P.) = [ ((100 – Loss %)/100) x C.P.]
 Cost Price: (C.P.) = [ (100/(100 + Gain %)) x S.P.]
 Cost Price: (C.P.) = [ (100/(100 – Loss %)) x S.P.]
 If an article is sold at a gain of say 10%, then S.P. = 110% of C.P.
 If an article is sold at a loss of say, 20% then S.P. = 80% of C.P.
 When a person sells two similar items, one at a gain of say x%, and the other at a loss of
x%, then the seller always incurs a loss given by: Loss % = (x/10) 2
 If a trader professes to sell his goods at cost price, but uses false weights, then Gain % =
[(Error/(True Wight – Error)) x 100 ]%

Profit and Loss

Cost Price
Cost Price is the price at which an article is purchased, abbreviated as C.P.
Selling Price
Selling Price is the price at which an article is sold, abbreviated as S.P.
Profit
If the Selling Price exceeds the Cost Price, then there is Profit.
Profit or gain = SP – CP
Profit % = Profit/(C P)×100
S P = (100+gain % )/100 ×C P
C P = 100/(100+gain %)×S P
Loss
If the overall Cost Price exceeds the selling price of the buyer then he is said to have incurred
loss.
Loss = C P – S P
Loss % = LOSS/(C P)×100
S P = (100-loss %)/100×C P
C P = 100/(100-loss %)×S P

Profit and Loss Based on Cost Price

To find the percent gain or loss, divide the amount gained or lost by the cost price and
multiply it by 100.
Example: A toy that cost 80 rupees is sold at a profit of 20 rupees. Find the percent or rate of
profit.
Answer:
Gain/cost × 100 = % profit.

20/80 × 100 = 25%. - Answer

To find the loss and the selling price when the cost and the percent loss are given, multiply
the cost by the percent and subtract the product from the cost.

Example: A damaged chair that cost Rs.110 was sold at a loss of 10%. Find the loss and the
selling price.

Answer:

Cost x percent loss = loss.

110 x 1/10 = 11, loss.

Cost - loss = selling price.

110 - 11 = 99, selling price.

Profit and Loss Based on Selling Price

To find the profit and the cost when the selling price and the percent profit are given,
multiply the selling price by the percent profit and subtract the result from the selling
price.

Example: A toy is sold for Rs. 6.00 at a profit of 25% of the selling price. Separate this selling
price into cost and profit.

Answer :

Selling price x % profit = profit.

Selling price = profit + cost.

6.00 x .25 = 1.50, profit.

6.00 - 1.50 = 4.50, cost.

To find the loss and the cost when the selling price and the percent loss are given, multiply
the selling price by the percent loss and subtract the result from the selling price.

Example: At a sale, neckties selling at Rs. 50.00 are sold at a loss of 60% of selling price. What
is the loss and the original cost?
Selling price x % loss = loss.

Selling price + loss = cost.

50.00 x .60 = 30.00, loss.

50.00 - 30.00 = 20.00, cost.

To find the selling price when the cost and the percent loss are given, add the percent loss
to 100% and divide the cost by this sum.

Example: Socks that cost 7.00 per pair were sold at a loss of 25% of selling price. What was the
selling price?

Answer: Cost / (100% + % loss) = selling price.

7.00 / 1.25 = 5.60, selling price.

To find the selling price when the profit and the percent profit are given, or to find the
selling price when the loss and the percent loss are given, divide the profit or loss by the
percent profit or loss.

Note: This rule should be compared with the one under Profit and Loss Based on Cost. The two
rules are exactly similar except that in one case 100% represents cost while in the other case
100% represents selling price.

Example: A kind of tape is selling at a profit of 12% of selling price, equal to 18 per yard. What
is the selling price of the tape?

Answer: Profit / % profit = selling price.

18 /.12 = 1.50 selling price.

To find the percent profit or loss, divide the amount gained or lost by the selling price.

Example: A candy bar sells for 1.30 at a profit of 65. What percent of profit on selling price
does this represent?

Answer: Gain / selling price = % profit.

65 / 1.30 = .5 or 50% profit.

Mark-up Price

Generally the SP is less than the marked price (MP) the difference MP – SP is known as
discount, D.
Discount = M P – S P

Discount %, D% = (Discount) / (M P) ×100

To reduce percent loss on cost to percent loss on selling price, divide percent loss on cost by
100% minus percent loss on cost.

Example: 20% loss on cost is what percent loss on selling price?

Answer:

% loss on cost / (100% - % loss on cost) = % loss on selling price.

