Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Background: The Beginning of Religion
Before the historical religions people were still religious. They had
religious ideas and rituals. Many anthropologists think that one of
the ways you can distinguish humans from other animals is our
religious nature. As far as we can tell, no other animal has religion.
What was the very beginning of religion? This is a key question
and there is no certain scholarly answer. One suggestion: Mana.
Just a simple awareness of an unseen force may be at the root of all
religion. This very subtle awareness may still be what gives many
of us a sense of faith in the sacred.
Another possibility comes from the tradition known as “ancestor
worship.” If you love someone and they die and then you see them
in a dream you may have the idea that they are still alive in some
way and have a way of communicating with you. From this you
start to sense that maybe there is another life after this one. The
earliest physical signs we have of the possible belief in life after
death is the care which humans took to bury their dead and even
the costly ritual objects and tools they would place with the body.
The speculation runs along the lines that these dead folks would
need these utensils in their new life. Some people were buried in
the fetal position suggesting that death was seen as a new birth.
But where the first glimmerings of religion and spirituality came
from may never be known. But that people have been religious by
nature for most of human history seems to be one of the things that
makes us different form the animals.
Common Themes
What are some of these basic themes? I want to look at animism
and spirituality, myth and storytelling, initiations, shamanism, the
hunting and gathering lifestyle, and the dark side of Nature
Religions.
Animism
A definition of Nature Religions I like refers to them as “cosmic
religion.” This was a religion that was closely observant of the
natural world and thus formed a strong belief in “animism.” In
animism everything is seen as alive and full of spirit and there is
not a sharp division between the sacred and the secular. This
emphasis on the spiritual is a central idea of the tribal religions. In
the world of cosmic religion, Spirit is essential and everything else
derives its meaning and purpose from Spirit.
Myths and Stories
All of this information is passed on through stories that relate the
myths of each culture. Here it is important to remember that myths
do not mean lies. One of the first things you will run across in
studying cosmic religion is the interest in stories, especially
creation stories. Even today, many children love to be read to and
hear stories, especially about their own families. All tribes have
stories that tell not only where they came from, but also about the
origins of the world.
One of the things these stories have in common is a basic motif
that things were better in the past. In the past humans were
much closer to the world of the gods. Then something went
wrong. As a result of this problem, humans now live the
life we are familiar withthat is a life full of goodness for
sure, but also a life full of sorrow and hardship. Creation
stories, by dealing with this, help provide a sense of
meaning to life. Knowing one’s story is very important, for
they teach one what steps need to be taken to bring how
about renewal.
Initiation Rites of Men and Women
These were forceful events, often traumatic and difficult and
sometimes they would go on for months. When a boy was taken
off to the woods for the secret ceremonies, he would often come
back looking different as well as acting different. Before he was a
boy, now he was a man with all the rights, privileges, and
responsibilities that went with manhood.
With women the situation is only beginning to emerge. For one
thing, all the early anthropologists were men who were never
allowed by the women to study their mysteries. Now, as more
women have entered the field, we are beginning to see that
women’s mysteries and initiations were every bit as complex and
life changing as the men’s were. A girl would be taken off by some
of the women and trained in the mysteries and when she came back
she came back to the tribe as a woman, with all the rights,
privileges, and responsibilities that went with womanhood.
Shamans
“Shaman” is a Siberian word, but what you might also think of as a
native priest/priestess or medicine man or woman is understood as
a Shaman. In fact, if there was ever a time when the world had one
religion, this was probably the time. Shamans play such a large
role in Nature Religions that it is sometimes referred to as
“Shamanism.” Shamans do not simply decide to go to school the
way a person in a more modern religion can decide to go to
seminary to become a minister. They are chosen, often through
surviving a serious illness or injury. This is not easy nor is it
supposed to be easy. One must train hard and it is this difficult
journey to a certain level of holiness that has become a kind of
archetype of the spiritual pilgrim.
Shamans were trained in the spiritual world of prayer, meditation,
fasting and chanting. They were also trained in the use of herbs
and were the healers among the tribes. This training included the
use of what we would today call psychedelic plants. There were
medicine women as well as men. A person was chosen and their
sex did not matter. Aptitude is what mattered. There is also a good
chance that as the gatherers of plant food women had a superior
knowledge of the plants used to heal which was an important part
of the Shaman’s business. However much emphasis is placed on
Shamans, it must be remembered that Shamans were used for
special reasons, but they were not a substitute for one’s own
spiritual practice.
Archaic Hunters and Gatherers
In the earliest societies we know of, the hunters and gatherers,
there were special rituals and ceremonies that went with hunting
and gathering. Due to a lack of separation between the secular and
the sacred, hunting and gathering was a sacred activity as was
everything else. There was an honorable way to hunt and gather
and a dishonorable way. Animals were considered sacred and you
did not kill lightly.
There were ceremonies in which the hunters prayed to the spirits of
the animals asking their permission to kill them and letting these
animals know that they were needed for the hunters to survive. In
many ways it comes down to respect. There is a primary
recognition that other forms of life also have the right to live.
There is also an important recognition that life does have a brutal
aspect to it. In order to live we all must eat. But what is important
is how we go about our eating and the kind of respect we show in
the process of getting our food. Balance is the key idea. Tribal
religions are not sentimental. They can, in fact, be quite brutal. But
I have found it inspiring how they try to bring a spiritual
understanding to even the most horrible facts of life like death and
killing.
The Negative Side of Early Religion
It is easy to romanticize the practitioners of early religion, but
tribal people did not always live up to their ideals any more than
modern people do. There was cruelty, war and torture. There was
not always the sense of regard for the others welfare that we try for
in modern times. For example, when someone got too old to
provide for him or herself they were often abandoned to die.
Social roles were very constrained; it was a shamebased society.
They controlled people by very strict conditions of acceptable
behavior and if you crossed the line you could be banned from the
tribe and that was a virtual death sentence.
Early Religions get a lot attention for their ecological views, but
these can often be exaggerated. Oftentimes tribal religions could be
very rough on their surroundings. For example, sometimes buffalo
were driven over cliffs in large numbers as a method of hunting.
Often they receive credit for a lack of damage to their environment
when the lack of damage was not due to a consciousness of
restraint as much as there were not so many people and they did
not have the sort of modern technology that causes so much
damage and pollution today. There is even evidence that groups
like the Mayans may have self destructed due to environmental
reasons.
Conclusion
As we move ever further away from the ancient ways of hunting
and gathering we must not forget the wisdom of the past.
Knowledge changes, but wisdom only grows deeper. Native
Americans teach us to not to simply reach out for what is new, but
to preserve what is sacred. They ask us not to forget that we are
connected and that all of creation is important. We do not feel this,
they say, only because we are disconnected. We need to see truly
and to do this we need to do what indigenous people call crying
out for a dream, calling for wisdom, and to remember what we
have forgotten. And in doing this, perhaps we can learn to once
again walk in beauty.