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Emma Jung, the wife of C.G. Jung, wrote two very concise papers about
Animus and Anima. Those two functional complexes represent
symmetrically the personality component of the opposite sex and, at the
same time the image of the opposite sex. By their fundamental nature,
Animus and Anima symbolize primal masculinity and femininity in
general. In other words, the Anima figures represent the archetype of the
feminine. Emma Jung gives various narratives of the Great Mother like
Cybele, of Prophetess and the Love Goddess and animal or mixed
human-animal semi-goddess motives like the swan-maiden in the Edda.
Emma Jung refers to her husband, stating the male archetype is the one
of meaning and the female archetype primarily of life. And indeed, life as
such to me is about birth and death – between is wisdom, spirituality and
individuation (redemption), if one is unlucky only staring at the Dow
Jones.
To me the reproductive Mother archetype is not only neatly
symmetrical to the destructive warrior archetype, it is definitely a primary
one. No individual is completely masculine or feminine though, good or
evil, right or wrong. Tyrants and Weaklings for instance represent an
imbalance, a shadow or missing quality of power, a failure to employ
virtues, and a negative female Archetype drains away all male energy.
Females in myths representing the Anima appear often in multiples e.g.
three or nine like the Nordic Valkyries. Quadruple qualities, however, take
later in account the important (particularly for C.G. Jung) number four. A
quadruple seen by C.G. Jung might be thought of as the cross, a mantra or
cardinal points that must be balanced in the fully realized being.
Archetypes
C.G. Jung totally differs from Sigmund Freud and most of his colleagues in
that he thought (wo)men as “homo religious”. Freud’s deep fear of
spiritualism was rooted in his urge, to establish psychoanalysis as
science. Jung’s own approach to religion was complex, unorthodox, and
open to the speculative ranging from affinity to Catholicism and Eastern
thoughts to gnosis and alchemy. He recognized and valued collective
cultural patterns (archetypes) but also individual enlightenment or at least
development to find a person’s whole being (individuation). He felt
those were dismissed by modern positivistic science and political systems
which recognizes only the material world and denies or claim any spiritual
dimension (totalitarian systems with personal cult).
The acceptance of the spiritual dimension allows us to understand
holistic a person, society, cooperation —the complex of (conscious and
unconscious) beliefs, attributes, and virtues that defines that entity. Key
to this understanding is Jung’s concept of the archetype. According to
Jung, “The concept of the archetype is derived from the repeated
observation that, for instance, the religious myths and fairytales of world
literature contain many symbols which are manifestations of those
archetypes”. There is a good book from his former assistant Jolande
Jacobi about archetype, symbols and complexes to clarify Jung’s slight
ambiguity using those terms over his lifetime.
All four representations of the archetypes have one positive (right amount
– fullness) and 2 negative poles (deficit or surplus). For example, the
positive lover archetype embraces the world with passion whereas the
negative poles are the seductive (or promiscuous) lover and the frigid (or
selfish) lover. One can see every woman (or girl) somewhere between
these three extremes.
• The Queen is the semi-divine leader responsible for the safety and
well being. History and art have shown that every society must have
not only a wise leader who is entrusted with guiding his people to
success and comfort but navigate in unknown territory towards
redemption. The responsibilities of the Queen are mainly on the
unconscious side, but worldly benefits and virtues must be many as
well. And if the Queen fails in her duties she is traditionally disposed
and evil prevails. Her shadow sides are tyrant and weakling both
disposing male energies.
• The Mother is like the Warrior today the most controversial of the
archetypes, because of ideological former and current stereotypes.
The two male (warrior) shadow sides are the Sadist and the
Masochist. The Mother is a life giver who maintains humanity as the
warrior clears the space for renewal and change. The prototype of
the mother is, well – the mother. But there are shadows here too –
the careless and the devouring mother.
• The Wise Woman, represents Logos according to Jung a feminine
principle, is the archetype behind a multitude of professions like
doctors, but also lawyers, teachers and priests. She sees the
unseen. She is the prophetess, mediator and communicator of secret
knowledge, the healer, counselor, teacher, and spiritual. The Wise
Woman always has a tendency to abuse her power, being the
negative , the witch.
• The Lover like the feminine principle Eros manifests energy and
fertility of the nature. The gendering of Eros and Logos and synergy is
a consequence of Jung’s anima/animus synergy. Lovers are at ease
with our own deepest and most central values and visions. And only
through union of the feminine and the masculine our culture and
personality prospers and grows. The “me- society” of the impotent is
sterile and without compassion and destroys any spiritual dimension.
All these roles could be fulfilled by one person. The shaman as a holistic
archetype has the King’s capacity to lead, the Mother’s capacity to care
and the Lover’s capacity to value someone or something enough to fight.
