Planning, Scheduling Controlling and Role of decision in Project Management. Traditional Management System, Gantt’s approach, Load Chart, Progress Chart, Development of Bar Chart, Merits and Demerits Introduction • Construction – Project – Construction Project • Management – Construction Project Management Construction • Every construction is “Unique” – even mass houses built with same plan. • Resources required in construction: – Manpower, materials, machinery, funds, space and time • One of the highest source of utilising National Budget funds and growth contributors (10%) Project • Project means a task to achieve a goal by utilising resources. It involves satisfying requirements of time, cost and quality (sometimes legal regulations) • Example: – building a house – buying a car (or a pen or anything) – completing a degree, etc. • Characteristics of a project. – Unique. – Time bound. – Require resources for completion Construction Projects • Construction is now-a-days carried out as a project • Stakeholders of a construction project: – Owner, consultant, contractor, supplier, end user. • Stages of a (construction) project: – Initialisation, Design, Execution, Commissioning, Utilisation & Maintenance, Closing Construction Projects: Types • Based on construction facility: – Building Projects: Residential, Commercial and Institutional Buildings – Infrastructure Projects: Roads, Airports, Railways and Power Plants – Industrial Projects: Factories, Industries and Manufacturing Units – Special Construction Projects: Nuclear Power Plants, Space Station • Based on equipment usage: – Light Construction Projects - Small or less number of equipment are used: Residential Buildings – Heavy Construction Projects - Construction is done by big and large no. of plant and equipment: Roads, High Rise Buildings, etc. – Industrial Construction Projects - Special equipment are used: Treatment Plants, Installation of equipment in power plants, industries Construction Projects: Types • Based on time period – Long Term Construction Projects (>10 years): Dams, Power Plants – Medium Term Construction Projects (3-10 years): Long Roads – Short Term Construction Projects (<3 years): Residential Buildings – Special-Short Term Construction Projects (<1 year): Major repair and expansion works • Based on budget – Mega Construction Project (> Rs. 1000 Crores): Long Roads, Dams, etc. – Large Construction Project (Rs. 100-1000 Crores): Power Plants – Medium Construction Project (Rs. 5-100 Crores): Factories – Small Construction Project (< Rs. 5 Crores): Residential Buildings Management • Management means controlling and completing tasks within specified time, cost and quality by controlling the relevant resources. • Example: – supervision of construction job – managing production in industries Why Projects Fail? • The project lacks (higher management support and) resources • Tasks and goals are unclearly defined • Planning and pre-project preparation are inadequate • Management methods are inappropriate or misused • Communication is insufficient • Technical and managerial skills are missing • The project manager is lacking in skills and experience Construction Project Management • Project Management / Construction Management / Construction Project Management - is an art and a science • It is process of mobilising and managing resources (people, materials and money, equipment, space, time) to complete any construction facility within the constraints (budget, time duration and specified technical and statutory standards Management Areas • Integration • Scope - what • Time - when • Cost - how much • Quality • Human Resources - who • Communications • Risk - may be / may not be • Procurement (Materials / Equipment) - what • Space - where Human Resource Management • Human resource is one of the resources which can control all the other resources like materials, machines, etc. • Unlike machines, the limit of capacity can be extended through proper motivation and leadership. • Unlike other resources like materials, the value of human life cannot be fixed. Project Management Concepts • Network tools: PERT (Project Evaluation and Review Technique), CPM (Critical Path Method), PNA (Precedence Network Analysis) • Strategy means policy based planning for long term. Tactic means need based planning for short term. • Organisation is a group of people working to achieve a common goal. Example: bank, school, government, etc. Types: – Line organisation. Example: government bodies, industries – Line and Staff organisation. Example: large company, construction site – Functional organisation. Example: research centre for medicine Objectives Objectives of construction project management are: • complete the work within estimated budget, specified time and prescribed quality • provide safe and satisfactory working conditions for all (workers and surrounding) • motivate people and achieve as a team Stages in CPM • Formulation stage or Inception stage consists of creation of project idea due to a need, carrying out feasibility studies, arranging the sources of funds and finalising the acting to be carried out in the project. • Mobilisation stage or Preparation stage involves preparation of preliminary plan, designing and finalising drawings, specifications and contracting, resources mobilisation and fund allocation. • Execution stage or Construction stage consists of planning and controlling, managing resources, construction and commissioning and handling over. Roles (or) Functions of Construction Manager • Planning • Scheduling • Organising • Staffing • Directing • Controlling • Co-ordinating Planning • Planning is the preparation of time-based action plan (to-do list) to complete any activity by pre-setting the action to be taken, time of completion, resources and cost requirement. Plan can be expressed as graphical or diagrammatic representation like bar chart, etc. • Formulation stage Importance of Planning • It provides direction • It provides unifying frame-work • It helps to identifies future opportunities and threats (SWOT Analysis) • It provides performance standards Steps in Planning • Define : project objectives • Establish: goals and intermediate stages • Develop : format and means of achieving goal • Evaluate : feasibility of resources • Determine: alternatives • Test : consistency and compatibility • Choose : achievable choice (or alternative) • Decide : the plan Scheduling • Scheduling is setting time limits to the plan of action. It involves estimation of time period required to complete activities and fixing the start time and end time. Network techniques like CPM and PERT are used to carry out scheduling • Mobilisation Stage Steps in Scheduling • Calculate: (quantity) information details • Assign : time to activities • Give : consideration - resource availability • Allocate : resources Control (or) Controlling • It is important for ensuring the effective and efficient work. • It needs constant review of the work plan to check on actual achievements and to discover and rectify deviations. • It consists of measuring the work, comparing with planned work, analysing the lagging in work, identifying and rectifying the short fall. • Execution Stage Steps in Controlling • Establish: problem (definition) • Develop : alternatives • Analyse : alternatives • Make : final decision Role of Decision Making • Decision making means selecting the best choice among the available options. The options may be method or course of action or material or equipment or manpower selection. Traditional Management System • Types of management: – Traditional management system which has activities carried out in sequential manner, i.e., second activity is started after completion of first one. – Modern or Scientific management system which has activities carried out in parallel, i.e., second activity can be started even before the completion of first one. Gantt Chart – Bar Chart • Gantt chart is a Bar chart. It is a simple, conventional method of representing the project schedule diagrammatically. It is widely used in the construction industry for progress monitoring, especially in small to medium projects. • It illustrates a project schedule. It shows start and finish time (or date) of activities of project in a form of Work Breakdown Structure. It also show the dependency (or precedence) relationships between activities • It is a chart with 2 coordinate axes, usually X-axis representing time and Y-axis representing activities in a project. • It was developed by Henry Gantt at starting of 20th century Bar Chart Gantt Chart – Load Chart • Gantt charts can be used as Load Charts to indicate usage of resources • Gantt charts can be used as Progress Charts to show current schedule status using percent- complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line. Gantt Chart – Progress Chart • Gantt charts can be used as Progress Charts to show current schedule status using percent- complete shadings and a vertical "TODAY" line. Gantt Chart – Progress Chart Bar Chart with Milestones Development of Bar Chart • Breakdown : project into activities • Decide : sequence of activities • Assign : time duration • Represent : above information in bar chart Merits and Demerits of Bar Chart + Simple – Less Information + Easy – Progress review difficult to show + Measurable – Activity inter-relationships + Modified* – Time uncertainties / rescheduling