0.20 / 80 = .0025 or 25% loss on selling price

To reduce percent loss on selling price to percent loss on cost, divide percent loss on selling
price by 100% plus percent loss on selling price.

Example: 20% loss on selling price is what percent loss on cost?

Answer:

% loss on selling price / (100% + % loss on selling price) = % loss on cost.

.20 / 1.20 = .16666 or .16.67% loss on cost.

To reduce percent mark-up (percent profit on cost) to percent profit on selling price, divide
percent mark-up by 100% plus percent mark-up.

Example: A coat marked up 60% carries what percent of profit on selling price?

Answer : % profit on cost / ( 100% + % profit on cost ) = % profit on selling price.

.60 / 1.60 = .375 or 37.5% on selling price.

Here we are providing you all the types of questions that have been asked in SSC
Exams and How to solve it in an Easy way with Grade Stack methods:-

Type 1:

The cost price of 40 articles is the same as the selling price of 25 articles. Find the gain per
cent. (CGL-2012)

(a) 65%

(b) 60%
(c) 15%

(d) 75%

Answer: (b) Gain per cent

=(40-25)/25×100

=15/25×100=60%

Grade Stack methods

In Above question We take x = 40 , y = 25

Then Gain % = (x –y) x 100/ y

Type2:

Bananas are bought at the rate of 6 for Rs. 5 and sold at the rate of 5 for Rs. 6. Profit per
cent is: (CGL-2004)

(a) 36%

(b) 42%

(c) 44%

(d) 48%

Answer : (c) To avoid fraction, let the number of bananas bought

LCM of 5 and 6 = 30

CP of 30 bananas

= 5 x 5 = Rs. 25

SP of 30 Bananas = 6 x 6

= Rs. 36

Profit = Rs. (36-25) = Rs. 11

Profit %

= 11/25×100=44%
Grade Stack Method

[(6 x 6 -5x 5)/ (5 x 5)] x 100 = 44%

Type 3:

A man bought oranges at the rate of 8 for Rs 34 and sold them at the rate of 12 for Rs. 27.
How many oranges should be sold to earn a net profit of Rs 45? (CGL-2011)

(a) 90

(b) 100

(c) 135

(d) 150

Answers: (a) Let the man buy 24 (LCM of 8 and 12) oranges.

C.P. of 24 oranges = 34/8 ×24 = Rs. 102

S.P. of 24 oranges = 27/12×24= Rs. 114

Gain = 114 – 102 = Rs. 12

Rs. 12 = 24 oranges

Rs. 45 = 24/12×45= 90 oranges

Type 4:

A shopkeeper earns a profit of 12% on selling a book at 10% discount on printed price.
The ratio of the cost price to printed price of the book is ? (CGL-2013)

(a) 45 : 56

(b) 50 : 61

(c) 90 : 97

(d) 99 : 125

Answer: (a) C.P. of the book = Rs. x

Printed price = Rs. y

(y×90)/100=x × 112/100

x/y=90/112=45/56

Type 5:

A dealer sold two types of goods for Rs 10,000 each. On one of them, he lost 20% and on
the other he gained 20%. His gain or loss per cent in the entire transaction was (CGL-2012)

(a) 2% loss

(b) 2% gain

(c) 4% gain

(d) 4% loss

Answers: (d) Here, S.P. is same, Hence there is always a loss. Loss per cent =(20×20)/100=4%

Gradestack Trick

Loss % = (n^2)/100= (20)^2/100= 4%

Where n= 20

Type 6:

On selling an article for Rs170, a shopkeeper loses 15%. In order to gain 20%, he must sell
that article at rupees: (CGL-2013)

(a) 215.50

(b) 212.50

(c) 240

(d) 210

Answer ; (c) C.P. of article = (200×120)/100 = Rs. 240

Type 7:

An article is sold at a loss of 10%. Had it been sold for Rs. 9 more, there would have been a
gain of 12 1/2% on it. The cost price of the article is (CGL – 2002)

(a) Rs. 40
(b) Rs. 45

(c) Rs. 50

(d) Rs. 35

Answers: (a) Let the cost price of the article = Rs. x

S.P. at 10% loss

= x×90/100= Rs. 9x/10

1. P. at 12 1/2 % gain

x × (100+12 1/2)/100 = Rs. 225x/200

According to the question

9x/10 + 9 = 225x/200

180x + 1800 = 225x

x = Rs. 40

Type 8:

A sells a suitcase to B at 10% profit. B sells it to C at 30% profit. If C pays Rs 2860 for it,
then the price at which a bought it is (CGL-2013)

