SHEAR WALLS

It is a structural wall, which has high in-plane stiffness by virtue of its form.

A shear wall may consist of

a) A solid wall
b) A perforated wall
c) A closed loop or a core.
d) Other such form

A shear wall is needed in a building:

a) To resist horizontal loads

b) To control horizontal deflections

A shear wall may consist of

a) A solid wall
b) A perforated wall
c) A closed loop or a core.
d) Other such form

A shear wall has

a) Much larger depth compared to column (10-20 times). Hence very large stiffness compared to column

300 x 600 300 x 6000

Column Shear wall
Stiffness = I Stiffness = (6000/600)3 x I = 1000I

Total stiffness of all shear walls in a building may be 30-100 times the stiffness of all frames.

DESIGN CRITERIA:

Shear walls are needed in a tall building

a) To resist hor. Loads

b) To control hor. Deflection

Allowable hor. Deflection in a building

a) Total deflection is < height/500

b) Inter storey deflection < storey height/250

Adverse effect of large horizontal deflection in a building.

1. Distress to glazing
2. Distress to partitions
3. Distress to cladding
4. Distress to service pipes and installations
5. Psychological effects – feeling of insecurity and danger.

Horizontal loads due to wind or earth quake are resisted by various vertical elements in a building (columns and shear walls) proportional to their stiffness.

As shear walls have very large stiffness in a building (30-100 times or more of total stiffness of all frames), these will resist much larger and infact almost entire
horizontal load in a building,
relieving the frames to resist vertical loads only.

Due to its high in-plane stiffness, a shear wall is a very efficient lateral load resisting element.

 For a 3-4 storied building V.L + H.L < V.L

1.33

V.L governs the design

No additional strengthening is need for horizontal loads.

 For buildings above 3-4 storied V.L + H.L > V.L

1.33

Buildings need additional strengthening for horizontal loads

 For very tall buildings above 15-20 storeys, special structural forms are needed to resist hor. Loads.

Shear walls : are solid R.C.C walls provided in very tall buildings above 15-20 storeys high to resist hor. loads due to wind or earth quake.

Types of shear wall construction.

1. Cross wall construction.

 A number of long and cross walls acting as, both load bearing walls and shear walls to resist horizontal loads. Examples - masonry buildings.
Height range limited to 3-4 stories due to weakness of masonry in tension.
R.C.C solid wall construction – very stiff and very efficient,
Disadvantages.

i. Walls must be permanent.

ii. Large openings cannot be provided,

Suitability – residential apartment type buildings.

2. Shear walls acting with frames

.
Ideal for buildings from 15-40 storey height. Most common form for medium height (high rise) buildings to be constructed in India in near future.

 Provide flexibility of planning

 Flexibility of providing large spans.

Some desirable features in planning and design of shear walls.

1. Location

i. Should be located that, these act as functional walls also.

Location should not interfere with architecture of building.
Example- Enclosures around lift well
Staircase walls
External walls
Some of partition walls can be made to act as shear walls.
2. Along both axes

As horizontal force due to wind or earthquake may act from either direction, shear walls should be placed along both axes to provide resistant along
both axes.

3. Symmetric layout

Shear walls should be placed symmetrically about both axes to avoid torsion

4. Well distributed along both axes

Avoid narrow core at center of building.

Shear walls should preferably be well distributed about both axes to provide adequate resistance against torsion.

5. To be located to receive sufficient vertical load for economy.

Shear wall is most economical if tension is avoided.

This can be avoided by adding sufficient vertical loads.

6. Shear walls to be continued right up to foundation level & not to be interrupted.Shear walls should be detailed for ductility and brittle failure
to be avoided.
()

RESISTANCE ALONG UNSYMMETRIC LAYOUT OF

BOTH AXIS -ADOPT SHEAR WALLS -TORSION
AVOID

SYMMETRICALLY PLACED UNSYMMETRICALLY PLACED

SHEAR CORE SHEAR CORE
ADOPT AVOID
UNSYMMETRIC LAYOUT OF UNSYMMETRIC LAYOUT OF
SHEAR WALLS -TORSION SHEAR WALLS -TORSION
AVOID AVOID

SYMMETRIC LAYOUT OF SHEAR SHEAR WALLS WELL DISTRIBUTED

WALLS: ABOUT BOTH AXIS ALONG BOTH AXIS - AVOID
AVOID
SYMMETRICALLY PLACED UNSYMMETRICALLY PLACED
SHEAR WALLS SHEAR CORE
ADOPT AVOID

SHEAR WALL NARROW CORE -

INADEQUATE TORSIONAL RESISTANCE
AVOID
FOLDED PLATES :
Are thin slabs folded in elevation to increase their structural efficiency.
A folded plate roof is economical as compared to ordinary beam and slab system for large spans, say 9m.

COMMON SHAPES :
(i) V – shape
(ii) Trapezoidal
(iii) Trough shaped
(iv) North light type
(v) Prismatic, etc.

COMMON SPAN RANGE:-

10m to 20m for RCC folded plates up to 30m for prestressed concrete folded plates.
ADVANTAGES:-
(i) Simpler shuttering involving only straight planks.
(ii) moveable formwork can be used, resulting speedy construction.
(iii) Simpler diaphragms.
(iv) Design computation simpler compared to shells.
(v) Aesthetically pleasing and comparable with shells.
DEMERITS OF FOLDED PLATES SYSTEMS COMPARED TO SHELL ROOFS :
Consume slightly more quantities of concrete and steel and carry slightly more dead weight compared to shells. However simpler shuttering REQ more than offset
cost.

