SOLUTIONS FOR TUTORIAL-3 (August 30,2012)

1)
a) Vapour pressure, e(T) = 0.6108 exp (17.27T / (T + 237.3 )) …………….(1)

From (1) , e(Tmin) = 2.064 KPa when Tmin = 180C

e(Tmax) = 3.168 KPa when Tmax = 250C

Actual vapour pressure, ea = [ (e(Tmin) * RHmax / 100) + (e(Tmax) * RHmin / 100)] / 2

= [( 2.064 * 82 / 100) + (3.168 *54 / 100)] / 2

= 1.78 KPa

b) Tdew = 22.3 0C

e(Tdew) = 0.6108 exp (17.27Tdew / (Tdew + 237.3 ))

= 0.6108 exp (17.27* 22.3 / (22.3 + 237.3 ))

= 2.69 KPa

2) Atmospheric pressure, P = 101.3 [ ( 293 – 0.0065z)/293 ]5.26 …………(1)

From (1) when z = 1200 m , P = 87.9 KPa

Psychometric constant, = 0.665 *10-3 P………………………… (3)

So = 0.665 *10-3 * 87.9

= 0.000662 0C-1

Vapour pressure, e(T) = 0.6108 exp (17.27T / (T + 237.3 ))……..(2)

From (2) when T = 19.50C , e(T) = 2.267 KPa

Actual vapour pressure, ea = e(Twet) - (Tdry - Twet)

= 2.267 – 0.000662 x (87.9) (25.6-19.5)

= 1.91 KPa

3) Latitude = 13.1oN

Latitude in radians = 13.1o * π/180

= 0.2286
 From table, extraterrestrial radiation Ra = 38 and Maximum possible duration of
sunshine hours N = 12.6

n = 220 hiours / 31 days

= 7.1 hours/day

Estimated solar radiation, Rs = ( as + bs n/N) Ra

= [0.25 + 0.5 *(7.1/12.6 )]* 38

= 20.21 MJ m-2 day -1

4) From (3) Rs = 20.21 MJ m-2 day -1

Rns = (1-α) Rs

= (1-0.23) * 20.21

=15.562 MJ m-2 day -1

, ,
Rnl = 0.34 0.14 1.35 0.35

σ = 4.903 x 10-9 MJ K4 m-2 day-1

Tmax,k = 25.1 oC = 298.26 K

Tmin,k = 19.1oC = 292.26 K

Tavg = 22.1 oC

ea = 0.6108 exp (17.27Tavg/ (Tavg + 237.3 ))

= 2.66 kPa

Rso = (as + bs ) * Ra

= (0.25+ 0.5)20.21

= 15.1575 MJ m-2 day -1

Rs / Rso = 20.21/ 15.1575

= 1.33 MJ m-2 day -1

Hence Rnl = 6.01 MJ m-2 day -1

Rn = Rns – Rnl
= 15.562-6.01 = 9.552 MJ m-2 day -1

5) Tmax = 34.8oC

Tmin = 25.6oC
Tmean = (34.8 + 25.6 ) / 2
= 30.2 oC

Altitude, z = 920 m

P = 101.3 [ ( 293 – 0.0065z)/293 ]5.26

=90.89 m

= 0.665 *10-3 P

So = 0.665 *10-3 * 90.89

= 0.0604 0C-1
.
.
Δ= .
= 0.245 kPa oC-1
.
=
.

eo (Tmax) = 0.6108 exp (17.27 Tmax / (Tmax + 237.3 )) = 5.56 kPa

eo (Tmin) = 0.6108 exp (17.27 Tmin / (Tmin + 237.3 )) = 3.28 kPa

es = (3.283+5.56) / 2 = 4.42 kPa
Given, ea = 2.85 kPa
es – ea = 4.4214 - 2.85 = 1.57 kPa

From table, Ra = 38 MJ m-2 day -1

N = 12.3 hours
.
= = 0.69
.

Rs = ( as + bs ) Ra

= ( 0.25 + 0.5 x 0.69) x 38 = 22.6 MJ m-2 day -1

Rs = ( as + bs) Ra

= ( 0.25 + 0.5 ) x 38 = 28.5 MJ m-2 day -1

.
= = 0.792
.

Rns = (1-α) Rs
 = (1-0.23) * 22.6

= 17.402 MJ m-2 day -1

, ,
Rnl = 0.34 0.14 1.35 0.35

σ = 4.903 x 10-9 MJ K4 m-2 day-1

Tmax,k = 34.8 oC

Tmin,k = 25.6 oC

Tavg = 30.2 oC

ea = 2.85 kPa

. . .
Rnl = 0.34 0.14√2.85 1.35 ∗ 0.792 0.35

= 3.102 MJ m-2 day -1

Rn = Rns – Rnl

= 17.402-3.102 = 14.3 MJ m-2 day -1

G= 0.14(30.2-29.2) = 0.14 MJ m-2 day -1

. ∆
ET0=
∆ .

= 5.71 mm/day

(6) Plot the hyetograph for the given problem. The solution is a trial and error method.

Surface runoff is the area of the hyetograph above the ф-index.

First, assume the ф-index to be 1 cm/h.