(a) 1000

(b) 1600

(c) 2000

(d) 2500

Answer: (c) If the C.P. of the suitcase for A be Rs. x, then

x ×110/100×130/100=2860

x=(2860×100×100)/(110×130) = Rs. 2000

Type 9:
Arun marks up the computer he is selling by 20% profit and sells them at a discount of
15%. Arun’s net gain percent is

(CGL-2013)

(a) 4

(b) 2

(c) 3.5

(d) 2.5

Answer (b)

Gradestack method:

r1 = 20 , r2 = 15

Formula = r1 – r2 – (r1 x r2)/100

(20-15-(20×15)/100)

= 20 -18 = 2%

Type10:

A tradesman sold an article at a loss of 20%. If the selling price had been increased by Rs.
100, there would have been a gain of 5%. The cost price of the article was: (CGL-2004)

(a) Rs. 200

(b) Rs. 25

(c) Rs. 400

(d) Rs. 250

Answer (c) Let the C.P. of article be Rs. x.

105% of x - 80% of x = Rx. 100

25% of x = Rx. 100

x = Rs. (100×100)/25
= Rs. 400

Percentage
Percentage(%)

Percentage is per-cent which means parts per hundred(1/100).

If we have to convert percentage into fraction then it is divide by 100.

Example 1:- If we write 45% then its equal to 45/100 or in fraction 9/20 or in decimal 0.45

If we have to convert fraction into percentage we have to multiple with 100.

Example 2:- if we write 3/5 in fraction it is equal to 60% =3/5x100=60.

Convert Percentage into Decimal:

 20% = 20/100 = 0.5

Convert Decimal Into Percentage:

 0.25 = (0.25 × 100) % = 25%

 1.50 = (1.50 × 100) % = 150%

Majorly used values shown in Percent, Decimal and Fraction

This table will help you solve questions very fast and easily. Try to remember these
fractions because it will save lot of time in your examination.
 Types of Formulas and Short Tricks

Type 1: Percentage Increase/Decrease:

If the price of a commodity increases by R%, then the reduction in consumption so as not
to increase the expenditure is: [R/ (100 + R)] x 100%
If the price of a commodity decreases by R%, then the increase in consumption so as not to
decrease the expenditure is: [R/ (100 - R)] x 100%

Type 2: Results on Population:

Let the population of a town be P now and suppose it increases at the rate of R% per
annum, then:
1.Population after n years = P(1 + R/100)n
2.Population n years ago =P/(1 + R/100)n

Type 3: Results on Depreciation:

Let the present value of a machine be P. Suppose it depreciates at the rate of R% per
annum. Then:

1.Value of the machine after n years = P(1 - R/100)n

2.Value of the machine n years ago = P/[(1 - R/100)]n

3.If A is R% more than B, then B is less than A by= [R/ (100 + R)] x 100%

4.If A is R% less than B, then B is more than A by= [R/ (100 - R)] x 100%

Note: For two successive changes of x% and y%, net change = {x + y +xy/100}%

Ratio and Proportion

The number of times one quantity contains another quantity of the same kind is called theratio of
the two quantities.

Observe carefully that the two quantities must be of the same kind. There can be a ratio between
Rs.20 and Rs 30, but there can be no ratio between Rs 20 and 30 mangoes.

The ratio 2 to 3 is written as 2 : 3 or 2/3. 2 and 3 are called the terms of the ratio. 2 is the first
term and 3 is the second term.

Consequent

In the ratio 2 :3 , 2 is the antecedent and 3 is the consequent.

Note:

(1) The word ‗consequent ‘ literally means ‗that which goes after‘.

(2) since the quotient obtained on dividing one concrete quantity by another of the same kind is
an abstract number, the ratio between two concrete quantities of the same kind is an abstract
number. Thus, the ratio between Rs 5 and 7 is 5:7.

Compound Ratio

Ratios are compound by multiplying together the antecedents for a new antecedent, and the
consequents for a new consequent.

Ex: find the ratio compound of the ratio:

4:3, 9: 13, 26 : 5 and 2:15

Solution;

The required ratio = {(4*9*26*2)/(3*13*5*15)} = 16/25

Inverse Ratio

(1) If 2:3 be the given ratio, then 1/2: 1/3 or 3 :2 is called its inverse or reciprocal ratio.

(2) If the antecedent = the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of equality, such as 3:3.

(3) If the antecedent >the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of greater inequality, as 4 :3

(4) If the antecedent < the consequent, the ratio is called the ratio of less inequality, as 3 : 4.

