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Problem 2-6:
Solution:
VP 7967∠0°
I SP = = = 1.87∠ − 29.7° A
Z iP+ Z L (80 + j 300) + (3629 + j1815)
P
1
(b) The turns ratio is
VP 7967∠0°
I SP = = = 1.75∠89.0° A
Z iP+ Z L (80 + j 300) + (− j 4839)
P
2
Problem 2-7:
Solution:
(a) The components of the excitation branch relative to the low-voltage side (secondary
side) are
I OC 15.1
YEX = GC − jBM = = = 0.0010942
VOC 13.8k
POC 44.9k
θ = − cos −1 = − cos −1 = −77.56°
VOC I OC (13.8k )(15.1)
YEX = YEX ∠θ = GC − jBM = 0.0010942∠ − 77.56° = 0.0002358 − j 0.0010685
1 1
RC = = = 4240 Ω
GC 0.0002358
1 1
XM = = = 936 Ω
BM 0.0010685
The base impedance of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side (secondary side)
is
2
Vbase (13.8k ) 2
Z base = = = 38.09 Ω
S base 5000k
So that
3
REQ ,S = 0.38 Ω X EQ,S = 1.9 Ω
RC ,S = 4240 Ω X M ,S = 936 Ω
Pout 4000 kW
IS = = = 362.3 A
VS PF (13.8 kV)(0.8)
θ = − cos −1 PF = − cos −1 (0.8) = −36.87°
I S = 362.3∠ − 36.87° A
The voltage on the primary side of the transformer (referred to the secondary side) is
4
Pout 4000 kW
η= × 100% = × 100% = 97.6%
Pout + Pcopper + Pcore 4000 kW + 49.9 kW + 48.4 kW
Problem 2-8:
Solution:
(a) The base impedance of this transformer referred to the low-voltage side (primary) is
2
Vbase (15k ) 2
Z base = = = 1.125 Ω
S base 200M
So that
And
The equivalent circuit referred to the low-voltage side of this transformer is shown below
5
(b) The current on the secondary side of the transformer (referred to the primary side) is
Pout 200 MW
I SP = = = 16667 A
VS PF (15 kW )(0.8)
θ = − cos −1 PF = − cos −1 (0.8) = −36.87°
I SP = 16667∠ − 36.87°A
(c) This problem is repetitive in nature, and is ideally suited for MATLAB. A program to
calculate the secondary voltage of the transformer as a function of load is shown below:
% M-file: prob2_8.m
% M-file to calculate and plot the secondary voltage
% of a transformer as a function of load for power
% factors of 0.8 lagging, 1.0, and 0.8 leading.
% These calculations are done using an equivalent
% circuit referred to the primary side.
6
I(3,:) = amps .* ( 0.8 + j*0.6); % Leading
7
Problem 2-14:
(a) If the generator is directly connected to the load, what is the ratio of the load
voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of the system?
(b) If a 1:10 step-up transformer is placed at the output of the generator and a 10:1
transformer is placed at the load end of the transmission line, what is the new ratio
of the load voltage to the generated voltage? What are the transmission losses of
the system now? (Note: The transformers may be assumed to be ideal.)
Solution:
VG 13.2∠0°kV
I line = I load = = = 23.66∠ − 38.6°A
Z line + Z load 60∠53.1° + 500∠36.87°
8
Vload = I load Z load = (23.66∠ − 38.6°)(500∠36.87°) = 11.83∠ − 1.73°kV
Vload 11.83 kV
ratio = = = 0.896
VG 13.2 kV
2
Ploss = I line Rline = (23.66) 2 (36) = 20.1 kW
(b) In this case, a 1:10 step-up transformer precedes the transmission line a 10:1 step-
down transformer follows the transmission line. If the transformers are removed by
referring the transmission line to the voltage levels found on either end, then the
impedance of the transmission line becomes
The current in the referred transmission line and in the load becomes
VG 13.2∠0°kV
′ = I load =
I line = = 26.37∠ − 36.89° A
′ + Z load 0.60∠53.1° + 500∠36.87°
Z line
Vload 13.185k
ratio = = = 0.9989
VG 13.2k
9
Ploss = I line
2
Rline = (2.637) 2 (36) = 250W
Problem 2-15:
Solution:
(a) The common winding must be the smaller of the two windings, and NSE = 4 NC. The
transformer connection is shown below:
N SE + N C 4NC + NC
S IO = SW = (5000) = 6250VA
NC NC
S IO 6250
IP = = = 10.4 A
VP 600
S IO 6250
IS = = = 52.1A
VS 120
10
Problem 2-19:
Solution:
(a) The base impedance of this transformer referred to the primary side is
VP2 (20000) 2
Z base, P = = = 20 kΩ
S 20k
VS2 (480) 2
Z base,S = = = 11.52 Ω
S 20k
The open-circuit test yields the values for the excitation branch (referred to the secondary
side)
I OC 1.60
YEX = = = 0.00333
VOC 480
POC 305
θ = − cos −1 = − cos −1 = −66.6°
VOC I OC (480)(1.60)
YEX = YEX ∠θ = GC − jBM = 0.00333∠ − 66.6° = 0.00132 − j 0.00306
1 1
RC = = = 757Ω
GC 0.00132
1 1
XM = = = 327Ω
BM 0.00306
11
The excitation branch elements can be expressed in per-unit as
RC 757 XM 327
RC , pu = = = 65.7 pu X M , pu = = = 28.4 pu
Z base,S 11.52 Z base ,S 11.52
The short-circuit test yields the values for the series impedances (referred to the primary
side)
VSC 1130
Z EQ = = = 1130
I SC 1.00
PSC 260
θ = cos −1 = cos −1 = 76.7°
VSC I SC (1130)(1.00)
Z EQ = Z EQ ∠θ = REQ + jX EQ = 1130∠76.7° = 260 + j1100
REQ = 260 Ω
X EQ = 1100 Ω
R EQ 260 X EQ 1100
R EQ , pu = = = 0.013 pu X EQ , pu = = = 0.055 pu
Z base , P 20k Z base , P 20k
12
(b) If this transformer were operated at 50 Hz, both the voltage and apparent power
would have to be derated by a factor of 50/60, so its ratings would be
At 50 Hz, the resistances will be unaffected but the reactances are reduced in direct
proportion to the decrease in frequency.
The base impedance of the transformer operating at 50 Hz referred to the primary side is
VP2 (16667) 2
Z base , P ,50 = = = 16.67kΩ
S 16.67k
13
The resulting per-unit equivalent circuit referred to the primary at 50 Hz is shown below
14