PHYSICS PROJECT REPORT LOGIC AND GATE

For Class 12
INDEX of Project Report
LEARNING OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT:
• Describe AND, OR (or NAND, NOR) logic gates
• Realize logic gates belonging to different logic families such as DTL, TTL and CMOS
• Understand the factors that define the performance of a logic gate
• Compare the performance of the various logic families
• Interlace gates belonging to TTL and CMOS families

S. No. Topic
1. Acknowledgement
2. Certificate
3. Introduction
4. Basic Terminology
5. Basic Gates
6. AND Gate
7. Digital Circuit Consisting AND Gate
8. Working of AND Gate
9. Bibliography
First you have to understand All logic gates and its truth table in one frame
INTRODUCTIN
A logic gate can be defined as digital circuit which either allows a signal to pass through
or stops it. These gates are related to Boolean Algebra. These gates allow signals to pass
through them only when some logic is satisfied.
A semiconductor diode (P-N junction) acts as a closed switch when it is forward biased,
i.e. it allows current to pass through it. It acts as an open circuit when it is reversed
biased, i.e. it allows very little or no current to pass through it.
This unique property of diode is employed in the design of logic gates and the circuits.

BASIC TERMINOLOGY
 Ø Signal
Information converted in electrical form and suitable for transmission is called a signal.
There are two types of signals:-

i) Analog signal

ii) Digital signal

 Analog signal
Analog signals are continuous variation of voltage or current. They are essentially single-
valued function of time. Sine wave is fundamental analog signal.

 Digital signal
Digital signal are those which can take only discrete step wise values. Binary system that
is extensively used in digital electronics employs just two levels of a signal. ‘O’
corresponds to low level and ‘1’ corresponds to high level of voltage or current.
Download Project Here : physics-project
Digital Electronic A 3 player buzzer for game show with the application of Logic gates
and R-S FLIP FLOP.
Light on means output is 1 and off means zero.
Questions and Answers for Practical Exam of Class
12
1. What is a transistor? Explain transistor action.
2. Explain the working of a pnp transistor as an amplifier in CE configuration. Discuss
input and output characteristics also.
3. Two inputs of a NAND gate are connected with the outputs of two another NAND
gates whose inputs are joined. Identify the gate. Draw itslogic symbol and write its truth
table.
4.Two inputs of a NOR gate are connected with the outputs of two another NOR gates
whose inputs are joined. Identify the gate. Draw its logicsymbol and write its truth table.
5. On the basis of following circuit diagram ,explain transistor as a switch. Plot graph
between input voltage and output voltage. Show cut off region, active region and
saturation region in the graph also. Which of the region regions represents I. Switched-
on region and ii. Switched-off region?
Do-it-Yourself Kits for Physics Investigatory Projects for 12th science
students.
1 Kirchhoff Laws and Ohm’s Law
a.Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: Verification of Kirchhoff’s Voltage La w in a series
combination of LEDs.
b.Kirchhoff’s Current Law: Verification of Kirchhoff’s Current La w in a parallel
combination of LEDs.
c.Ohm’s Law: Verification of Ohm’s Law in a circuit.
2 Variable Resistors:
Potentiometer, Preset and LDR
1. Potentiometer as Variable Resistor: Using a potentiometer as a variable resistor; verify
the varying current using a multimeter.
2. Preset as Variable Resistor: Using a preset as a variable resistor; verify the varying
current using a multimeter.
3. LDR as Variable Resistor: Using an LDR to vary the intensity of an LED; verify the
varying resistance and current using a multimeter.
4. Potentiometer as Voltage Divider: Using a potentiometer as a voltage divider; verify
the varying voltage using a multimeter. Implementation of conc ept in ‘Sequential glow
of LEDs at different voltages’
5. Alternate Glowing of LEDs Using a Preset: Alternate glowing of LEDs using a preset
and depicting the internal structure of a preset (or potentiometer).
3 Capacitors
1. Charging the Capacitor with a Resistor: Charging different capacitors with resistors
and time constant calculations during charging; Three different cases: 1000 ìf + 1 k? , 100
ìf + 10 k? , 100f ì + 330 ? .
2. Discharging the Capacitor with a Resistor: Discharging different capacitors with
resistors and time constant calculations during discharging; Three different cases: 1000 ìf
+ 1 k? , 100 ìf + 10 k? , 100 ìf + 330 ? .
4 Relay and Electromagnetism
1. Burglar Alarm: Burglar Alarm using a relay with modification and concept of
Feedback.
2. Alternate Switching of LEDs Using a Relay: Application of relay as a switch.
3. Relay as an Oscillator
5 Diode
1. To Learn How a Diode Works: Diode as a switch; its functioning in forward bias and
reverse bias modes; verifying biasing condition using a multimeter.
2. Low Resistance Path Using a Diode: Current following a minimum resistance path
through the diode, when it is forward biased.
3. Protecting a Circuit Using a Diode: application of diode as protection device. Digital
Logic Gates-1: OR and AND (using diodes)
6 Gate
1. OR Gate Using Diodes: Realizing the truth table of a 2-input OR gate, and analyzing
the path of the current in four cases.
2. AND Gate Using Diodes: Realizing the truth table of a 2-input AND gate, and
analyzing the path of the current in four cases. CJDLG1-006