Ex. Divide 1458 into two parts such that one may be to the other as 2: 7.

Solution:

1st part =2*(1458)/(2+7) = 324

2nd part = 7*(1458/9) = 1134

Proportion:-

Consider the two ratios:

1st ratio 2 nd ratio

6 : 18 8 : 24

Since 6 is one-third of 18, and 8 is one –third of 24, the two ratios are equal. The equality of ratio
is called proportion.

The number 6, 18, 8 and 24 are said to be in proportion.

The proportion may be written as

6 : 18 :: 8 : 24 (6 is to 18 as 8 is to 24)

Or, 6 :18 = 8:24 or 6/18 = 8/24

The numbers 6, 18, 8 and 24 are called the terms. 6 is the first terms, 18 the second, 8 thethird,
and 24 the fourth. The first and fourth terms, i.e. 6 and 24 are called the extremes (end terms),
and the second and the third terms, i.e., 18 and 8 are called the means (middle terms). 24 is
called the fourth proportional.
(A) If your quantities be in proportion, the product of the extremes is equal to the product
of the means.

Let the four quantities 3, 4, 9 and 12 be in proportion.

We have ,(3/4) = (9/12)

(3/4)*4*12 = (9/12)*4*12 —> 3*12 = 4*9

(B) Three quantities of the same kind are said to be in continued proportion when the ratio
of the first to the second is equal to the ratio of the second the third.

The second quantity is called the mean proportional between the first and the third ; and
thethird quantity is called the third proportional to the first and second.

Thus, 9, 6 and 4 are in continued proportion for 9 :6 ::6 :4.

Hence, 6 is the mean proportional between 9 and 4, and 4 is the third proportional to 9 and 6.

Ex1. Find the fourth proportional to the numbers 6, 8 and 15.

Solution:

If x be the fourth proportional, then 6 : 8 = 15:x —> (8*15)/6 = 20

Ex2. Find the third proportional to 15 and 20.

Solution:

Here, we have to find a fourth proportional to 15, 20 and 20. If x be the fourth proportional, we
have 15 :20 = 20:x

x = {(20*20)/15} = 80/3

Direct Proportion: consider the following example .

Ex. 1: If 5 ball cost Rs 8, what do 15 balls cost?

Solution:

It will be seen at once that if the number of balls be increased 2, 3, 4,….times, the price will also
be increased 2, 3, 4… times.

Therefore, 5 balls is the same fraction of 15 balls that the cost of balls is of the cost of 15 balls.

5 balls : 15 balls :: Rs8 : required cost

the required cost = Rs (15*8)/5 =Rs 24

This, example is an illustration of what is called direct proportion. In this case, the two given
quantities are so related to each other that if one of them is multiplied (or divided) by any
number, the other is also multiplied (or divided) by the same number.

Inverse Proportion: Consider the following example

Ex. 1: If 15 men can reap a filed in 28 days, in how many days will 10 men reap it?

Solution:

Here, it will be seen that if the number of men be increased 2, 3,4,….times, the number of days
will be decreased 2, 3, 4…times. Therefore, the inverse ratio of the number of men is equal to the
ratio of the corresponding number of days.

Or , 10: 15 :: 28 : the required number of days

the required number of days=(15*28)/10 = 42

The above example is an illustration of what is called inverse proportion. In this case, the two
quantities are so related that if one of them is multiplied by any number, the other is divided by
the same number, and vice versa.

Ex 2: The employer decreases the number of his employees in the ratio 10 :9 and increase their
ways in the ratio 11:12. What is the ratio of his two expenditures?

Solution:

The required ratio = 10×11 : 9 ×12 = 55 : 54

Ex3: A vessel contains liquid A and B in ratio 5 :3. If 16 liters of the mixture are removed and
the same quantity of liquid B is added, the ratio becomes 3 :5. What quantity does the vessel
hold?

Solution:

Quicker Method:

When the ratio is reversed (i.e., 5:3 becomes 3 :5), we can use the formula;

Total quantity ={(5+3)^2/(5^2-3^2)} ×Quantity of A in the removed mixture

= (64/16)*10 = 40 liters

Basic Rules of Simplification

BODMAS Rule

It defines the correct sequence in which operations are to be performed in a given mathematical
expression to find the correct value. This means that to simplify an expression, the following
order must be followed -

B = Bracket,
O = Order (Powers, Square Roots, etc.)
D = Division

M = Multiplication
A = Addition

S = Subtraction

1. Hence, to solve simplification questions correctly, you must apply the operations of brackets
first. Further, in solving for brackets, the order - (), {} and [] - should be stricly followed.
2. Next you should evaluate exponents (for instance powers, roots etc.)