The Queen
In former times, the worldly Queen was also a priest, warrior and mother
– sometimes even the ultimate archetype, the Self or goddess. It was rare,
but did happen. One example, born in the 15th century BC, Hatshepsut,
daughter of Tuthmose I and Aahmes, both of royal lineage, gained the
throne upon the death of her father. To have a female Pharaoh was
unprecedented. Although there were no wars during her reign, she
proved her sovereignty being a master politician, and an elegant
stateswoman with enough charisma to keep control of an entire country
for twenty years. In all, Hatshepsut accomplished what no woman had
before her. She ruled the most powerful, advanced civilization in the
world, successfully, for twenty years. Another example, the mother and
the father of a family would model them. In those not so rare cases where
women become leaders of nations, the archetypical Queen may take
visible form, wise or foolish, caring or cruel. Just as the King is not born as
a King, but must start life as a divine child, so does the Queen. A powerful
embodiment of this archetype is the Pharaoh, like in Egypt were those
roles merged. Another example is Nefertiti, who oversaw the first semi-
monetheistic attempt. Here the Queen Nefertiti and the Heretic Pharaoh
Akhenaten became a mediator to an all-powerful God abstraction, the
source of complete cosmic power – the sun (see here) and below. As is
true of her male counterpart, the Queen was the symbol for the leader of
a nation as divine couple. However, all the essential attributes of the
archetype of the Queen are present in any real woman wherever she
plays a leading (if only herself) role, regardless of the scope her real
responsibilities—be she queen of an empire, a nation, a clan, or her own
family.
Like all archetypes, the Mother can appear as a shadow, the distant and
cruel mother. Like any shadow, the cruel mother is not bad or evil. The
cruel mother energy links itself to the male archetype counterpart the
warrior. Both are associated with death and destruction – actual physical
death. For instance the Hindu goddess Kali embodies a cruel mother,
whose destruction is in the service of creation.
cybele
In one of the oldest cults imported into Rome, the Great Mother Cybele’s
major attributes was, that she protected people at war and, as such, was
often shown wearing a crown of city walls symbolizing the defense she
offered adherents. Also, as an earth-mother deity in origin, she bestowed
fertility and governed creatures of the wild—ancient portraits show her
riding in a chariot pulled by lions—and in both aspects she appealed to
the Roman public whose lifestyle was still, for the most part, agrarian.
Besides that, her powers included the ability to cure disease and predict
the future, making Cybele an all-purpose deity if ever there was. I have
written here about the clash of male and female Archetypes in classical
Rome. She was an ancient fertility goddess whose worship is thought to
have spread from Anatolia to Greece in the Archaic period (c. 800-500 BC)
and mysterious rites were performed in the name of Cybele — as they
were for the other earth mother type goddesses, like Demeter and Isis. It
is worth to note the ambiguity, which makes it possible to align many
female mother archetypes with the lover and the warrior but not the
queen.
Sophia__Wisdom
As equally powerful Christian archetype the “feminine” aspect the Wise
Women come up in the Christian Trinitarian conception of the Holy Spirit.
Who is Sophia? Literally, she is Wisdom, because the Greek word Sophia
means “wisdom” in English. More than that, she has been revered as the
Wise Bride of Solomon by Jews, as the Queen of Wisdom and War
(Athena) by Greeks, and as the Holy Spirit of Wisdom by Christians.
Solomon was considered to be married to Sophia. One of the many layers
of symbolism attributed to the Song of Songs (also known as Song of
Solomon or Canticle of Canticles) is that it speaks of Solomon’s marriage
to Holy Sophia. Sophia surfaced in the Eastern Christian tradition with the
construction of the Hagia Sophia cathedral in Constantinople (converted
to a Mosque 1453 and today a Muslim museum in Istanbul). Sophia has
survived in the West today, in the form of Gnosticism. Sophia plays a very
active role in Jung’s Answer to Job (Hiob), where she also completes
Quaternity.
Lover – Eros
The fourth archetype of the mature feminine is the Lover, or Eros. The
Lover is a life-affirming and sometimes hedonistic archetype which
dislikes rigid order and sterile knowledge. But without love, without
compassion those are nothing. I would argue that self-sacrifice belongs
there too. The lover energy, arising as it does from the Oedipal child, is
the source of spirituality and fertility. It is the attachment of the child to
the parent of the opposite sex, accompanied by envious and aggressive
feelings toward the parent of the same sex.
