Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Dam Egypt
FYROM
A.M. SHALABY
V. MIHAILOV
India M. GOPALAKRISHNAN
Design Germany
Iran
C. KOENKE
A. MAHDAVIAN
26 countries Italy
Korea
A. CASTOLDI
Y.S. CHOI
Mexico M. ROMO
Norway K. HOEG
Pakistan G.M. ILYAS
Portugal P.S. SECO E PINTO
Russia A.N. MARCHUK
Serbia & Montenegro A. BOZOVIC
Thailand T. HARNPATTANAPANICH
UK J.L. HINKS
USA J.L. EHASZ
Terms of Reference of Committee on
Seismic Aspects of Dam Design
• Seismic safety of existing dams
• Seismic interpretation of integrated
observation data (strong motion
instrumentation of dams)
• Reservoir-triggered seismicity (RTS)
• Seismic risk determination and related
techniques (seismic hazard; seismic
vulnerability of dams; consequences of
dam failure)
ICOLD Bulletins on Earthquakes
• 46 (1983): Seismicity and dam design
• 52 (1986): Earthquake analysis procedures for dams
(Zienkiewicz, Clough, Seed)
• 62 (1988): Inspection of dams following earthquakes
• 72 (1989): Selecting seismic parameters for large dams
• 112 (1998): Neotectonics and dams (faults in foundation)
• 113 (1999): Seismic observation of dams
• 120 (2001): Design features of dams to effectively resist
seismic ground motion
• 123 (2002): Earthquake design and evaluation of
structures appurtenant to dams
Seismic hazard – multiple hazard
• ground shaking: vibrations in dams,
appurtenant structures, equipment and
foundations
• fault movements in dam foundation
• fault displacement in reservoir bottom:
water waves in reservoir or loss of
freeboard
• mass movements into reservoir:
impulse waves in the reservoir.
Usoi Dam - Lake
Sarez, Pamir, Tajik.
largest natural dam
Landslide dam created
by 1911 earthquake
height ca. 650 m,
freeboard 50 m
dam volume ca. 2 km3
Observed earthquake
effects on dams
Sefid Rud buttress dam, Iran, M = 7.5 Manjil
earthquake June 21,1990
Cracks in Sefid Rud Buttress Dam
Effects of Cross-canyon Earthquake
Component, Sefid Rud Dam, 1990
Transmission tower failure due to
rockfall, Sefid Rud dam, 1990
Rockfall, Sefid Rud dam
Switchyard, Sefid Rud dam
Control room, Sefid Rud dam
Buildings at dam site , Sefid Rud dam
Sefid Rud dam, Repair with rock anchors
Shih-kang weir, Chi-Chi earthquake 1999
Bhuj earthquake 2001, Irrigation dams
Bhuj earthquake 2001
Upstream slide Kitayama dam
Kobe earthquake 1995
Comparison of Resultant of Water
Load of CFRD and Conventional
Rockfill Dam with Clay Core
‘Normal’ seismicity
• Pacoima arch dam (1971 and 1994 EQ, California, 116 m)
• Rapel arch dam (1985 EQ, Chile, 110 m)
• Sefid Rud buttress dam (1990 EQ, M = 7.5, Iran, 106 m)
Lower Crystal Springs Gravity Dam located
at San Andreas Fault
survived 1906 San Francisco EQ undamaged
Lower Crystal Springs dam
Ghir arch-gravity dam, Iran, 128 m
Integral Dam Safety Concept
• Structural Safety
Stiffness, Strength and Ductility
Deformations and Stability...
• Safety Monitoring
Strong motion instrumentation, Observations
Data analysis and interpretation...
• Operational Safety
Rule curves and operation guidelines
Experienced and qualified staff, Maintenance…
• Emergency Planning
Water alarm, Flood plane mapping, Evacuation plans,
Engineering back-up...
Seismic Design Criteria for Dams
1
Acceleration (PGA, g)
0.1
0.01
0.001
1 10 100 1000 10000 100000
Years (annee)
Strong motion instruments
Minimum
System
Dam crest
Dam base
Free field
Inguri arch dam, Georgia, 272 m
Strong motion instrumentation
Distribution of dams with seismographs, Japan
(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport)
500km
1500
1000
500
0
1960
1965
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
2000
Year
Kasho gravity dam, Japan
N
Tottori Earthquake, Oct. 6, 2000
MJ = 7.3 MW = 6.6
Accelerometer in elevator shaft
0 20 40 60m
Accelerometer in gallery
-600
600
400
200
E -W-2000 0.54g
-400
-600
600
400
200
U -D-2000 0.49g
-400
-600
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (s)
2000
1000
Dam Crest
N -S 0 2.1g
-1000
-2000
1500
1000
500
E -W-5000
-1000
1.4g
-1500
1000
500
U -D 0 0.9g
-500
-1000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (s)
Acceleration Records
cm Permanent
40 N -S
30 Displacement
20
10 27.6 cm
0
-10 to the North
20 cm
E-W
10
0 6.5 cm
-10 to the West
-20
15 cm U -D
10
5 4.7 cm
0 uplift
-5
時間(sec)
10 20 30 40 50 time (s)
Ground Displacement
6
Water level in cm
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0 2 4 6 time (h)
100
Fourier spectrum
Natural period
T= 6.5 min
10
Damping ratio
3 h= 0.02
3 period (min.) 10