3. Next, you should perform division and multiplication, working from left to right. (division
and multiplication rank equally and are done left to right).

4. Finally, you should perform addition and subtraction, working from left to right. (addition
and subtraction rank equally and are done left to right).

EXAMPLE 1: Solve 12 + 22 ÷ 11 × (18 ÷ 3)^2 - 10

= 12 + 22 ÷ 11 × 6 ^2 - 10 (Brackets first)
= 12 + 22 ÷ 11 × 36 - 10 (Exponents)
= 12 + 2 × 36 - 10 = 12 + 72 - 10 (Division and multiplication, left to right)
= 84 - 10 = 74 (Addition and Subtraction, left to right)

EXAMPLE 2: Solve 4 + 10 - 3 × 6 / 3 + 4

= 4 + 10 - 18/3 + 4 = 4 + 10 - 6 + 4 (Division and multiplication, left to right)

= 14 - 6 + 4 = 8 + 4 = 12 (Addition and Subtraction, left to right)

To Solve Modulus of a Real Number

The Modulus (or the absolute value) of x is always either positive or zero, but never negative. For any
real number x, the absolute value or modulus of x is denoted by |x| and is defined as
|x|= x {if x ≥ 0} and −x {if x < 0}

EXAMPLE 1: Solve |8|

|8| = |-8| = 8

Tips to Crack Approximation

Conversion of decimal numbers to nearest number

To solve such questions, first convert the decimal to nearest value. Then simplify the given
equation using the new values that you have obtained.

EXAMPLE 1: Solve 4433.764 - 2211.993 - 1133.667 + 3377.442

Here,
4433.764 = 4434
2211.993 = 2212
1133.667 = 1134
3377.442 = 3377

Now simplify, 4434 - 2212 - 1134 + 3377 = 4466

EXAMPLE 2: Solve 530 x 20.3% + 225 x 16.8%

Here, 20.3% becomes 20% and 16.8% becomes 17%

Now, simplify 530 x 20% + 225 x 17%
= 106 + 38.25 = 144.25

Approximation of Square Roots

(1) To simplify a square root, you can follow these steps:

(2) Factor the number inside the square root sign.

(3) If a factor appears twice, cross out both and write the factor one time to the left of the square
root sign. If the factor appears three times, cross out two of the factors and write the factor
outside the sign, and leave the third factor inside the sign. Note: If a factor appears 4, 6, 8, etc.
times, this counts as 2, 3, and 4 pairs, respectively.

(4) Multiply the numbers outside the sign.

(5) Multiply the numbers left inside the sign.

(6) To simplify the square root of a fraction, simplify the numerator and simplify the
denominator.

NOTE: Check that the outside number squared times the inside number should equal the original
number inside the square root.

