Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
and Diversity.
R.F. Academy.
Ganesh Nalakonda : WGN001@email.mot.com
20th May, 2001.
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Polarization.
Electro Magnetic Wave ( E.M.Wave).
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
TX RX
Electrical
vector
Wave guide
Co-ax cable
Most dominant mode of EM Wave through guided medium.
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
½ ~ Dipole Devolpment
Tx
Wave Front
Tx
Tx
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
E and M Fields.
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Polarization.
E E
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Types of Polarizations
Linear Circular
+/- 45 deg.
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Effect of Polarization
For max Reception of signal
• Type of polarization should match
– Both TX and RX should have same type of
polarization ( Linear / circular )
• Orientation should match
– Both TX and RX antenna should be oriented in
same direction ( Vertical / Horizontal )
• Cross polarization discrimination
– If TX and RX are orthogonal min or no signal is
received
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
-45 to +45
0 180 0
-65 dBm
RX Level
3 dB
Example: X-pol
discrimination = 10 dB
-75 dBm
90 270 Relative angle of rotation
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
i
r
I=r
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
DIVERSITY
• How it is realized
– By over come fading effect
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
1
Direct θ1
Wave
θ2
constructive θ1= θ2
Rx Level
destructive
Time
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Types of Diversity
• Frequency Diversity
• Space Diversity
– Used in GSM
– Gain advantage 3 to 4 dB
– Space required for 2 antennae
• Polarization Diversity
– Used in GSM, Especially in Dense Urban
– Gain advantage up to 7 dB
– One Dual pol antenna, Less space / cost
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Frequency Diversity
• At any given time two frequencies will not
experience same amount of fading
– Two frequencies are transmitted
– Two receivers are used
– Each receiver is tuned to single frequency
– The Best signal is selected
F1 F2
Tx1 Tx2 Rx1 Rx2
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Space Diversity
• At any given time two Paths will not
experience same amount of fading
– Same Signal is received by two antennae
placed at different positions
– Two receivers are tuned to same frequency
– Best signal is selected
F1
F1
Rx1 Rx2
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Polarization Diversity
+/- 45 X-Pol Ant
Rx1 Rx2
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.
RF Academy
Polarization Diversity
• This is latest technology used in GSM
– Advantages can be achieved only in dense
urban area, where received end polarization is
almost random due to diffraction caused by
building edges
– One X-Pol antenna is used instead of two
antennae compared to space diversity
– Biggest advantage is minimum space required,
which is most critical especially for sites on
top of buildings
Motorola Internal use only,Fundamentals of Polarization & Diversity. Rev 0, 20th May,2001.