Closed Impeller

Axial Flow - Single Stage or

Fixed Pitch
Multistage
Open Impeller

Variable Pitch

Centrifugal
Mixed Flow, Radial Flow - Self Priming, Nonpriming, Open Impeller, Semiopen
Single or Double Suction Single Stage, Multistage Impeller, Closed Impeller

Self Priming
Peripheral - Single or Multi
Stage
Dynamic
Nonpriming

Jet (Eductor)

Gas Lift

Special Effect

Hydraulic Ram

Electromagnetic

Simplex
Pumps

Steam - Double Acting

Duplex

Piston Plunger Simplex

Duplex
Power - Single or Double
Reciprocating
Acting
Triplex

Fluid Operated
Diaphragm - Simplex or
Multiplex
Multiplex
Mechanically Operated

Vane

Displacement
Piston

Single Rotor Flexible Member

Screw

Peristaltic
Rotary

Gear

Lobe

Multiple Rotor

Circumferential Piston

Screw
Centrifugal Pump

Centrifugal pumps (rotodynamic pumps) are rotary machines in which flow and pressure is
generated dynamically. Energy is delivered to fluids through velocity changes that occur as the fluid
flows through the impeller and fixed passageways of the pump. All impeller pumps are rotodynamic.

Energy Transfer

Hydraulics or fluid dynamics has primary influence on the geometry of a rotodynamic pump stage.
Therefore action of mechanical input shaft power to effect increase in the energy of pumpage is
governed by thermodynamics.

First Law of Thermodynamics

Fluid flow through centrifugal pumps are adiabatic. That is; heat transfer is negligible in comparison
to other forms of energy involved in the transfer process. Although energy delivered to the fluid by
the rotating blades is unsteady between the blades, the flow across the boundaries of the control
volume of the pump is steady.

The adiabatic steady flow energy equation is as follows.

𝑉2 𝑉2
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑚̇ [(ℎ + + 𝑔𝑍𝑒 ) − (ℎ + + 𝑔𝑍𝑒 ) ]
2 𝑜𝑢𝑡
2 𝑖𝑛

Where;
𝑝
ℎ=𝑢+
𝜌

For incompressible fluids;

𝑃𝑠
= 𝑔Δ𝐻 + Δ𝑢
𝑚̇

𝑝 𝑉2
H=
+ + 𝑍𝑒
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝐷𝑦𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 + 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

Where;

𝑃𝑠 = 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑚̇ = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑢 = 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦

Second Law of Thermodynamics: Losses and Efficiency

Not all input power generated; supplied by the shaft per unit of mass flow rate, is useful as pump
output energy. Losses produce an increase in internal energy, temperature and heat transfer into
the control volume due to the second law of thermodynamics.

𝑃𝑆
𝑔Δ𝐻 < 𝑜𝑟 𝜂 < 1
𝑚̇
Where;

𝑚̇ = 𝜌𝑄
𝜂 = 𝜂𝑚 × 𝜂𝐻𝑌 × 𝜂𝑣
𝑃𝐼 𝑃𝑆 − 𝑃𝐷
𝜂𝑚 = 𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = =
𝑃𝑆 𝑃𝑆
Δ𝐻 Δ𝐻𝑖 − ∑𝐻𝐿
𝜂𝐻𝑌 = 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑙𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = =
Δ𝐻𝑖 Δ𝐻𝑖
𝑄
𝜂𝑣 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 =
𝑄 + 𝑄𝐿

Therefore efficiency is determined by three factors.

1) External Drags on rotating elements; major contributor being the disk friction or 𝑃𝐷 which is
the proportion of shaft power that is not delivered to the fluid flowing through the impeller
passages. Therefore 𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃𝑆 − 𝑃𝐼 .
2) Hydraulic losses in the main flow passages of the pump, particularly the inlet branch,
impeller, diffuser or volute, return to passages in multistage pumps and outlet branch.
3) External leaks, leaking past the impeller and back into the inlet eye.

Velocity Diagrams and Head Generation