Antonyms

1. Agony – Ecstasy 51. Novice – Veteran

2. Ambivalent- Plain 52. Nadir – Zenith
3. Averse – Eager 53. Nepotism – Impartiality
4. Assuage – Worsen 54. Nominal – Exorbitant
5. Adroit – Clumsy 55. Nonchalant – Worried
6. Austere – Lavish 56. Oblivious – Mindful
7. Bridle – Vent 57. Overt – Hidden
8. Benign – Malicious 58. Onerous – Easy
9. Belittle – Extol 59. Obscene – Decent
10. Bleak – Bright 60. Ostentations – Unpretentious
11. Congenial – Disagreeable
12. Commend – Dislike/ Criticise
13. Collision – Conciliatory
14. Chide – Praise
15. Conform – Differ
16. Ductile – Rigid
17. Enslave – Emancipate
18. Ephemeral – Eternal
19. Enigmatic – Simple
20. Essential – Trivial
21. Evince – Hide
22. Fiasco – Success
23. Frugal – Extravagant
24. Futile – Worthy
25. Frail – Strong
26. Gumption – Apathy
27. Glower – Smile
28. Gambol – Trudge
29. Haste – Delay
30. Heretical – Orthodox
31. Hindrance – Aid
32. Haughty – Humble
33. Infuriate – Soothe
34. Impudent – Humble
35. Insipid – Tasty/ Exciting
36. Impasse – Break Through
37. Jubilant – Gloomy
38. Kind – Cruel
39. Levity – Seriousness
40. Lucidity – Confused
41. Lapidarian – Inelegant
42. Loathe – Love
43. Lachrymose – Blithe
44. Meagre – Plentiful
45. Maladroit – Skilled
46. Mammoth – Small
47. Morbid – Appealing
48. Mutational – Crepuscular
49. Munificent – Greedy
50. Novice – Veteran
Zealot – Torrent
61. Obstinate – Flexible
62. Panic – Calm
63. Plausible – Unconvincing
64. Parochial – Global
65. Prudent – Unwise
66. Precise – Vague
67. Podgy – Thin
68. Ratify – Disapprove
69. Reticent – Frank
70. Reproach – Praise
71. Rancour – Accord
72. Rudimentary – Advanced
73. Subsequent – Prior
74. Sartorial – Cheerful
75. Servility – Insolence
76. Spurious – Genuine
77. Scorn – Administration
78. Sagacity – Stupidity
79. Truculent – Gentle
80. Taint – Purify
81. Terse – Detailed
82. Taciturn – Loquacious
83. Timid – Bold
84. Tenuous – Abundant
85. Urbane – Rude
86. Verity – Falsehood
87. Valiant – Coward
88. Venerate – Criticise
89. Virtue – Vice
90. Vituperative – Laudatory
91. Verbose – Concise
92. Welter – Order
93. Waive – Retain
94. Wastrel – Miser
95. Wanton – Merciful
96. Yearn – Content
97. Yawn – Brisk
98. Yoke – Detach
99. Zeal – Apathy
100. Zest – Disgust
Synonym
1. Abhor – Hate
2. Annihilate – Destroy
3. Affectation – Artificiality
4. Acumen – Cleverness
5. Admonish – Censured
6. Aplomb – Poise
7. Baffle – Foiled
8. Benevolence – Kindness
9. Bashful – Timid, Shy
10. Banish – Exile
11. Ceremonial – Formal
12. Clemency – Mercy, Forgiveness
13. Colossal – Enormous
14. Contentious – Quarrelsome
15. Contemplation – Meditation
16. Delineate – Explain
17. Dilate – Widen
18. Dulcet – Sweet
19. Decimated – Destroyed
20. Dubious – Doubtful
21. Estranged – Separated
22. Elude – Escape
23. Enliven – Cheer
24. Eternal – Perpetual
25. Exotic – Strange
26. Flair – Talent
27. Forego – Leave
28. Flimsy – Weak
29. Flaunt – Exhibit
30. Genesis – Origin
31. Grandeur – Magnificent
32. Grapple – Struggle
33. Gratify – Pacify
34. Haughty – Arrogant
35. Hail – Welcome
36. Horde – Mob
37. Heed – Consider
38. Industrious – Diligent
39. Infructuous – Fruitless
40. Irreverence – Disrespect
41. Incessantly – Continuously
42. Jeopardy – Danger
43. Jejune – Uninteresting
44. Jabber – Chatter
1. Lull – Pause
2. Latent – Concealed/ Hidden
3. Lethargy – Laziness
4. Mellow – Smooth/Soft
5. Maestro – Genius
6. Meticulous – Careful/ Precise
7. Maverick – Rebel
8. Meddle – Interfere
9. Novice – Beginner
10. Noxious – Harmful
11. Nexus – Connection
12. Negligent – Careless
13. Obsolete – Outdate
14. Oblique – Neglect
15. Occult – Supernatural
16. Obfuscate – Confuse
17. Plump – Fat
18. Penchant – Liking
19. Peculiar – Strange
20. Pallid – Pale
21. Plebiscite – Referendum
22. Quarantine – Isolation
23. Quiver – Tremble
24. Opulent – Rich
25. Quarry – Victim
26. Querulous – Complaining
27. Rampant – Widespread
28. Reverie – Daydream
29. Respite – Relief
30. Resurgence – Renewal
31. Relish – Enjoy
32. Requite – Repay
33. Supplant – Replace
34. Sporadic – Scattered
35. Sundry – Various
36. Sham – Fake
37. Tenet – Belief
38. Tramp – Wanderer
39. Tranquil – Peaceful
40. Urbane – Refined
41. Upright – Honourable
42. Veritable – Authentic
43. Vilify – Defame
44. Venal – Corrupt
 45. Jubilant – Rejoicing 45. Wrath – Anger
46. Ken – Knowledge 46. Winnow – Weed
47. Kin – Relatives 47. Wholesome – Sound
48. Knavish – Dishonest 48. Witty – Humorous
49. Laud – Praise 49. Yearn – To Crave
50. Lucid – Clear 50. Zany – Clown

