ARTICULAR SYSTEM

(ARTHROLOGY)

BAGIAN ANATOMI
FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS MATARAM
 Definition
• A joint (articulation or arthrosis) is a point of contact
between two or more bones, between cartilage and
bones, or between teeth and bones.
• The scientific study of joints is called arthrology.
• Joints hold bones together but permit movement
• Point of contact
– between 2 bones
– between cartilage and bone
– between teeth and bones
• Arthrology = study of joints
• Kinesiology = study of motion
 Joints by
Functional Classification
Type Movement Example
Synarthrosis None Sutures, Teeth,
(minimal) Epiphyseal plates,
1st rib and costal
cart.
Amphiarthrosis Slight Distal Tibia/fibula
Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Diarthrosis Great Glenohumeral joint
Knee joint
TMJ
 Joints by
Structural Classification
Structure Type Example
Cartilagenous Synchondrosis Epiphyseal plates
Symphysis Intervertebral discs
Fibrous Sutures Skull
Syndesmoses Distal Tibia/fibula
Gomphosis Teeth in sockets
Synovial Glenohumeral joint
Knee joint
TMJ
Cartilaginous Joint -- Synchondrosis

• Bones are joined

by hyaline
cartilage
– rib attachment to
sternum
– epiphyseal plate in
children binds
epiphysis and
diaphysis
 Cartilaginous Joint -- Symphysis

• 2 bones joined by
fibrocartilage
– pubic symphysis
and intervertebral
discs
• Only slight
amount of
movement is
possible
 Fibrous Joint -- Sutures

• Immovable fibrous joints

– bind skull bones together
 Fibrous Joint -- Gomphoses
• Attachment of a tooth to
its socket
• Held in place by fibrous
periodontal ligament
– collagen fibers attach
tooth to jawbone
• Some movement while
chewing
 Fibrous Joint -- Syndesmosis

• Two bones bound

by ligament only
– interosseus
membrane
• Most movable of fibrous joints
• Interosseus membranes unite radius to ulna
and tibia to fibula
 General Anatomy

• Articular/ joint capsule, encloses joint cavity

– continuous with periosteum
– lined by synovial membrane
• Synovial fluid (in the joint cavity) = slippery fluid; feeds
cartilages
• Articular cartilage = hyaline cartilage covering the joint
surfaces
• Articular discs and menisci
– jaw, wrist, sternoclavicular and knee joints
– absorbs shock, guides bone movements and distributes forces
• Tendon attaches muscle to bone
• Ligament attaches bone to bone
Synovial Joint
 Synovial Joint

• Joint in which two bones are separated by a

space called a joint cavity
• Most are freely movable
Types of Synovial Joints
 Ball-and-Socket Joints
• Smooth hemispherical head fits within a
cuplike depression
– head of humerus into glenoid cavity of
scapula
– head of femur into acetabulum of hip bone
• Multiaxial joint
 Condyloid (ellipsoid) Joints
• Oval convex surface on one bone fits into
a similarly shaped depression on the next
– radiocarpal joint of the wrist
– metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of
the fingers
• Biaxial joints
 Saddle Joints
• Each articular surface is shaped like a
saddle, concave in one direction and convex
in the other
– trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the
thumb
• Biaxial joint
– more movable than a condyloid or hinge joint
forming the primate opposable thumb
 Gliding Joints

• Flat articular surfaces in which bones slide

over each other
• Limited monoaxial joint
• Considered amphiarthroses
 Hinge Joints
• One bone with convex surface that fits into
a concave depression on other bone
– ulna and humerus at elbow joint
– femur and tibia at knee joint
– finger and toe joints
• Monoaxial joint
 Pivot Joints
• One bone has a projection that fits into a
ringlike ligament of another
• First bone rotates on its longitudinal axis
relative to the other
– atlantoaxial joint (dens and atlas)
– proximal radioulnar joint allows the radius during
pronation and supination
 The Humeroscapular Joint
• Most freely movable joint in the body
– shallowness and looseness
– deepened by glenoid labrum
• Supported by ligaments and tendons
 glenohumeral (superior, middle,
inferior), coracohumeral,
transverse humeral and biceps tendon
are important joint stabilizer
• Supported by rotator cuff musculature
– tendons fuse to joint capsule and
strengthens it
– supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres
minor and subscapularis,
• 4 Bursae associated with shoulder joint
Stabilizers of the Shoulder Joint
Tendons of Rotator Cuff
Muscles
 Shoulder Joint
• Shoulder Disorders
The shoulder is the most commonly dislocated joint in
the body. The major ligaments cross the superior part of
the shoulder joint, and no major ligaments or muscles
are associated with the inferior side. As a result,
dislocation of the humerus is most likely to occur
inferiorly into the axilla. Because the axilla contains very
important nerves and arteries, severe and permanent
damage may result from attempts to relocate a
dislocated shoulder using inappropriate techniques.
Chronic shoulder disorders include tendonitis
(inflammation of tendons), bursitis (inflammation of
bursae), and arthritis (inflammation of joints).
 The Elbow Joint
• Single joint capsule
enclosing the humeroulnar
and humeroradial joints
• Humeroulnar and
humeroradial joint is
supported by collateral
ligaments.
• Radioulnar joint is head of
radius held in place by the
anular ligament encircling
the head
Elbow Joint
 The Coaxal (hip) Joint

