4 General Introduction C. Ibis older than recorded history because primitive cave or rock markings and drawings were dependent on some form of brush or marker using a paint or a means of notching the rock appropriate tools had to he made for these applications. Manufacturing of produets for various uses began with the production of articles made of wood ceramic stone and metal Table 1. The materials and processes first used to shape produc by casting and hammering have been gradually developed over the centuries using new materials and more complex operations at inereasing rates of production and at higher levels of quality. TABLE 1 Historical Development of Materials and Manufacturing Processes Period Casting processes Forming processes ay efor 400086 Gold copper ears wom Tanne eetga 000-3000 1 Coppe: custing, sone and met] mols st Stamping, jewelry e3i2e won won see nae Tve22E 500-2000 Bronze casing ‘Wie hy cong shee en dang: gold eat bauge gigi 2000-1000 26 ‘Weough rn, ass gsr ue 1000-1 Ke. aston east ssl Stamping of cons Figse 11000 00. ine, sel Ar coining fring, seat swonds eysez 1090.1500 ‘Blas race. pe tals, casing of Bll ‘ire ring, gol an ier smth work Ba s72 power fo2 2 z 1500-1600 Coston cannon, pate ‘Wer power fr metalocking, ling mil or 2 coinage sis 1600-1700 Panam cating Bran om copper oligo ier shaper a) wk sad meal nee zis 1700-1800 “Malls cae feon. crete tes! ‘Fxarucon (ead pipe), deap drawing ralling B33 (on bara) 3 FEE wns Coumvem tanec cere nn eaten A Ipicalnin, nel wel ba, glee vlog ste al llng emt lg, ve ste, poner metal cngsten sel slecvopaine = ‘pen hea st 2 1900-1929 ube rong, ht extras 2 1920-1940 “Tonge we rm per 2 10-1950 Lost wax forengimceing pars ‘mio (see). wang. powder metas or 2 ‘nsncering pts 1950-1960 rams mel, pdm, sencudctns {Co extrusion (se) explosive forming. continuous casing ‘bermomectanicl wear: & 1960-1979 ‘Squeeze casing. single est chine Blades Hydeoatic extsion eleewooening A é 1970-2000 Compact papi, ven casing, organi Precio fring soem ein, spes call donde sv. asomation ofnoingand peste ming, ies mae by ompueraided outing pid scion echaology meal-———_desgh an muanaictarog. rap protoyping. nous composites, semis aes beeshae fine seven Sore: After. A. Sohey Smith, RE Tylecoe, EK. Deny. T Wilams. and S. Kapaa, ‘The first materials juded metals, J for making household utensils and ornamental objects i such as gold copper and iron followed hy silver lead tin bronze and brass. The production of steel in about 600 800 A. D. was a major development. Since then a wide variety of ferrous and nonferrous metals have been developed. Today the materials used in advanced products such as computers and supersonic aircraft include engineered or tailor-made materials with unique