GEOGRAPHY

1. The port in India established specifically for transporting iron to Japan is – Paradip
2. Largest number of salt lakes are found in which state of India – Rajasthan
3. ―Caldera‖ is associated with – Volcanoes
4. The highest plateau in the world is – Pamir plateau
5. Vivekananda rock memorial is situated in – Kanyakumari
6. Airplane fly in which layer of the atmosphere – the stratosphere
7. The strait separating North America from Asia is – Bering Strait
8. Vindhya belongs to which category of mountains – Block Mountains.
9. Which river originates from Amarkantak – Narmada
10. Oldest mountain range in the world is – Aravali mountain range
11. The most abundant element on earth crust is – Oxygen
12. Indian Research Station Himadri is situated in – Antarctica
13. Shipli la pass is located in which valley – Satluj Valley
14. The largest inland waterways in the world is – Mississippi river
15. The largest sea in the world is – South China sea
16. State having largest coastline in India is –Gujarat
17. Wardha, Wainganga, and Penganaga are the tributaries of – Godavari
18. Ankleshwar and Navagoan are the two oil field in – Gujarat
19. The largest volcano creator in the world is – Toba Indonesia
20. Highest calorific value and surface shining is found in which kind of coal – Anthracite
21. Which two regions are connected by Zozila pass – Leh and Srinagar
22. Which element is majorly found in the basalt rocks – Silicon
23. In India, Mangroves are extensively found in – Sunderbans
24. Mahatma Gandhi hydroelectric project is on which river – Sharavati
25. Network is situated on the bank of – Hudson river
26. Outer most layer of sun is – Corona
27. The highest mountain peak of India is – K2
28. The longest mountain range in the world is – Andes
29. Lakshadweep was produced by the – Reef Formation
30. Hot dry local winds blowing in eastern side of the Alps mountain is known as – Foehn
31. Summer solace in southern hemisphere occurs on – 22nd December
32. Soil best for tea plantation is – Acidic soil
33. Which river is known as river of sorrow – Kosi
34. Which atmosphere layer reflects radio waves – Ionosphere
35. The term used for soil free plantation is – Hydroponics
36. Coast of Norway is an example of which type of coast – Fjord coast
37. Imaginary lines connecting places of similar height on map are – Contour
38. The Morden name of ―Siam‖ – Thailand
39. ―Tin Bigha‖ corridor connects which two nations – India and Bangladesh
40. Peso is the currency of – Mexico
41. The type of soil best for cotton cultivation is – Black soil
42. Synchronous salutes moves in which direction – West to East
43. Turpentine oil is extracted from – Pine tree
44. BT is related to which plant – Cotton
45. Kanchenjunga National Park is located in – Sikkim
46. Talcahr is famous for – Heavy Water plant
47. The city known s the center of the manufacturing of penicillin – Pimpari
48. Which organization composes topographic map of India – Survey of India
49. Apatani tribal group is found in which state – Arunachal Pradesh
50. Panna, the famous place in Madhya Pradesh is known for – Diamonds
51. Duncan Passage is situated between – South Andaman and little Andaman
52. ‗Indian Standard Meridian‘ passes through the states of – UP, MP, Odisha, and AP
53. Which Indian States shares boundaries with the maximum number of other States – UP
54. The State with the largest area under wasteland is: – Jammu and Kashmir
55. Arakan Yoma is the extension of the Himalayas located in – Myanmar
56. What do you understand by the term ‗Doab‘ – Land between two tributaries of a river
57. Foothills of Himalayan ranges are – Siwalik Hills
58. Nanda Devi peak forms a part of – Kumaon Himalayas
59. What is the name of the highest summit of Nilgiri Hills – Doda-beta
60. The Eastern Coast of India is known as – Coromandel coast
61. The greatest biodiversity of plants and animals are found in which type of forest – Tropical
moist forest
62. In which ocean, the direction of the wind changes with the season – Indian Ocean
63. The river known as Vridha ganga is – Godavari
64. The largest island in Indian ocean is – Madagascar
65. Which state has largest coal reserves in India – Jharkhand
66. The Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats meet at – Nilgiri Hills
67. The main difference between the Western Ghats and the Eastern Ghats is – Continuity
68. Which type of clouds are low-level clouds – Stratocumulus
69. Which type of waves of earthquake that can travel through solid, liquid and gas is –
Primary waves
70. Which rocks are known as stratified rocks – Sedimentary rocks
71. 10 Longitude is equal to – 4 minutes
72. The second train in India ran between – Howrah and Hooghly in 1854
73. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Airport is in – Kolkata
74. Ludhiana is situated at the bank of – Satluj
75. In Bangladesh, Brahmaputra is called as – Jamuna
76. The percentage of plain area in India is – 43%
77. Earth is divided into how many longitudinal zones – 24 longitudinal zones
78. The hottest planet in our solar system is – Venus
79. The actual name of Dog Star, the brightest star outside our solar system is – Sirus
80. The hottest star in the universe will appear – Blue
 81. Which state is the leading producer of silk – Karnataka
82. Ukai dam is constructed over – Tapi river
83. Rotational speed of moon is – 3680 kmph
84. Chinook is the local wind in – Hot dry winds in the Rockies
85. The movement of earth on its own axis is called – Rotation
86. Indravati is a tributary of – Godavari
87. India lies in ___________ part of the hemisphere – Northeastern
88. Jarawa tribe is a native of which state/ UT – Andaman and Nicobar
89. When a sheet of magma lies along the bedding plane is called – Sill
90. Water from which barrage is supplied to the Indira Gandhi canal – Harika
91. Which nation has largest livestock population in the world – India
92. Diluvial forests are found in which area of India? – Sunderban
93. The total approximate length of coastline of India is – 7600kms
94. What kind of rock is dolomite – Sedimentary rocks
95. The tropical grasslands are called – Savanah
96. What fraction of land surface of earth is desert – 1/3
97. Jania hills are in which state of India – Tamil Nadu
98. Kashmir valley lies between which 2 valleys – Zaskar and Pir panjal
99. Koyli oil refinery is located in – Gujarat
100. The part of equatorial region suitable for the rubber plantation is – Malaysia