PROPORTIONING OF FOLDED PLATE ROOFS :-

Span range : 10m to 30m
(prestressing generally adopted above 25m span)
Thickness of slab : 100 to 150mm.
Height/ span ratio : 1/8 to 1/15
Spacing of columns to
Support diaphragm beams : 6 to 10m C/C.
Hor. < 400 (to avoid top shuttering of slabs).
STRU.COMPONENTS OF A FOLDED PLATE:-
(i) Folded slabs core. folded plates : 100-150 thickness.
(ii) Diaphragm or traverses
(iii) Column supports – 6 to 10m centres.
COMMON USAGES :-
For roofs of buildings requiring large column free areas as in:
(i) Industrial buildings, Factories.
(ii) Assembly halls
(iii) Godowns
(iv) Auditoriums
(v) Gymnasiums etc.
STRUCTURAL ACTION OF FOLDED PLATES :-
Folded plates resist loads by a combination of :
(i) Slab action
(ii) Plate action

SLAB ACTION OF FOLDED PLATES :-

The component of loads acting normal to each plate causes transverse bending between junction of plates, which can be considered as imaginary supports for a
continuous slab. This transverse action is termed as slab action. This transverse moment developed in plates can be determined by a continuous beam analysis
assuming the supports at junction of plates. In slab action, the plates bend as and are reinforced as slabs.
PLATE ACTION : The components of loads acting tangential to each plate cause bending of plates in their own plane. The plates being supported by the
diaphragm(or traverse beams) at their ends, bend in their plane as shown in figure.The longitudinal bending of plates in their own plane is called plate action.

PRESTRESSING is the Technique of introducing in a concrete member compressive force of permanent nature, so that it causes compressive stresses in that
zone of member, where Tensile stresses will be caused by external loads
Principle of applying a compressive force of permanent nature to a prestressed
concrete member may be explained by analogy of applying compressive force to a
hollow steel tube by end steel plates by tensioning a threaded a steel rod.
In the illustration of a Hollow steel tube with Threaded Steel rod and end steel
plates :
Tightening of Nut will cause tension in steel rod and compression in the side cover
plates.
Compression in side plates will induce compression in the Tube.
 Axial prestressing is imparting axial prestressing compressive force along the centroidal axis of the Beam.
Axial Prestressing will induce uniform compressive stresses in the section of the beam.

Prestressing force applied eccentrically below the Neutral Axis will induce compressive stresses below the N.A. and tensile stresses above the N.A.
This Technique is called ECCENTRIC Prestressing.
Stresses induced by the eccentric prestressing will be of nature opposite to those induced by the external loading.

Two Methods of Prestressing :

1. Pretensioning.
A method of Prestressing concrete in which tendons (Prestressing steel wires or rods) are tensioned (stressed) before concreting. Prestressing steel wires are
tensioned before casting concrete in moulds. Transfer of Prestressing force is by bond between concrete and prestressing steel.

2. Post Tensioning.
A method of Prestressing concrete in which Prestressing steel is tensioned against hardened concrete”.
Prestressing steel tensioned against hardened concrete.

PRE TENSIONING :
 Prestressing wires temporarily anchored against strong abutments.
 Transfer of prestress to concrete is by bond.
 Transfer of prestress after concrete has set.
 Axial prestressing generally adopted.
 Bending of wires difficult and hence generally not adopted.
 Small sized prestressing wires (4 mm to 8 mm) generally used.
 Pre tensioning generally used for small pre cast factory produced elements.
APPLICATIONS:
 For precast small factory produced building elements like precast beam elements, precast slab or wall elements.
 Precast Railway sleepers.
 Precast electric poles.
 Other similar factory produced precast conc. elements which may also be pretensioned to reduce dead weight.

ADVANTAGES OF POST TENSIONING:

 As post tensioning is normally adopted for In situ longer spans feasible.
 Cables can be bent, hence more efficient.
 Less loss of prestress compared to pre tensioning.
 Stage prestressing possible.

DEMERITS OF POST TENSIONING :

 Post Tensioning needs sheathing, end anchorages, bearing plates etc. and is therefore costlier and more tedius than Pretensioning.

APPLICATIONS:
 Large span and heavily loaded Beams in Buildings, Bridges, Flyovers, Metro construction etc.
 Transfer Girders in Buildings.
 Large span cantilevers.
 Large span Folded plates and shells. Ring beams for spherical domes are subjected to hoop tension and can be prestressed for large span concrete
domes
 Large diameter and large sized fluid containers ( Tanks)Nsuch as are needed in Industrial structures.
 Industrial structures e.g. large sized Cooling Towers.
 Containment shell in Nuclear Reactors.
 Ground Anchors.
 Diaphragm Walls.

Steps For Post Tensioning :

 To place prestressing tendons, a duct is formed in the concrete member at the time of casting.
 The conc. member is cast and allowed to harden to achieve adequate strength.
 Steel tendons are inserted and placed loose in the ducts after the conc. member has hardened.
 The tendons are stretched and anchored at each end by
means of steel wedges.
 Prestressing is transferred to concrete through bearing
plates placed at each end.

EQUIPMENTS NEEDED FOR POST-TENSIONING :

1. Concrete Beam (to be post-tensioned)
2. High strength steel cables.
3. Sheathing to house cables.
4. End Anchorages.
(i) Steel bearing plates with holes for cables.
(ii) Steel wedges (to anchor cables to plates)
Special reinf. to prevent splitting of concrete due to concrete due to
heavy concentrated stresses
Electric or Hydraulic jacks for tensioning cables.
6. Grouting Equipment.
(i) Grouting Tank
(ii) Grouting Pump
(iii) Grouting material
(a) Special grade high strength cement.
(b) Water
(c) Super plasticisers.