• Head of femur articulates with acetabulum

• Socket deepened by acetabular labrum
• Blood supply to head of femur found in ligament of
the head of the femur (round ligament)
• Joint capsule strengthened by ligaments
Hip Joint
• Joint capsule
strengthened by
ligaments
– pubofemoral
– ischiofemoral
– iliofemoral
Hip Joint
Dissection of Hip Joint
 HIP JOINT
• Hip Dislocation
• Dislocation of the hip may occur when the hip is flexed
and the femur is driven posteriorly, such as when a
person sitting in an automobile is involved in an accident.
• The head of the femur usually dislocates posterior to the
acetabulum, tearing the acetabular labrum, the fibrous
capsule, and the ligaments.
• Fracture of the femur and the coxa often accompany hip
dislocation.
 The Knee Joint
• Most complex diarthrosis
– patellofemoral = gliding joint
– tibiofemoral = gliding with slight
rotation and gliding possible in
flexed position
• Joint capsule anteriorly consists
of patellar ligament and
extensions of quadriceps femoris
tendon
• Capsule strengthened by
extracapsular and intracapsular
ligaments
Knee Joint – Sagittal Section
Knee Joint – Anterior and Posterior
Views

• Anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments limit

anterior and posterior sliding movements
• Medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral
ligaments prevent rotation of extended knee
 Knee Joint – Superior View

• Medial and lateral meniscus absorb shock and

shape joint
Dissection of Knee Joint
 ANKLE JOINT
• The distal tibia and fibula form a highly
modified hinge joint with the talus called
the ankle, or talocrural joint
ANKLE JOINT
ANKLE JOINT
 ANKLE JOINT
• Ankle Injury
The ankle is the most frequently injured major
joint in the body. The most common ankle
injuries result from forceful inversion of the foot.
A sprained ankle results when the ligaments of
the ankle are torn partially or completely. The
calcaneofibular ligament tears most often,
followed in frequency by the anterior talofibular
ligament. A fibular fracture can occur with severe
inversion because the talus can slide against the
lateral malleolus and break it.
 Artificial Joints
~ Arthroplasty is replacement of diseased
joint with artificial device called prosthesis
 Range of Motion
• Degrees through which a joint can move
• Determined by
– structure of the articular surfaces
– strength and tautness of ligaments, tendons and
capsule
• stretching of ligaments increases range of motion
• double-jointed people have long or slack ligaments
– action of the muscles and tendons
• nervous system monitors joint position and muscle
tone
 Axes of Rotation

• Shoulder joint has 3 degrees of freedom =

multiaxial joint
• Other joints – monoaxial or biaxial
Types of Movement
• Gliding Movements
Gliding movements are the simplest of all
the types of movement. These movements
occur in plane joints between two flat or
nearly flat surfaces where the surfaces
slide or glide over each other. These joints
often give only slight movement, such as
between carpal bones.
Angular Movements
The most common angular movements
are flexion and extension and abduction
and adduction.
Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension

• Flexion decreases the

angle of a joint
• Extension straightens
and returns to the
anatomical position
• Hyperextension =
extension beyond 180
degrees
Flexion, Extension and Hyperextension
 Abduction and Adduction

• Abduction is movement of a part away from the

midline
– hyperabduction – raise arm over back or front of head
• Adduction is movement towards the midline
– hyperadduction – crossing fingers
 Elevation and Depression

• Elevation is a movement that raises a bone vertically

– mandibles are elevated during biting and clavicles during
a shrug
• Depression is lowering the mandible or the
shoulders
 Protraction and Retraction

• Protraction = movement
anteriorly on horizontal
plane
– thrusting the jaw
forward, shoulders or
pelvis forward
• Retraction is movement
posteriorly
 Circumduction
• Movement in which one end
of an appendage remains
stationary while the other end
makes a circular motion
• Sequence of flexion,
abduction, extension and
adduction movements
– baseball player winding up for
a pitch
 Rotation
• Movement on
longitudinal axis
– rotation of trunk,
thigh, head or arm
• Medial rotation
turns the bone
inwards
• Lateral rotation
turns the bone
outwards
Supination and Pronation
• In the forearm and foot
• Supination
– rotation of forearm so that the
palm faces forward
– inversion and abduction of foot
(raising the medial edge of the
foot)
• Pronation
– rotation of forearm so the palm
faces to the rear
– eversion and abduction of foot
(raising the lateral edge of the
foot)
 Movements of Head and Trunk

• Flexion, hyperextension and lateral flexion of

vertebral column
 Rotation of Trunk and Head

• Right rotation of trunk; rotation of head

 Movements of Mandible

• Lateral excursion = sideways movement

• Medial excursion = movement back to the
midline
– side-to-side grinding during chewing
• Protraction – retraction of mandible
 Movement of Hand and Digits
• Radial and ulnar
flexion
• Abduction of fingers
and thumb
• Opposition is
movement of the
thumb to approach
or touch the
fingertips
• Reposition is
movement back to
the anatomical
position
 Movements of the Foot

• Dorsiflexion is raising of the toes as when you swing the

foot forward to take a step (heel strike)
• Plantarflexion is extension of the foot so that the toes point
downward as in standing on tiptoe
• Inversion is a movement in which the soles are turned
medially
• Eversion is a turning of the soles to face laterally
TERIMA KASIH
 POST TEST
1. Sebutkan jenis sendi sinovial yang kamu
ketahui!
2. Sebutkan persendian yang memiliki
biaxial dan multipleaxial!
3. Sebutkan gerakan apa saja yang dapat
membentuk pronasi pada kaki!
4. Sebutkan 3 pertanyaan mengenai kuliah
arthrologi yang belum jelas!