Gk

1. The power of a lens is measured in – Dioptre

2. ‘Anemophily‘ pollination is done by – Wind
3. ‘Penicillin‘ antibiotic is obtained from – Fungi
4. ‘Amalgam‘ is a term used for an alloy of a metal with –Mercury
5. Sphygmomanometer is used for measuring – Blood pressure
6. Decibel is the unit of measuring – Sound
7. Which bacteria is helpful in making curd from milk – Lactobacillus
8. the largest flightless bird is – Ostrich
9. Metal tea pots have wooden handles because – Insulation from heat
10. Bile is produced in – Liver
11. elements containing same number of electrons are called – Isoelectronic
12. Baby Blue Syndrome is caused due to – Nitrate
13. Richter scale is used for measuring – Seismic waves
14. Non-stick cooking utensils are coated with – Taflon
15. Silver gets corroded due to presence of which compound in air– Hydrogen Sulphide
16. The strongest known natural fibre is – Silk
17. Silkworm feeds on – Mulberry leaves
18. Which metal is used in storage batteries – Lead
19. Which vitamin acts like hormone – vitamin D
20. Swimming pool seems to be shallower due to the phenomenon of – Refraction of light
21. Number of bones in a new-born baby is – 300 Bones
22. Which blood group Is known as universal donor blood group – O blood group
23. Which of the following caused radioactive pollution along Kerala coast – Thorium
24. Which lobe of human brain operates hearing process – Temporal
25. Which of the following disease is caused by Vitamin B3 – Pellagra
26. Which element gives hardness to stainless steel – Carbon
27. Addition of suitable impurities into semiconductor elements is called – Doping
28. ORS is given in – Diarrhoea
29. Which hormone is secreted by Pancreas – Insulin
30. The layer of atmosphere closest to the earth crust is – Troposphere
31. When a sound wave goes from one medium to another, what remains unchanged –
Frequency
32. Plants which grow in saline soil are – Halophytes
33. Which organ involved in the process of ingestion in the case of Amoeba – Pseudopodia
34. Bell metal is an alloy of – Tin and Copper
35. CT scan is done using – X rays
36. The sea horse belongs to – fishs
37. Following the sign conventions, the focal length of a concave mirror is – Negative
38. Alum purifies muddy water by the process of – Coagulation
39. In vascular plant, water is conducted by – Xylem
40. Goitre is caused by the deficiency of – Iodine
41. Beaufort scale is used to measure – Wind speed
42. The vertical lines of elements in the modern periodic table are called – Groups
43. The bone of the which organ is the longest in the human body – Thigh
44. Accumulation of which one of the following in the muscles leads to fatigue – Lactic acid
45. ‗Yellow Cake‘ a costly compound, contains – Uranium oxide
46. Solar energy is produced by – Fusion reaction
47. Which hormones regulates blood calcium and phosphate? – Parathyroid hormone
48. Electron was discovered by – J. J. Thomson
49. Blood and lymph are types of – Connective tissue
50. The average life span of Human R.B.C is– 120 days