The Lover
salome-with-the-head-of-st-john-the-baptist
Conclusion
What can we learn from the examination of the archetypes of the mature
feminine ? First, female like male, in order to fulfill their wholeness
properly, would do well to embody the best qualities represented by all of
their archetypes. When men and women do this, they model these
archetypes inspire both of them on the path of virtue and spirituality. The
archetypes are viable because they furnish us with a short-cut, an
intuitive way to grasp the essence of a group of attributes that connects
directly with the unconscious mind. Instead of patient intellectual analysis
of each individual attribute of leadership, the ethos of each archetype is
immediately accessible through a complex of cultural pattern which are
instantly recognized even trans-cultural. These archetypes are emotional
and spiritual pictures that have an immediate effect on individuals and
groups. This effect is readily apparent when one compares the phrase
“The Good King” with “a King who is good, strong, wise, just and so on”.
The first phrase is incomparably richer in context and seems “alive”
compared to a list of adjectives to describe a particular King. It evokes an
instant visual image that has an immediate appeal. This is why the old
Greek epics, the Bibles stories and Wagner’s opera are so powerful.
Archetypes – actually “archetypes per se”- are, are cultural patterns and by
their very nature, are universal and here to stay. Like the physical
heritage, stored in our genes, cultural patterns are saved in our collective
consciousness. They can be invoked or forgotten, or even suppressed. But
even in materialistic, matriarchal or patriarchal cultures, that are hostile
to spirituality, to the male. or the feminine, archetypes cannot forever be
suppressed. Once more, external like internal suppression of archetypes
is a case of too much, or of too little, of a needed cultural model for
humanity to survive and for the individual to live a meaningful life.
However, archetypes can be invoked as symbols any time — hence their
power to manipulate, to motivate, to influence. There is much to
contemplate in these archetypes which can be mapped with political,
mythic and culture examples. The self-evident interpretation and its
usefulness is overwhelmingly convincing.
Women should be aware of her animus and thus with the aspects of the
four male archetypes and for men to mature, they must meet and
integrate their anima and learn from the four female archetypes. How
does it look in your family or relationship? Suppression of an archetype
only results in denial of attributes and spiritual resources that we, as
humans, need. If one comes to terms with the Shadow and the Soul, one
will encounter the enchanted castle with its King and Queen. This is a
pattern of wholeness and individuation. The opposites of the outer and
the inner life are now joined in marriage. Great power arises from this
integration. Be aware of pretended or real archetypes in the public realm.
For example, look at your (male or female) politicians: Does one of them
have the virtues of those positive archetypes?
Looking beyond herself, women should care how and if divine couple
symbols (syzygy images) are invoked. Pharaoh and his Queen, Christ and
the Church, God and Israel are syzygy images. Do we still have Divine
Couples (Syzygy) and Divine Triads in the spiritual realm? The believer
who aspires to be the “bride of Christ” is modeling his or her experience
in response to the syzygy archetype. Next our hope is from the Child
Archetype, a pattern with a promise of new beginnings. The birth of the
Christ Child who unites Heaven and Earth, God became Man and God, is
one of those powerful archetype creating a triad. Triads, like for example
the Egyptian triad of Isis, Osiris and Horus are predecessors symbols of
the Trinity. When the Mother Archetype joined the Holy Trinity
Jung’s Quaternity was formed.
Bibliography Links
• Emma Jung. Animus and Anima – Two Papers
• STRUKTURFORMEN DER WEIBLICHEN PSYCHE wolff Structural
forms of the Feminine psyche (http://ufdc.ufl.edu/AA00001582/00001)
• C.G. Jung Four Archetypes (Routledge Classics)
• C. G. Jung Archetypen (dtv, Bd. 11)
• King, Warrior, Magician, Lover: Rediscovering the Archetypes of the
Mature Masculine by Robert Moore and Douglas Gillette (Aug 16,
1991)
• Tao Te Ching The idea of the Ying-Yang duality
• Jacobi, Jolande, Die Psychologie von C. G. Jung – Eine
Einführung in das Gesamtwerk, mit einem Geleitwort von C. G.
Jung [Gebundene Ausgabe]
• Jacobi, Jolande, Complex/Archetype/Symbol in the Psychology of
C.G. Jung (Bollingen Series) [Englisch] [Taschenbuch]
• Theologische Aspekte der Tiefenpsychologie von C. G. Jung
(Patmos-Paperback) (German Edition) by Herbert Unterste (1977)
• Mandala: Bilder aus dem Unbewussten (German Edition)
[Hardcover] 2.Auflage Olten 1977
• Jung, C. G., Jaffé, A. (1962): Erinnerungen, Träume, Gedanken von
C. G. Jung. Aufgezeichnet und herausgegeben von Aniela Jaffé.
Olten: Walter
• Jung, C. G., Kerényi, K. (1951): Einführung in das Wesen der
Mythologie. Zürich: Rhein
• C. G. Jung Grundausgabe CW 18