High Speed LANs

78
 Introduction
 With the changing needs of networking, number of
approaches to design high speed networks have
become essential.
 Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet
 Fibre channel
 High speed wireless LANs
ibChannel
High-speed Wireless LANs

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
Characteristics of High-Speed LANs

Fast Ethernet Gigabit Ethernet Fibre Channel Wireless LAN

Data Rate 100 Mbps 1 Gbps, 10 Gbps 100 Mbps – 3.2 1 Mbps – 54
Gbps Mbps

Transmission UTP,STP, UTP, shielded Optical fiber, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz

Media Optical Fiber cable, optical coaxial cable, Microwave
fiber STP

CSMA/CA
Access Method CSMA/CD CSMA/CD Switched Polling

Supporting Fibre Channel

Standard IEEE 802.3 IEEE 802.3 Association IEEE 802.11

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Emergence of High-Speed LANs

 2 Significant trends requires to increase the volume of

data to be handled,
1. Speed of computing and Computing power of PCs
continues to grow rapidly (graphic intensive
applications)
2. Network computing
 Examples of requirements
– Centralized server farms – draw large amount of data from
multiple servers
– Power workgroups- such as s/w development group, etc
– High-speed local backbone – High speed interconnection is 4
essential
 Classical Ethernet
 Most widely used
 Bus topology LAN, started with 10 Mbps and we
have gigabit Ethernet(1000 mbps)
 CSMA/CD medium access control protocol
 2 problems:
– A transmission from any station can be received by all
stations
– How to regulate transmission to handle “collisions”?

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Solution to First Problem
 Intended receiver should be indicated
 Data is transmitted in blocks (called frames)

Max.
–User data should be sent in blocks with ID
1518 - Frame header containing unique address of
Octets
destination station should be included

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
Frame Transmission on a Bus (C transmits to A)

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Solution to the second problem:
CSMA/CD
 If the medium is idle, transmit.
 If the medium is busy, continue to listen until the channel
is idle, then transmit immediately.
 If a collision is detected during transmission,
immediately cease transmitting.
 After a collision, wait a random amount of time(binary
exponential backoff), then attempt to transmit again
(repeat from step 1).

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 CSMA/CD Operation

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 IEEE 802.3 Frame Format

Preamble: 7 octets with pattern 10101010, followed by one byte

with pattern 10101011 (SFD) used to synchronize receiver, sender
clock rates.
 Note: IEEE 802.3 specifies that frame length, excluding preamble
and SFD, must be between 64 and 1518 bytes.
 Data is padded to 1500 bytes, if necessary, to ensure that the
minimum length is achieved.
Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs 10
 IEEE 802.3 Frame Format

 Addresses(Source and Destination): frame is received by all

adapters on a LAN and dropped if address does not match
 Length/type: indicates the length of data segment (min. 46 bytes,
max. 1500 bytes).
 LLC Data: data from next-higher layer protocol
 Pad: used to fill out data to minimum of 46 bytes
 FCS: CRC32 checked at receiver, if error detected, the frame is
usually dropped

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Medium Options at 10Mbps
 IEEE notation:
<data rate in Mbps> <signaling method> <max length>
 10Base5
– 10 Mbps
– 50-ohm coaxial cable bus
– Maximum segment length 500 meters
 10Base-T
– Twisted pair, maximum segment length 100 meters
 10Base-F fiber standard extends to 2000 meters
– Star topology (hub or multipoint repeater at central point)

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Star Topology: 2-level
(Header hub, Intermediate hub)

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Bridges vs. Layer-2 Switches
Bridge
 Frame handling done in
software
 Analyze and forward
one frame at a time
 Store-and-forward
 Separate collision
domains
Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
Layer 2 Switch
 Frame handling done in
hardware
 Multiple data paths and
can handle multiple
frames at a time
 Store-and-forward, but
can do cut- through
 No collisions
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 Typical Premise Network

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
Gigabit Ethernet Example (IEEE 802.3z)

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Benefits of 10 Gbps Ethernet over ATM

 No expensive, bandwidth consuming conversion

between Ethernet packets and ATM cells
 Network is Ethernet, end-to-end
 IP plus Ethernet offers QoS and traffic policing
capabilities approaching that of ATM
 Wide variety of standard optical interfaces for 10
Gbps Ethernet

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Ffibre Channel, there are 2
common
– via and I/O channel
methods to deliver
data
– via the Networkto the processor:
 Fibre channel combines best of both to provide
– the simplicity and speed of I/O channel
communications
– the flexibility and interconnectivity of network
communications
 Not a shared-medium like 802.3
– switching fabric is point-to-point/multipoint
– no medium access issues

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Wireless LANs - Motivation
 Replacement for traditional premise- based wired LANs
– Ease of workstation relocation
– Cost of upgrading is less