This gives the surface runoff = 1.6 1 3.6 1 5 1 2.8 1 2.2 1 ∗ 0.5 5.1 > 3.6 cm

Next, take ф-index = 1.6 cm/hr

This gives the surface runoff = 3.6 1.6 5 1.6 2.8 1.6 2.2 1.6 ∗ 0.5 3.6

Thus, ф-index = 1.6 cm/hr

 Chart Title
6

Rainfall rate(cm/hr)
4

0
0‐0.5 0.5‐1 1‐1.5 1.5‐2 2‐2.5 2.5‐3

Time(hours)

(7) ф-index = 3.5 cm/hr

Surface runoff = area of the hyetograph above the ф-index.

14
Rainfall rate(cm/hr)

12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0‐0.5 0.5‐1 1‐1.5 1.5‐2 2‐2.5 2.5‐3 3‐3.5
Time(hours)

Therefore, surface runoff = 4.0 3.5 12 3.5 8.5 3.5 4.5 3.5 4.5 3.5 ∗ 0.5 8

(8)

Type 1 soil

5
Rainfall rate(cm/hr)

4
3
2
1
0
0‐10 10‐20 20‐30 30‐40 40‐50 50‐60
Time(minutes)

Using the trial and error method mentioned in problem (6), we get the ф-index = 1.5 cm/hr
 10
This gives surface runoff = 2.0 1.5 4 1.5 3 1.5 2 1.5 ∗ 0.8333
60

Type 2 soil

5
Rainfall rate(cm/hr)

4
3
2
1
0
0‐10 10‐20 20‐30 30‐40 40‐50 50‐60
Time(minutes)

Using the trial and error method mentioned in problem (6), we get the ф-index = 0.6 cm/hr
10
This gives surface runoff = 2.0 0.6 4 0.6 3 0.6 2 0.6 1 0.6 ∗ 1.5
60

Type 2 soil

5
Rainfall rate(cm/hr)

4
3
2
1
0
0‐10 10‐20 20‐30 30‐40 40‐50 50‐60
Time(minutes)

Using the trial and error method mentioned in problem (6), we get the ф-index ≥ 4 cm/hr

This gives surface runoff = 0 cm (i.e. all the rain water gets infiltrated)

(9) Δθ = (1-se). θe

Where se = 0.3 and θe = 0.486

Thus, Δθ = (1-0.3)* 0.486 = 0.340

ψ Δθ = 16.7 * 0.340 = 5.68 cm

Cumulative infiltration, F(t)= kt + ψ∆θ ln [ 1 + ]

ψ∆θ

The cumulative infiltration at t=1 h is calculated employing the method of successive

substitution in the above Eq. Take a trial value of F(t) = Kt= 0.65 cm, then calculate
 .
F(t) = 0.65*1 + 5.68* [ 1 + ]
.

= 1.27 cm

Substituting F= 1.27 into the right hand side of the equation gives F= 1.79 cm, and after a
number of iterations, F converges to a constant value of 3.17 cm. The infiltration rate after one
hour is found from the equation,
ψ∆θ
f= K[ 1]

.
= 0.65[ 1] = 1.81 cm/h
.

(10) Fro problem (9), for a silt loam soil,

ψ Δθ = 5.68 cm and K = 0.65 cm/h

ψ∆θ
Ponding time, tp =

(a) For i= 1 cm/h,

. .
tp = = 10.5 h
.

and Fp = i.tp = 1 x 10.5 = 10.5 cm

(b) For i= 5 cm/h,

. .
tp = = 0.17 h =10 min
.

and Fp = i.tp = 5 x 0.17 = 0.85 cm

(11) ψ Δθ = 5.68 cm and K = 0.65 cm/h

From problem (10), tp = 0.17 h and Fp = 0.85 cm under rainfall intensity 5 cm/h. For t= 1 h, infiltration
depth is given by

ψ∆θ
F – Fp – ψ∆θ ln [ ] = K(t-tp)
ψ∆θ

.
F – 0.85 – 5.68 ln [ ] = 0.65(1-0.17) = 0.54
. .

F is obtained by method of successive substitution. The solution converges to F= 3.02 cm.

ψ∆θ
f= K[ 1]

.
= 0.65[ 1] = 1.87 cm/h
.

(12) The precipitation and infiltration rates versus time are plotted as shown.
In the Horrton’s equatio
on, the Horton
n’s constant k=
k

Extending the Horton’s curve

c gives 4.5 cm/h

For the graaph, shaded areea Fc = 8.25 un

nits

= 8.25 ( . 2 min) = 8.25 x = 0..275 cm

. . /
Thus, k= = 12 hr-1
.

-kt
Thus Hortton’s equation
n is f = fc + ( )e 1 + (4.5-1.22) e-12t
= 1.2
.
f= 1.2 +

where f is in cm/hr an
nd t is in hr

Total rain
n , P= 68.75 units = 68.7
75 x = 2.29
9 cm

Excess raiin, Pnet = P – Fp

. 3.3
Fp = 1.2
2 e12t

3.3 3.3
= 1.2x 0.5 . 0

.
= 0.6 + (1- = 0.88 cm

Pnet = P – Fp = 2.29 -0.8

88 = 1.41 cm

m graph, Pnet = P – Fp = 68.75-26.5 =42.25 units = 422.25 x

Also, from = 1.41 cm