7 Digital Logic Gates-2: NOR and NAND (using diodes)

1. NOR Gate Using Diodes: Realizing the truth table of a 2-input NOR gate, and
analyzing the path of current in four cases.
2. NAND Gate Using Diodes: Realizing the truth table of a 2-input NAND gate, and
analyzing the path of the current in four cases.
8 Zener Diode
1. To Le arn How a Zener Diode Works: Functioning of zener diode in forward and
reverse bias modes; verifying reverse breakdown voltage using a multimeter.
2. Zener diode as Voltage Regulator.
9 Transistors Transistor as Amplifier and Switch: Demonstrating the cut-off, active
and saturation regions, identifying the biasing conditions for all the three regions and
experimental calculation of beta in active and saturation regions.
*Th is pack also contains the following experiments: Identifying the type of BJT
transistor using a multimeter, Measuring the gain of a transistor and demonstrating B-E
Junction as diode in a transistor.
10 DC Motor:
Relationship between RPM & Voltage Controlling Speed of DC Motor: Demonstrating
factors affecting the speed of DC motor; establishing relationship between RPM and
voltage.
11 Wheatstone Bridge* Wheatstone Bridge: Verifying the wheatstone bridge principal
and experimental calculation of unknown resistor value using a potentiometer.
12 Diode Application-1* Bridge Rectifier: Realizing the full-wave rectifier using a
combination of diodes and a 12 V AC stepdown transformer; verifying the rectified
output DC voltage using a multimeter.
13 Diode Application-2* Full-wave Rectifier Using a Center-tap Transformer: Realizing
the full-wave rectifier using a combination of diodes and a 12 V AC center=tap
transformer; verifying the rectified output DC voltage using a multimeter.
14 Joule Thief* Joule Thief (DC Boost Converter): Drawing energy from a dead cell
using a series LCR Circuit .
15 Infra-red Application–
1 Security Alarm System using an IR Sensor: Building transmitter and receiver circuits
using an IR LED and a photodiode; triggering and giving feedback to relay for
continuous beeping of alarm in case of any obstacle detection.
16 Temperature Sensor* Temperature Sensor: Demonstration of temperature controlled
sw itch using voltage divider circuit and thermistor.
17 Digital Logic Gates-3:
OR and AND (using
transistors)
1. OR Gate Using Transistors: Realizing the truth table of a 2-input OR gate, and
analyzing the path of the current in four cases.
2. AND Gate Using Transistors: Realizing the truth table of a 2-input AND gate, and
analyzing the path of the current in four cases.
18 Digital Logic Gates-4:
NOR and NAND (using
transistors)
1. NOR Gate Using Transistors: Realizing the truth table of a 2-input NOR gate, and
analyzing the path of current in four cases.
2. NAND Gate Using Transistors: Realizing the truth table of a 2-input NAND gate, and
analyzing the path of the current in four cases.
19 Transistor Application-
1: Inverter (NOT Gate)
Transistor as an Inverter: Realizing the truth table of NOT gate and analyzing the path of
the current in two cases; low and high inputs.
20 Transistor Application-
5: LED Flasher
Transistor as Blinker (LED Flasher): Demonstrating the concept of Tunnelling using a
transistor and learn about Esaki diode.