 LAN extension
– tying mobile devices into wired LAN infrastructure

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Wireless LAN Requirements
 Throughput: maximize use of medium
 Number of nodes: hundreds, across multiple APs
 Connection to backbone: infrastructure and ad hoc
permitted
 Service area: diameter of up to 300m
 Battery power consumption: devices must minimize power
consumption, allow long battery life
 Transmission robustness and security: reliable in noisy
environments, secure from eavesdropping
 Collocated network operation: allow multiple distinct
wireless LANs in the same area
 License-free operation: use “unlicensed” band
 Hand-off/roaming: move between APs
 Dynamic configuration: addition, deletion, relocation and
reconfiguration of stations
Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
without disruption 20
 IEEE 802.11 Architecture
ESS (Extended
Service Set) - appears
to LLC as a single
logical LAN

BSS (Basic
Service
Set)

BSS (Basic
Service
Set)

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 IEEE 802.11 Services
 Association: establish and publish initial association
between an AP and station
 Reassociation: reestablish an existing association
with another AP
 Disassociation: terminate an existing association
 Authentication: authenticate and establish identity
between communicating stations
 Privacy: encoding and encryption services

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 Performance Issues in Wireless Networks

 Bandwidth limitation
 High relative bit error rate (BER)
 Higher latency
 User mobility (handoff)

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Chapter 6 High-Speed LANs
 802.11 – Frame format
Frame Control:
• Protocol Version: Version 4, version 6
• Type: Control frames, Management frames, Data frames
• Subtype: RTS, CTS, Association request, Probe, Beacon
• To DS: Indicates that destination frame is for DS; From DS: indicates
it is from DS
bytes 2 2 6 6 6 2 6 0-2312 4
Frame Duration/ Address Address Address Sequence Address
Data CRC
Control ID 1 2 3 Control 4

bits 2 2 4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Protocol To From More Power More
Type Subtype Retry WEP Order
version DS DS Frag Mgmt Data

Type: 00-management, 01-control, 10-data, 11-reserved

Subtype: 0000-association request, 1011-RTS, 1100-CTS 24
• More fragments: More fragments follow
• Retry: Retransmission required
• Power Management: Sleep or active mode
• More Data: Some more data is following & this is not the last frame
• Order: If set to 1, received frames must be processed in strict order.
• WEP: Wired Encryption privacy
• Duration: Period for which the medium is occupied(for
value<32768)
• Sequence Control: important against duplicated frames due to lost
ACKs
• Addresses: receiver, transmitter (physical), BSS identifier, sender
(logical)
• CRC: Cyclic Redundancy Check

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 Address format
scenario to DS from address 1 address 2 address 3 address 4
DS
ad-hoc network 0 0 DA SA BSSID -
infrastructure 0 1 DA BSSID SA -
network, from AP
infrastructure 1 0 BSSID SA DA -
network, to AP
infrastructure 1 1 RA TA DA SA
network, within DS

DS: Distribution System BSSID: Basic Service Set Identifier

AP: Access Point RA: Receiver Address
DA: Destination Address TA: Transmitter Address
SA: Source Address
 Addressesing
The possible combinations are,
• To_DS=0 , From_DS=0 (Ad-hoc network)
– They are either management or control frames
– packet exchanged between two wireless nodes without a distribution
system
(a frame is sent from one STA to another directly) .
• To_DS=1 , From_DS=0 (Infrastructure network, to AP)
– a packet sent to another station via the access point
• To_DS=0 , From_DS=1 (Infrastructure network, from AP)
– a packet sent to the receiver via the access point
• To_DS=1 , From_DS=1 (Infrastructure network, within DS)
– The data frames here use all the 4 address fields in the MAC header
– packets are transmitted between two access points over the
distribution system. 27
 802.11 – Access Management
• Tasks
– Control medium access
– Take care of Roaming, authentication, power conservation
• Scanning
– Active search for a network
• Synchronization
– Synchronize internal clocks using Time Synchronization function
(TSF)
• Power management
– periodic sleep, traffic measurements, sleep-mode without missing a
message
• Roaming for Association/Re-association
– When user moves away from the transmission range of one BSS to
another
(roaming), i.e. change networks by changing access points without
interruption
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 802.11 - Roaming
• Roaming: moving from one access point to another. If there is No
connection or during a poor connection, the nodes perform the
following:
• Scanning
– scan the environment, i.e., listen to the medium for beacon signals or
send probes into the medium and wait for an answer
• Re-association Request
– station sends a request to one or several AP(s)
• Re-association Response
– success: AP has answered, station can now participate
– failure: continue scanning
• AP accepts Reassociation Request
– signal the new station to the distribution system and updates its data
base (i.e., location information)
– typically, the distribution system now informs the old AP so that it can
release resources