30-Oct-17

Internal loadings at a specified point

 The internal load at a specified point in a

member can be determined by using the
method of sections
 This consists of:
 N, normal force
 V, shear force
 M, bending moment

Internal loadings at a specified point

 Sign convention:

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Internal loadings at a specified point

 Procedure for analysis

 Determine the support reactions before the
member is “cut”
 If the member is part of a pin-connected structure,
the pin reactions can be determine using the
methods of section.
 Keep all distributed loadings, couple moments &
forces acting on the member in their exact
location
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Internal loadings at a specified point

 Pass an imaginary section through the member,

perpendicular to its axis at the point where the
internal loading is to be determined
 Then draw a free-body diagram of the segment
that has the least no. of loads on it
 Indicate the unknown resultants N, V & M acting
in their positive directions

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Internal loadings at a specified point

 Moments should be summed at the section about

axes that pass through the centroid of the
member’s x-sectional area in order to eliminate N
& V, thereby solving M
 If the solution of the equilibrium eqn yields a
quantity having a –ve magnitude, then the
assumed directional sense of the quantity is
opposite to that shown on the free-body diagram

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Example 1

 Determine the internal shear & moment

acting in the cantilever beam shown in Fig
4.2(a) at sections passing through C & D
 Fig 4.2(a)

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Example 1 - solution

 If we consider free-body diagrams of segments to the

right of the sections, the support reactions at A do not
have to be calculated
 These diagrams for segments CB & DB are shown in Fig
4.2(b) & 4.2(c)
 Note that the internal
loadings act in
their positive directions
 Fig 4.2(b) & 4.2(c)

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Example 1 - solution

Segment CB :
   Fy  0
Vc  5  5  5  0  Vc  15kN

With moments in the anti - clockwise as positive,

Mc  0
 M c  5(1)  5(2)  5(3)  20  0
 M c  50kNm

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Example 1 - solution

Segment DB :
   Fy  0
VD  5  5  5  5  0  VD  20kN

With moments in the anti - clockwise as positive,

MD  0
 M D  5(1)  5(2)  5(3)  20  0
 M D  50kNm

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Example 1 - solution

 This example illustrates that V is different on

either side of the concentrated force while the
moment remains the same
 It is ambiguous to determine the shear
directly under a concentrated force

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Shear force and bending moment

 Analysis procedure:
 To determine V: Fy = 0
 To determine M: Ms = 0
 To check the results:
dM
V
dx
dV
w
dx

Shear force and bending moment

 Important:

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Shear force and bending moment

 Graphical method:
 Area under the loading diagram  Shear force
diagram
 Area under the shear force diagram  Bending
moment diagram
 Integration application

Shear force and bending moment

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Shear force and bending moment

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Example 2

 Construct the shear force and bending

moment diagrams for the beam below.
5 kN

2m 2m

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Example 2

 Coordinate system:

x1
x2

Example 2
 Reactions at support
 RA = 2.5 kN RB = 2.5 kN

 Section at 0 ≤ x1 ≤ 2 m
V = 2.5 kN

M = 2.5x kNm

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Example 2
 Section at 2 ≤ x2 ≤ 4 m
V + 5 – 2.5 = 0
V = -2.5 kN

M – 2.5(x) + 5(x – 2) = 0
M = 10 – 2.5x

Example 2

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Example 3

 Construct the shear force and bending

moment diagrams for the beam below.

6 kN/m

5m

Example 4

 Construct the shear force and bending

moment diagrams for the beam below.

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Example 4

 Reaction forces

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Example 4

 Free body diagram

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Example 4

 Shear force: Check dM/dx

1  10 x 
   Fy  0; 135   x V  0 and dV/dx
2 3 
V  135  1.667 x 2
 Bending moment, taking anti-clockwise direction as
positive:
 1  10 x   x
 M s  0; 810  135 x     x  M  0
 2  3  3
3
M  810  135 x  0.556 x
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Example 5

 Construct the shear force and bending

moment diagrams for the beam below.

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Example 5 - solution

 The reactions have been calculated & are

shown on the free-body diagram of the beam,
Fig 4.11(b)

 At end points:
© Hibbeler (2006)
 x = 0m, V = 30kN
 x = 9m, V = -60kN
 Since the load w is –ve & linearly increasing,
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dV/dx=w

Example 5 - solution

 The point of zero shear can be found by

using method of sections from a beam
segment of length x, Fig 4.11(e)
V 0
1   x 
   Fy  0  30  20  x  0
2   9 
x  5.20m

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Example 5 - solution

 From the shear diagram, Fig 4.11(c), for

0<x<5.20m, the value of shear is +ve but 
so dM/dx=V
 At x = 5.20m, dM/dx=0
 Likewise for 5.20m<x<9m, the shear & so the
slope of the moment diagram are –ve 
 Max M is at x = 5.20m since dM/dx =V=0

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Example 5 - solution

 From the free-body diagram in Fig 4.11(e),

we have:
Anticlockwise moment as - ve :
Ms  0
1   5.20   5.20 
 30(5.20)  20 5.20 M  0
2   9   3 
M  104kNm

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Example 6

 Draw the shear & moment diagrams for each

of the beams in Fig 4.12

31 © Hibbeler (2006)

Example 6 - solution

 The support reactions are calculated &

shown on a free-body diagram of each beam
 From the sign convention, V at the ends of
each beam is plotted first
 Since dV/dx = w, the slope of the shear
between these 2 ends can be determined
 V versus x can be sketched

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Example 6 - solution

 From the sign convention, M at the ends of

each beam is plotted first
 Since dM/dx = V, the trend of the slope of the
moment diagram between these 2 ends can
be determined
 M versus x can be sketched

© Hibbeler (2006)

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Example 7

 Lakarkan gambarajah daya ricih dan momen

lentur untuk rasuk di bawah:

50 kN 40 kN
12 kN/m

2m 8m 2m

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